鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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涓€銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅垏鑰冭│瑕佹眰
鑰冭│鐩(bi膩o)锛�
瑕佹眰鑰冪敓浜嗚В棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栫殑鐧�(f膩)灞曟绋�锛岃獚(r猫n)璀樼ぞ鏈冧富缇╃殑鏈唱(zh矛)鍜岀櫦(f膩)灞曡(gu墨)寰�锛屾彁楂橀Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃悊璜栨按骞充互鍙婃彁楂樺垎鏋愬晱椤屽拰瑙f焙鍟忛鐨勮兘鍔�锛屽爡(ji膩n)瀹氶Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╀俊浠拌垏绀炬渻涓荤京淇″康銆�
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹癸細
濂犲熀绡� (1840鈥�1895)
锛堜竴锛夋鍙茬櫦(f膩)灞曠殑蹇呯劧鎴愭灉
1.璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑姝峰彶鎬ц畩鍖�
璩囨湰涓荤京缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鐨勫法澶х櫦(f膩)灞�锛涜硣鏈富缇╁収(n猫i)鍦ㄧ煕鐩剧殑婵€鍖�锛涢殠绱氭枟鐖殑鏂扮壒榛�(di菐n)銆�
2.浜洪鍏堥€�(j矛n)鎬濇兂鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曞強鍥版儜
璩囩敘(ch菐n)闅庣礆鎬濇兂楂旂郴鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曡垏琛拌惤锛涜В姹虹ぞ鏈冪煕鐩捐澶氭柟妗堢殑鐮寸敘(ch菐n)銆�
3.棣厠鎬濇仼鏍兼柉鍚戝敮鐗╀富缇╁拰鍏辩敘(ch菐n)涓荤京鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)璁�
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锛堜簩锛� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鍋夊ぇ鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)
1.鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍞墿鍙茶鐨勬绋�
鐣板寲鍕炲嫊鐞嗚珫鐨勬鍙蹭綔鐢ㄥ拰灞€闄愭€�锛� 娓呯畻闈掑勾榛戞牸鐖炬淳鐨勫敮蹇冨彶瑙€锛� 鍞墿鍙茶鐨勫壍(chu脿ng)绔嬶紱鍞墿鍙茶鍓�(chu脿ng)绔嬬殑鍋夊ぇ鎰忕京銆�
2.棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑绗竴娆″叕闁嬮棥杩�
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3. 銆婂叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄥ瑷€銆嬬殑鍟忎笘
棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑绯荤当(t菕ng)闂¤堪锛涖€婂叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄥ瑷€銆嬪湪1848骞撮潻鍛戒腑鐨勬椹�(y脿n)鍜岀櫦(f膩)灞曘€�
4. 鏀挎不缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)闈╁懡
鍕炲嫊鍍�(ji脿)鍊艰珫鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)闈╁懡锛� 鍓╀綑鍍�(ji脿)鍊肩悊璜栫殑鍓�(chu脿ng)绔�
5. 銆婅硣鏈珫銆嬬涓€鍗风殑鍟忎笘
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6. 棣厠鎬濅富缇╁悓宸ヤ汉閬�(y霉n)鍕曠殑绲�(ji茅)鍚�
