2021骞�澶╂触澶у(xu茅)纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)鑰冭│鑰冪爺澶х侗

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鍩虹(ch菙)鐢熺墿鍖栧(xu茅)
涓€銆佽€冭│绺介珨瑕佹眰
鏈€冭│澶х侗閬╃敤浜�澶╂触澶у(xu茅)鐢熷懡绉戝(xu茅)瀛�(xu茅)闄㈢浉闂�(gu膩n)灏堟キ(y猫)鐨勭ⅸ澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│銆備富瑕佸収(n猫i)瀹瑰寘
鎷敓鍛介珨鐨勭墿璩�(zh矛)绲勬垚浠ュ強鍒嗗瓙锛堝挨鍏舵槸鐢熺墿澶у垎瀛愶級绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)鑸囧姛鑳�锛岀墿璩�(zh矛)浠ｈ瑵鐨勮(gu墨)寰�銆�
鑳介噺杞�(zhu菐n)鍖栧強鍏惰(di脿o)鎺ф(j墨)鍒剁瓑銆傝姹傝€冪敓鍏ㄩ潰绯荤当(t菕ng)鍦扮悊瑙ｅ拰鎺屾彙鐢熺墿鍖栧(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�銆佸熀鏈悊璜�
鍜屽熀鏈(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)鏂规硶锛屼簡瑙ｇ敓鐗╁寲瀛�(xu茅)瀛�(xu茅)绉戠殑鏈€鏂扮爺绌堕€�(j矛n)灞�锛屽叿鏈夐亱(y霉n)鐢ㄧ敓鐗╁寲瀛�(xu茅)瀛�(xu茅)绉戠浉闂�(gu膩n)鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫
鍜屽叿楂斿垎鏋愭柟娉曚締鍒嗘瀽骞惰В姹虹瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒涓殑鍏烽珨鍟忛鐨勫垵姝ヨ兘鍔�銆傝姹傝│鍗锋浉瀵竻妤�銆佸皥妤�(y猫)
琛�(sh霉)瑾�(y菙)閬�(y霉n)鐢ㄦ簴(zh菙n)纰�锛岀瓟椤屽畬鏁�銆�
浜�銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
1.铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鍖栧(xu茅)
铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)绲勬垚锛�20 绋皑鍩洪吀鐨勯€氬紡銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺悊鍖栨€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍒嗗瓙鐨�
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛堜竴绱�(j铆)銆佷簩绱�(j铆)銆侀珮绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬蹇靛強褰㈠紡锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)浜岀礆(j铆)鍜屼笁绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯鍨嬪強鐗归粸(di菐n)锛屽洓绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)
妲�(g貌u)鐨勬蹇靛強浜炲熀锛涜偨閸电殑鐗归粸(di菐n)锛�锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)涓€绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓�(c猫)瀹氾紱铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)涓夌董绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓�(c猫)瀹氭柟娉�銆佺壒榛�(di菐n)鍙�
鐮旂┒閫�(j矛n)灞�锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勭悊鍖栨€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂垎闆�銆佺磾鍖�銆侀憭瀹氭柟娉�锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勮畩鎬т綔鐢�锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸�
鍔熻兘鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�
2.鏍搁吀鍖栧(xu茅)
鏍搁吀鐨勫熀鏈寲瀛�(xu茅)绲勬垚鍙婂垎椤�锛涙牳閰稿強鏍歌嫹閰哥殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍠綅鍙婄悊鍖栫壒鎬�锛汥NA 鍜� RNA
涓€绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佷簩绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜� DNA 鐨勪笁绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛汻NA 鐨勫垎椤炲強鍚勯 RNA 鐨勭敓鐗╁(xu茅)鍔熻兘锛汸CR 鐨�
鍩烘湰鍘熺悊锛涙牳閰哥殑鐮旂┒鏂规硶
3.绯栭绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧姛鑳�
绯栫殑姒傚康銆佸垎椤炲強鍏跺悇鑷殑浠ｈ〃锛涚硸椤炵殑鍏冪礌绲勬垚銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鏈唱(zh矛)鍙婄敓鐗╁(xu茅)鍔熻兘锛涘柈绯�銆佷簩
绯�銆佸绯栧拰澶氱硸鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚硸鑱氬悎鐗╁強瀹冨€戠殑鐢熺墿瀛�(xu茅)鍔熻兘锛涚硸閺堛€佺硸铔嬬櫧銆佽泲鐧藉绯栫殑
鐢熺墿娲绘€�锛涚硸鐨勯憭瀹氬師鐞嗗拰鏂规硶
4.鑴傝唱(zh矛)鑸囩敓鐗╄啘
鐢熺墿楂斿収(n猫i)鑴傝唱(zh矛)鐨勯鍒ュ強鍔熻兘锛涚敇娌硅剛銆佺７鑴�銆佺硸鑴備互鍙婅剛鑲吀鐗规€�锛涚敓鐗╄啘鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)绲勬垚銆�
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婅剛椤炲垎瀛愬湪鐢熺墿鑶滀笂鐨勫垎甯冪壒寰�锛屸€滄祦楂旈懖宓屾ā鍨嬧€濈殑瑕侀粸(di菐n)
5. 閰跺(xu茅)
閰剁殑姒傚康銆佸湅(gu贸)闅涘垎椤炲拰鍛藉悕锛涢叾鐨勪綔鐢ㄧ壒榛�(di菐n)銆佹(j墨)鍒跺強閰舵椿鎬ц(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鐨勫洜绱狅紱閰朵績鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔�
瀛�(xu茅)鐞嗚珫鑸囧垎鏋�锛屽奖闊块叾淇冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫洜绱�锛涢叾鐨勫垎闆㈢磾鍖栬垏娲诲姏閼掑畾鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗗拰鏂规硶锛涗簡瑙ｆ姉
楂旈叾銆佹牳閰跺拰鍥哄畾鍖栭叾鐨勫熀鏈蹇靛拰鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
6. 缍敓绱犲拰杓旈叾
缍敓绱犵殑鍒嗛鍙婃€ц唱(zh矛)锛涙按婧舵€х董鐢熺礌鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗归粸(di菐n)銆佺敓鐞嗗姛鑳藉拰缂轰箯鐧�锛涜剛婧舵€х董鐢熺礌鐨�
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗归粸(di菐n)鍜屽姛鑳�
7. 婵€绱�
婵€绱犵殑鍒嗛锛涙縺绱犵殑鍖栧(xu茅)鏈唱(zh矛)鍜屼綔鐢ㄦ(j墨)鍒�锛涙縺绱犵殑鍚堟垚鑸囧垎娉�锛涘父瑕嬫縺绱犵殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽姛鑳斤紱
婵€绱犱綔鐢ㄦ(j墨)鐞�锛涚悊瑙ｇ浜屼俊浣垮(xu茅)瑾�锛涗俊铏�(h脿o)鍌冲皫(d菐o)鐨勬蹇�锛涗俊铏�(h脿o)鍌冲皫(d菐o)鐨勫皥涓€鎬с€佹晱鎰熸€х瓑鐗瑰緛
8锛庢柊闄充唬璎濆拰鐢熺墿鑳藉(xu茅)
鏂伴櫝浠ｈ瑵鐨勬蹇�銆侀鍨嬪強鍏剁壒榛�(di菐n)锛汚TP 鑸囬珮鑳界７閰稿寲鍚堢墿 锛汚TP 鐨勭敓鐗╁(xu茅)鍔熻兘锛涢浕瀛�
鍌抽仦閬庣▼鑸� ATP 鐨勭敓鎴�锛涘懠鍚搁張鐨勭祫鍒�銆佸懠鍚搁張涓偝閬為珨鐨勬帓鍒楅爢搴�锛涙哀鍖栫７閰稿寲鍋惰伅(li谩n)姗�(j墨)
鍒�
9. 绯栫殑鍒嗚В浠ｈ瑵鍜屽悎鎴愪唬璎�
绯栫殑浠ｈ瑵閫斿緫鍜屾湁闂�(gu膩n)鐨勯叾锛涚硸鐨勭劇姘у垎瑙�銆佹湁姘ф哀鍖栫殑姒傚康銆佺櫦(f膩)鐢熼儴浣嶅拰閬庣▼锛涚硸鐣扮敓
32
 
 
浣滅敤鐨勬蹇�銆佸牬(ch菐ng)鎵€銆佸師鏂欏強涓昏閫斿緫锛涚硸鍘熷悎鎴愪綔鐢�锛涗笁缇ч吀寰挵(hu谩n)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)閬庣▼鍙婂偓鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨�
闂�(gu膩n)閸甸叾锛涚７閰告垔绯栭€斿緫鍙婂叾闄愰€熼叾瑾�(di脿o)鎺т綅榛�(di菐n)锛涘厜鍚堜綔鐢ㄧ殑姒傛硜锛屼簡瑙ｅ厜鍚堜綔鐢ㄧ殑绺介亷绋嬶紱鍏�
鍛煎惛鍜� C4 閫斿緫,鐞嗚В鍏夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)閬庣▼鍜屾殫鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閬庣▼锛涗簡瑙ｅ柈绯�銆佽敆绯栧拰娣€绮夌殑褰㈡垚閬庣▼
10. 鑴傞鐨勪唬璎濊垏鍚堟垚
鑴傝偑鍕�(d貌ng)鍝＄殑姒傚康銆侀檺閫熼叾锛涚敇娌逛唬璎�锛涜剛鑲吀 尾-姘у寲閬庣▼鍙婂叾鑳介噺鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楋紱閰珨鐨勭敓
鎴愬拰鍒╃敤锛涜喗鍥洪唶鍚堟垚鐨勯儴浣嶃€佸師鏂欏強鑶藉浐閱囩殑杞�(zhu菐n)鍖栧強鎺掓硠锛涚悊瑙ｈ剛鑲吀鐨勭敓鐗╁悎鎴愰€斿緫锛�
浜嗚В纾疯剛鍜岃喗鍥洪唶鐨勪唬璎�锛涜鑴傚強琛€婕胯剛铔嬬櫧
11. 姘ㄥ熀閰哥殑浠ｈ瑵
姘ㄥ熀閰哥殑鑴皑鍩哄拰鑴晶鍩轰綔鐢�锛浳憋紞閰吀浠ｈ瑵锛涙皑鐨勪締婧愯垏鍘昏矾锛涙皑鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)閬�(y霉n)锛涘翱绱犵殑
鍚堟垚鑸囪(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)
12. 鏍搁吀鐨勪唬璎�
鍢屽懁銆佸槯鍟舵牳鑻烽吀鐨勫垎瑙ｄ唬璎濊垏鍚堟垚浠ｈ瑵鐨勯€斿緫锛涘婧愭牳閰哥殑娑堝寲鍜屽惛鏀讹紱鍫垮熀鐨勫垎瑙�锛�
鏍歌嫹閰哥殑鍒嗚В鍜屽悎鎴愰€斿緫锛涙牳鑻烽吀寰為牠鍚堟垚閫斿緫锛涜紨閰舵牳鑻烽吀鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屼綔鐢�
13. DNA锛孯NA 鍜岄伜鍌冲瘑纰�
DNA 寰�(f霉)鍒剁殑涓€鑸(gu墨)寰�锛涘弮鑸� DNA 寰�(f霉)鍒剁殑閰堕鑸囪泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍥犲瓙鐨勭ó椤炲拰浣滅敤锛堥噸榛�(di菐n)鏄師
鏍哥敓鐗╃殑 DNA 鑱氬悎閰讹級锛汥NA 寰�(f霉)鍒剁殑鍩烘湰閬庣▼锛涚湡鏍哥敓鐗╄垏鍘熸牳鐢熺墿 DNA 寰�(f霉)鍒剁殑姣旇純锛�
DNA 鐨勬悕鍌疯垏淇京(f霉)鐨勬(j墨)鐞�锛涜綁(zhu菐n)閷勫熀鏈蹇�锛涘弮鑸囪綁(zhu菐n)閷勭殑閰跺強鏈夐棞(gu膩n)鍥犲瓙锛涘師鏍哥敓鐗╃殑杞�(zhu菐n)閷勯亷
绋�锛涗簡瑙ｇ湡鏍哥敓鐗╃殑杞�(zhu菐n)閷勯亷绋�锛涘暉鍕�(d貌ng)瀛愮殑浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞�锛汻NA 杞�(zhu菐n)閷勫悗鍔犲伐鐨勬剰缇╋紱mRNA銆乼RNA銆�
rRNA 鍜岄潪绶ㄧ⒓ RNA 鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)閷勫悗鍔犲伐锛涢€嗚綁(zhu菐n)閷勭殑閬庣▼锛涢€嗚綁(zhu菐n)閷勭梾姣掔殑鐢熸椿鍛ㄦ湡鍜岄€嗚綁(zhu菐n)閷勭梾姣�
杓夐珨鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛汻NA 鐨勫京(f霉)鍒讹細?ji菐n)鎹�?RNA 鐥呮瘨鐨� RNA 寰�(f霉)鍒讹紝闆欓張 RNA 鐥呮瘨鐨� RNA 寰�(f霉)鍒�锛汻NA
鍌抽仦鍔犲伐閬哄偝淇℃伅锛屼簡瑙� RNA 杞�(zhu菐n)閷勮垏寰�(f霉)鍒剁殑姗�(j墨)鍒讹紝鎺屾彙 RNA 鑱氬悎閰剁殑浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涙煋鑹查珨
鑸� DNA锛汥NA 鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)搴�锛涜綁(zhu菐n)搴у瓙鐨勫垎椤炲拰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗瑰緛锛涜綁(zhu菐n)搴т綔鐢ㄧ殑姗�(j墨)鍒�锛涜綁(zhu菐n)搴т綔鐢ㄧ殑閬哄偝瀛�(xu茅)鏁�
鎳�(y墨ng)
14. 铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鐨勫悎鎴愬拰杞�(zhu菐n)閬�(y霉n)
mRNA 鍦ㄨ泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐢熺墿鍚堟垚涓殑浣滅敤銆佸瘑纰煎瓙鐨勬蹇佃垏鐗归粸(di菐n)锛泃RNA銆佹牳绯栭珨鍦ㄨ泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐢�
鐗╁悎鎴愪腑鐨勪綔鐢ㄥ拰鍘熺悊锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鐨勯亷绋�锛涘弮鑸囪泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鐨勪富瑕佸垎瀛愮殑绋鍜�
鍔熻兘锛涚炕璀悗鐨勫姞宸ラ亷绋�锛涚湡鏍哥敓鐗╄垏鍘熸牳鐢熺墿铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鍚堟垚鐨勫崁(q奴)鍒�锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍚堟垚鎶戝埗鍔戝強鍏�
鍒嗗瓙姗�(j墨)鐞�
15. 绱�(x矛)鑳炰唬璎濆拰鍩哄洜琛ㄩ仈(d谩)瑾�(di脿o)鎺�
绱�(x矛)鑳炰唬璎濈殑瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛岀悊瑙ｄ唬璎濋€斿緫鐨勪氦鍙夊舰鎴愮恫(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鍜屼唬璎濈殑鍩烘湰瑕佺暐锛涢叾娲绘€х殑瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)锛�
鐞嗚В閰朵績鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫墠楗嬪拰鍙嶉銆侀叾娲绘€х殑鐗圭暟婵€娲诲姂鍜屾姂鍒跺姂锛涚窗(x矛)鑳炶啘绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)灏�(du矛)浠ｈ瑵鐨勮(di脿o)鎺т綔鐢紱