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锛堜笁锛� 鍗氬ぇ绮炬繁鐨勭悊璜栭珨绯伙紙涓婏級鈥斺€旂郴绲�(t菕ng)鍖栧拰澶氭柟闈㈠睍闁�
1. 銆婂弽鏉滄灄璜栥€嬫槸棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鐧剧鍏ㄦ浉
绯荤当(t菕ng)闂¤堪棣厠鎬濅富缇╁摬瀛�(xu茅)锛� 鎹嶈(w猫i)鍜岀櫦(f膩)灞曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╂斂娌荤稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)瀛�(xu茅)锛涘叏闈㈣珫杩扮瀛�(xu茅)绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勬鍙插拰鐞嗚珫銆�
2.棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栫殑澶氭柟闈㈠睍闁�
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锛堝洓锛夊崥澶х簿娣辩殑鐞嗚珫楂旂郴锛堜笅锛夆€斺€旀帰绱€€佹繁鍖栧拰闈㈠悜鏂颁笘绱€(j矛)
1. 鏉辨柟绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞曢亾璺殑鎺㈢储鍜岀爺绌�
棣厠鎬濆皪鏉辨柟绀炬渻鐨勬帰绱�锛涙仼鏍兼柉灏嶇稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)钀藉悗鍦嬪绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鐮旂┒銆�
2. 鍘熷绀炬渻鐨勭爺绌跺拰灏嶅敮鐗╁彶瑙€鐨勯€�(j矛n)涓€姝ヨ珫璀夎垏娣卞寲
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3. 鍝插(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鍥為¨鍜岄潰鍚戞柊涓栫磤(j矛)鍝插(xu茅)缍遍牁(l菒ng)鐨勬彁鍑�
闂�(gu膩n)浜庨Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁摬瀛�(xu茅)鍜屽痉鍦嬪彜鍏稿摬瀛�(xu茅)闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑璜栬堪锛涢棞(gu膩n)浜庡摬瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰鍟忛鍜屽崁(q奴)鍒嗗摬瀛�(xu茅)闄g嚐鐨勮珫鏂凤紱 闂�(gu膩n)浜庡竟搴曠殑鍞墿璜栧拰鍞墿鍙茶鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鐨勯棥杩�銆�
4.璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曡定鍕㈢殑鎺㈢储鍜岀劇鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡鐨勬枟鐖瓥鐣�
鏁寸悊鍑虹増銆婅硣鏈珫銆嬬浜�銆佷笁鍗峰拰鎺㈢储璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鏂拌定鍕紱鏂扮殑姝峰彶姊濅欢涓嬬劇鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡鍟忛銆�
5. 闈㈠皪涓栫磤(j矛)涔嬩氦鐨勭悊璜栧垎姝у拰鎸戞埌(zh脿n)
鎵瑰垽鎶婇Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁焊淇楀寲鐨勬€濇疆鍜屾繁鍏ラ棥鐧�(f膩)涓婂堡寤虹瓚鐨勫弽浣滅敤锛� 绉戝(xu茅)闂¤堪灏嶆湭渚嗗京(f霉)闆滀簨璁婄殑姝峰彶瑙€鍜屾柟娉曡珫銆�
闁嬫嫇绡� (1895鈥�1917)
锛堜簲锛夋鍙茶綁(zhu菐n)鎶樼殑鐞嗚珫鍒嗘
1. 浼仼鏂藉潶涓荤京鍙婂叾灏嶉Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃殑鈥滀慨姝b€�
鏅�(sh铆)浠g殑鏂拌畩鍖栧強棣厠鎬濅富缇╅潰鑷ㄧ殑鎸戞埌(zh脿n)锛� 浼仼鏂藉潶鐨勩€婄ぞ鏈冧富缇╁晱椤屻€嬪強鍏跺皪棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑璨�(z茅)闆�锛� 浼仼鏂藉潶鐨勩€婄ぞ鏈冧富缇╃殑鍓嶆彁鍜岀ぞ鏈冩皯涓婚花鐨勪换鍕�(w霉)銆嬪強鍏跺皪棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鍏ㄩ潰鈥滀慨姝b€�銆�
2. 寰峰湅绀炬渻姘戜富榛ㄥ収(n猫i)鍙嶅皪浼仼鏂藉潶涓荤京鐨勬枟鐖�
鐩ф.鍫$珯鍦ㄦ枟鐖殑鏈€鍓嶅垪锛涘€嶅€嶇埦鐨勭悊璜栨壒鍒�锛� 鑰冭尐鍩虹殑鐞嗚珫鎵瑰垽銆�
3.娉曞湅鍜屼縿鍦嬮Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呯殑鐞嗚珫鎵瑰垽
浼仼鏂藉潶淇涓荤京鐞嗚珫鐨勬硾婵強鍏跺嵄瀹筹紱鎷夋硶鏍肩殑鐞嗚珫鎵瑰垽锛涙櫘鍒楁饥璜惧か鐨勭悊璜栨壒鍒�
锛堝叚锛� 鎹嶈(w猫i)鐪熺悊鐨勫垪瀵т富缇�
1锛庡弽灏嶆皯绮规淳鍜屸€滃悎娉曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呪€濈殑鏂楃埈
鎵瑰垽姘戠补娲剧殑涓昏绀炬渻瀛�(xu茅)锛� 鎵瑰垽姘戠补娲剧殑绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞曡锛岃珫璀変縿鍦嬭硣鏈富缇╃殑鐧�(f膩)灞�锛� 鍙嶅皪鈥滃悎娉曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呪€濈殑鏂楃埈锛涙壒鍒ょ稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)娲惧強瀛熶粈缍富缇�锛岄棥杩版柊鍨嬬劇鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆鏀块花鐞嗚珫銆�
2.鎹嶈(w猫i)棣厠鎬濅富缇╀笘鐣岃鐨勬枟鐖�
鎵瑰垽缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)鎵瑰垽涓荤京锛� 鎵瑰垽灏嬬瑾拰閫犵瑾�銆�
锛堜竷锛夊(sh铆)韪愬懠鍠氱殑鐞嗚珫椋涜簫
1.鍒楀灏嶈警璀夋硶鐨勬繁鍒荤爺绌�
鎻湶姗�(j墨)鏈冧富缇�锛岄棥鏄庡叐绋櫦(f膩)灞曡锛涙壒鍒ょ辜鎵胯警璀夋硶鐨勮睈瀵岄伜鐢�(ch菐n)锛涜警璀夋硶鏄椿鐢熺敓鐨勩€佸鏂归潰鐨勮獚(r猫n)璀�銆�
2. 甯濆湅涓荤京鐞嗚珫鐨勫舰鎴�
鍒楀闀锋湡鐮旂┒璩囨湰涓荤京鐨勭悊璜栨垚鏋�锛涚瀛�(xu茅)璜栬堪甯濆湅涓荤京鏄硣鏈富缇╃殑鐗规畩闅庢锛涖€婂笣鍦嬩富缇╂槸璩囨湰涓荤京鐨勬渶楂橀殠娈点€嬩竴鏇哥殑鍋夊ぇ鎰忕京銆�
3.绀炬渻涓荤京闈╁懡鐨勬柊鐞嗚珫
绀炬渻涓荤京闈╁懡鏂扮悊璜栫殑鎻愬嚭锛涚ぞ鏈冧富缇╀竴鍦嬪嫕鍒╄珫鐨勬柊璨㈢嵒(xi脿n)锛涘湅瀹惰垏闈╁懡鐨勭悊璜�銆�
鐧�(f膩)灞曠瘒 锛�1917-1956锛�
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1.鍗佹湀闈╁懡鐨勫嫕鍒╁強鍏跺亯澶ф剰缇�
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2.鍒楀灏嶇ぞ鏈冧富缇╁缓瑷�(sh猫)閬撹矾鐨勬帰绱�
鏈€鍒濈殑妲�(g貌u)鎯筹紱浜屾埌(zh脿n)鏅�(sh铆)鍏辩敘(ch菐n)涓荤京鏀跨瓥鐨勫緱澶�锛涙柊缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鏀跨瓥鐨勬渶鍒濆(sh铆)韪�锛涘皪绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勫叏鏂拌獚(r猫n)璀樸€�
锛堜節锛夋柉澶ф灄闂�(gu膩n)浜庣ぞ鏈冧富缇╁缓瑷�(sh猫)鐨勭悊璜栧拰铇囪伅(li谩n)妯″紡
1.闂�(gu膩n)浜庘€滀竴鍦嬪缓鎴愮ぞ鏈冧富缇┾€濈殑璜栨埌(zh脿n)
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2.浜烘皯姘戜富灏堟斂鐞嗚珫
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3.绀炬渻涓荤京鏀归€犵殑鐞嗚珫
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锛堝崄涓夛級铇囪伅(li谩n)鏉辨瓙鐨勬敼闈╁拰鍔囪畩
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