绱�(x矛)鑳炰俊铏�(h脿o)鍌抽仦绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屼簡瑙ｇ窗(x矛)鑳炰俊铏�(h脿o)鍌抽仦鍜岀窗(x矛)鑳炲娈栬(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涘師鏍哥敓鐗╁拰鐪熸牳鐢熺墿鍩哄洜琛ㄩ仈(d谩)
瑾�(di脿o)鎺х殑鍗€(q奴)鍒�锛涚湡鏍哥敓鐗╁熀鍥犺綁(zhu菐n)閷勫墠姘村钩鐨勮(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)锛涚湡鏍哥敓鐗╁熀鍥犺綁(zhu菐n)閷勬椿鎬х殑瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鍜岃綁(zhu菐n)閷勫洜瀛愮殑
鍔熻兘锛涙搷绺卞瓙瀛�(xu茅)瑾強妯″瀷锛屽咕绋噸瑕佹搷绺卞瓙濡備钩绯栨搷绺卞瓙銆佽壊姘ㄩ吀鎿嶇副瀛愩€佺祫姘ㄩ吀鎿嶇副瀛愬拰
recA 鎿嶇副瀛�锛涘師鏍哥敓鐗╁熀鍥犺綁(zhu菐n)閷勮捣濮嬬殑瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)锛涚炕璀按骞充笂鐨勫熀鍥犺〃閬�(d谩)瑾�(di脿o)鎺�锛涚悊瑙ｈ綁(zhu菐n)閷勬按骞�
涓婄殑鍩哄洜琛ㄩ仈(d谩)瑾�(di脿o)鎺у拰缈昏姘村钩涓婄殑鍩哄洜琛ㄩ仈(d谩)瑾�(di脿o)鎺�
16锛庡熀鍥犲伐绋嬪拰铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)宸ョ▼
鍩哄洜宸ョ▼鐨勭啊(ji菐n)浠�锛汥NA 鍏嬮殕鐨勫熀鏈師鐞�锛涘熀鍥犵殑鍒嗛洟鑸� DNA 鍚堟垚鍜屾脯(c猫)搴�锛涗簡瑙ｄ汉椤�
鍩哄洜绲勮▓(j矛)鍔冨強鏍搁吀闋嗗簭鍒嗘瀽锛涙帉鎻� RNA 鍜� DNA 鐨勬脯(c猫)搴忔柟娉�銆佸師鐞嗗強鍏堕亷绋嬶紱鍏嬮殕鍩哄洜琛�
閬�(d谩)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�锛涘熀鍥犲姛鑳界爺绌剁殑甯哥敤鏂规硶鍜屽師鐞�锛涗簡瑙ｈ泲鐧借唱(zh矛)宸ョ▼鐨勯€�(j矛n)灞�
17. 楂樼瓑鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╃殑鍩哄洜琛ㄩ仈(d谩)锛堜簡瑙ｅ収(n猫i)瀹癸級
琛ㄨ閬哄偝瀛�(xu茅)鐨勬蹇靛拰鐮旂┒鑼冪枃锛涘熀鍥犺〃閬�(d谩)鑸� DNA 鐢插熀鍖�锛汥NA 鐢插熀鍖栧皪(du矛)鍩哄洜杞�(zhu菐n)閷勭殑
鎶戝埗姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涘熀鍥犺〃閬�(d谩)鑸囩祫铔嬬櫧淇＞锛涜泲鐧借唱(zh矛)纾烽吀鍖栬垏淇¤櫉(h脿o)鍌冲皫(d菐o)锛涘垎瀛愪即渚剁殑鍔熻兘锛涘師鐧屽熀鍥�
鍙婂叾瑾�(di脿o)鎺�
33

 
 
涓�銆佽€冭│褰㈠紡鍙婃檪(sh铆)闁�
鑰冭│褰㈠紡鐐虹瓎瑭�锛岃€冭│鏅�(sh铆)闁撶偤 3 灏忔檪(sh铆)銆傝│鍗峰嫏(w霉)蹇呮浉瀵竻妤�銆佺铏�(h脿o)鍜岃タ鏂囧瓧姣嶉亱(y霉n)鐢ㄥ緱鐣�(d膩ng)銆�
涓嶅緱鍦ㄨ│椤屼笂绛斿嵎銆�
鍥�銆佸弮鑰冩浉鐩�
[1]鐜嬮彙宸栫瓑. 鐢熺墿鍖栧(xu茅)(绗� 4 鐗�锛屼笂鍐�(c猫)銆佷笅鍐�(c猫)). 楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀�锛�2017
[2] Benjamin Lewin锛屼綑榫嶇瓑璀�.銆婂熀鍥� VIII銆嬶紙涓枃鐗堬級锛岀瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�锛�2005.
[3] Lehninger`s Principles of Biochemistry锛� 4th Editoin - D L Nelson, Cox Lehninger - W H
Freeman 2004