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浜屻€佽€冭│鏂瑰紡鍜岃€冭│鏅�(sh铆)闁�

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涓夈€佸弮鑰冩浉(sh奴)鐩�

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鍖栧(xu茅)鍘熺悊閮ㄥ垎椤屽瀷涓昏鍖呮嫭閬告搰銆佸～绌�銆佸晱(w猫n)绛旂瓑銆�

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绗竴閮ㄥ垎 鍖栧(xu茅)鍘熺悊

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锛堝叓锛夋矇娣€婧惰В骞宠　

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锛堝崄锛夊師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

浜嗚В缍�(j墨ng)鍏告牳鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)妯″瀷鐨勫缓绔�銆傛繁鍒荤悊瑙ｆ矮鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹矮鍘熷瓙鍏夎瓬鍜孊ohr姘師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐞嗚珫銆傛槑纰哄井瑙€绮掑瓙鐨勯亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鐗规€�銆佹尝鍑芥暩(sh霉)銆侀浕瀛愪簯鐨勬蹇�銆傛帉鎻″闆诲瓙鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懆鏈熷緥锛岀悊瑙ｅ闆诲瓙鍘熷瓙杌岄亾鑳界礆(j铆)鐨勯珮浣庯紝鎺屾彙鏍稿闆诲瓙鍒嗗竷瑕�(gu墨)寰嬩互鍙婃牳澶栭浕瀛愬垎甯冭垏鍛ㄦ湡绯荤殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屾帉鎻″師瀛愬崐寰戙€侀浕闆㈣兘銆侀浕瀛愯Κ鍚堣兘銆侀浕璨�(f霉)鎬х殑姒傚康鍙婂湪鍛ㄦ湡琛ㄧ殑璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛屽苟鑳藉閬�(y霉n)鐢ㄥ畠鍊戝垎鏋愬晱(w猫n)椤�銆�

锛堝崄涓€锛夊寲瀛�(xu茅)閸佃垏鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

鏄庣⒑鍖栧(xu茅)閸�銆佸垎瀛愰枔浣滅敤鍔涘拰姘嵉绛夊熀鏈蹇�锛岃兘澶犻亱(y霉n)鐢ㄧ浉闂�(gu膩n)鐞嗚珫瑙ｉ噵鐝�(xi脿n)璞″拰鍟�(w猫n)椤�銆傛帉鎻＄稉(j墨ng)鍏窵ewis鍏殔楂斿亣瑾�(shu艒)銆佸児(ji脿)閸电悊璜栧拰鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫銆備簡瑙ｅ垎瀛愮殑妤垫€�銆侀噾灞嵉鐞嗚珫銆�

锛堝崄浜岋級鏅堕珨鑸囨櫠楂旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

浜嗚В鏅堕珨绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫熀鏈(l猫i)鍨�銆佹櫠楂旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫懆鏈熸€�銆佹櫠鏍�銆佹櫠鑳炪€佹櫠绯�銆佹櫠鏍煎瀷寮忓拰绛夊緫鐞冪殑鍫嗙⿳妯″瀷锛屾帉鎻′笉鍚屾櫠楂旈(l猫i)鍨嬬殑鐗归粸(di菐n)浠ュ強灏�(du矛)鐗╄唱(zh矛)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊�銆�

锛堝崄涓夛級閰嶄綅鍖栧悎鐗�

鏄庣⒑閰嶄綅鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛屾帉鎻￠厤浣嶅寲鍚堢墿鐨勫児(ji脿)閸电悊璜栧強閰嶄綅骞宠　锛屽垵姝ヤ簡瑙ｆ櫠楂斿牬(ch菐ng)鐞嗚珫銆�

锛堝崄鍥涳級鍏冪礌鍖栧(xu茅)灏�(d菐o)璜�

鎺屾彙鍏冪礌鍖栧(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�銆傜悊瑙銆乸銆乨銆乫鍗€(q奴)鐨勫妰鍒嗭紝鎺屾彙鍥涘€�(g猫)鍗€(q奴)涓殑鍏稿瀷鍏冪礌鍙婂叾鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆傝兘澶犺ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)绨�(ji菐n)鍠寲鍚堢墿鐨勫悎鎴愯矾绶�(xi脿n)銆�

绗簩閮ㄥ垎 鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)

1. 绶掕珫

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氭湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃櫦(f膩)灞曞彶銆佸垎椤�(l猫i)鍙婄祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓�(c猫)瀹�

鎺屾彙锛氭湁姗�(j墨)閰稿牽鐨勬蹇�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氭湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐞嗚珫鍜屽叾鐗规€�

2. 鐑风兇

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱兎鐑寸殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)

鎺屾彙锛氱兎鐑寸殑姘у寲銆佺噧鐕掑拰鐔辫鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀沟绱犳椿鎬ц垏鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閬告搰鎬�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌兎鐑寸殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹(g貌u)鍨嬪強妲�(g貌u)璞�锛涳紙2锛夐沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紱锛�3锛夎嚜鐢卞熀鐨勬蹇靛強绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)娲绘€ц垏鑷敱鍩虹┅(w臎n)瀹氭€х殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岄亷(gu貌)娓℃厠(t脿i)鑸囨椿娲昏兘銆�

3. 鐑兇

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱儻鐑寸殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佽仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)

鎺屾彙锛氶亷(gu貌)閰告哀鍖栵紝纭兼矮鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆佺茎姹炲寲-鑴睘鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽嚜鐢卞熀鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌儻鐑寸殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚�锛涳紙2锛夐爢?l猫)涓叉偐?g貌u)楂�銆佹搴忚(gu墨)鍓囧強闆欓嵉妲�(g貌u)鍨嬫(bi膩o)瑷樻硶锛涳紙3锛夌儻鐑寸殑鍌寲鍔犳矮锛涳紙4锛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷姞HX锛屽姞X(ju茅)2锛屽姞H2SO4锛屽姞HOX锛岀〖姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婄儻鐑寸殑浜岃仛绛夛紱锛�5锛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯Μ姘忥紙Markovnikov锛夎(gu墨)鍓�锛涳紙6锛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岀⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愮殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺┅(w臎n)瀹氭€у強閲嶆帓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄沟閹撻洟瀛�锛涳紙7锛夌儻鐑寸殑姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷KMnO4姘у寲锛岃嚟姘у寲锛涳紙8锛壩�-姘殑楣典唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷珮婧沟浠�锛孨BS绛夛紱锛�9锛夌挵(hu谩n)鐑兇鍔犳垚鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛屽弽寮忓姞鎴愯垏闋嗗紡鍔犳垚锛涳紙10锛夌儻鐑寸殑鍒舵硶锛屽寘鎷沟浠ｇ兎鑴沟鍖栨矮銆侀唶鐨勮劔姘村強閲嶆帓銆�

4. 鐐旂兇鍜屼簩鐑兇

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氳秴鍏辫粵鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鐨勬蹇�

鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚倲鐑寸殑瑕牳鍔犳垚锛涗簩鐑兇鐨勫垎椤�(l猫i)锛涜仛闆嗕簩鐑兇锛涘叡鎸珫锛涚儻鐑村強浜岀儻鐑寸殑鑱氬悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌倲鐑�銆佸叡杌涗簩鐑兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚�锛涳紙2锛夌倲鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氱倲姘殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀倲閸电殑鍌寲姘寲銆侀伕鎿囨€ч倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃垏楣电礌銆佹隘鍖栨矮绛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀倲閸电殑姘村悎锛涳紙3锛夊叡杌涗簩鐑兇鐨�1锛�2鍜�1锛�4鍔犳垚锛涚媱鐖炬柉-闃垮痉?t墨ng)鏋衡€昳els-Alder锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夊叡鎸珫鐨勫熀鏈煡璀�(sh铆)锛岀儻涓欏瀷纰虫闆㈠瓙锛宲-蟺鍏辫粵銆�

5. 鑴傜挵(hu谩n)鐑�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)

鎺屾彙锛氳剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑寸殑鍒嗛(l猫i)锛岀挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涚挵(hu谩n)涓欑兎銆佺挵(hu谩n)涓佺兎銆佺挵(hu谩n)鎴婄兎鍜屽叚鍏冪挵(hu谩n)浠ヤ笂鐨勭挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勬(g貌u)璞�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氳剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑�銆佹⿱鐠�(hu谩n)鍜岃灪鐠�(hu谩n)鐨勫懡鍚�锛涜剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑寸殑妲�(g貌u)閫犵暟妲�(g貌u)鑸囬爢?l猫)涓叉偐?g貌u)锛涚挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勬(g貌u)璞�銆乤閸靛拰e閸电殑姒傚康銆佸彇浠ｇ挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勫劒(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)妲�(g貌u)璞�銆傝剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑村寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�

6. 鑺崇兇

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氳嫰鐨勫垎瀛愯粚閬撴ā鍨�锛岃捊鍜岃彶鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃嚧鐧岃姵鐑达紝楣典唬鑻殑瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽嫰鐐旀(j墨)鐞�

鎺屾彙锛氳嫰鐨勫姞鎴�銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涘叡鎸珫灏�(du矛)瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強娲诲寲浣滅敤鐨勮В閲�?zhu膩n)鏅冮敘纭囧啀|(zh矛)锛涘鑻熀鍙栦唬鐑风兇鐨勫埗鍌欏強鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涜悩鐨勬哀鍖栧拰閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夎嫰鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岃姵棣欐€х殑姒傚康锛岃嫰琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍚屽垎鐣版(g貌u)鍙婂懡鍚�锛涳紙2锛夎嫰鐨勮Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷沟浠�銆佺鍖栥€佺：鍖栧強鍌咃紞鍏嬪弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙3锛夎Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涳紙4锛夎姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婅Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€с€佷簩鍙栦唬鑻殑瀹氫綅鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸畾浣嶆晥鎳�(y墨ng)鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�5锛夌兎鍩鸿嫰鑺抽鍋�(c猫)閺堢殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽伌(c猫)閺堢殑姘у寲鍙婂伌(c猫)閺堥沟浠ｏ紱锛�6锛夌儻鍩鸿嫰鐨勫埗娉曞強鍏跺弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙7锛夎伅(li谩n)鑻殑鍛藉悕銆佽Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婄珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙8锛夎悩銆佽捊銆佽彶鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂叾琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍛藉悕锛岃悩鐨勯沟浠�銆佺鍖�銆佺：鍖栥€佸倕锛嶅厠?锛涱姮顕墧H闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼竴鍙栦唬钀樼殑瀹氫綅鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙9锛夎姵棣欐€ц垏浼戝厠鐖�(H眉ckel)瑕�(gu墨)鍓�锛涳紙10锛夐潪鑻姵棣欏寲鍚堢墿锛氱儻涓欏熀姝ｉ洟瀛愩€佺挵(hu谩n)鎴婁簩鐑熀璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佺挵(hu谩n)搴氫笁鐑闆㈠瓙銆佺挵(hu谩n)杈涘洓鐑洐璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佽吉鐑�銆佽杹銆�

7. 绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氬亸鎸厜鏈夐棞(gu膩n)姒傚康锛涙棆鍏夊剙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽娑堟棆楂旀媶鍒�锛屼笉灏�(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)鍚堟垚

鎺屾彙锛氭墜鎬т腑蹇冪殑鐢�(ch菐n)鐢�锛涚珛楂旈伕鎿囨€ц垏绔嬮珨灏�(zhu膩n)涓€鎬�锛屾墜鎬у垎瀛愬湪鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑鍒嗛(l猫i)銆佸皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂斿拰鎵嬫€х殑姒傚康锛氾紙2锛夊垎瀛愮殑鎵嬫€у拰灏�(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)鍥犵礌锛屽皪(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)闈�銆佸皪(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)涓績銆佸洓閲嶆洿鏇垮皪(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)杌�銆佹墜鎬т腑蹇冪瓑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛涳紙3锛夋(g貌u)鍨嬪拰妲�(g貌u)鍨嬫(bi膩o)瑷橈細灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟鐗╅珨鐨勮〃绀烘硶鍙婃(g貌u)鍨嬬殑鍛藉悕锛屽寘鎷琑/S銆丏/L娉曘€佽不(f猫i)姝囩埦锛團ischer锛夋姇褰卞紡銆佸倶褰㈡姇褰卞紡銆佺磹鏇硷紙Newman锛夋姇褰卞紡銆侀嫺鏋跺紡锛涳紙4锛夊惈鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)鎵嬫€х⒊鍘熷瓙鐨勫寲鍚堢墿锛屽皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽娑堟棆楂�锛涳紙5锛夊惈鏈夊叐鍊�(g猫)鎵嬫€х⒊鍘熷瓙鐨勫寲鍚堢墿锛岄潪灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂斻€佸収(n猫i)娑堟棆楂旂殑姒傚康鍙婂叾鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)宸暟锛岃槆鍨�銆佽丹鍨嬬殑姒傚康锛涳紙6锛夌挵(hu谩n)鐙€鍖栧悎鐗╂(g貌u)鍨嬬殑琛ㄧず鏂规硶鍙婃(g貌u)鍨嬬殑鍛藉悕锛屾(g貌u)璞＄暟妲�(g貌u)鍜屾(g貌u)鍨嬬暟妲�(g貌u)锛涳紙7锛変笉鍚墜鎬х⒊鍘熷瓙鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鏃嬪厜鐣版(g貌u)锛屼笝浜岀儻鍨�銆佽伅(li谩n)鑻瀷銆佽灪鐠�(hu谩n)鍨嬬瓑鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绔嬮珨鐣版(g貌u)锛涳紙8锛夎嚜鐢卞熀鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙9锛夋秹鍙婄⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙10锛夌儻鐑磋垏楣电礌鍔犳垚銆佺儻鐑寸殑鍌寲姘寲銆佺儻鐑寸殑纭兼矮鍖栨哀鍖�銆佺儻鐑寸殑閯颁簩缇ュ熀鍖�銆佺儻鐑磋垏娆￠沟閰哥殑鍔犳垚銆佺儻鐑寸殑鐠�(hu谩n)姘у寲銆佺媱鐖炬柉锛嶉樋寰�?t墨ng)鏌楃；?y墨ng)绛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)銆�

8. 楣典唬鐑�

浜嗚В锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢洟瀛愬皪(du矛)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涢劙鍩哄弮鑸�锛涜姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕牳鍙栦唬锛涜嫰鐐斿弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涘楣电兎鍜屾盁浠ｇ兎

鎺屾彙锛氶沟浠ｇ兎鐨勫垎椤�(l猫i)锛浳辨秷闄�锛涢沟浠ｇ兎鐨勯倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涜Κ鏍稿彇浠ｅ拰娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭(j矛ng)鐖�(zh膿ng)

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐沟鐑寸殑鍒嗛(l猫i)銆佸懡鍚嶃€佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛涳紙2锛夐沟浠ｇ兇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€х殑涓€鑸(gu墨)寰嬶紱锛�2锛夋按瑙�銆侀唶瑙�銆佹皑瑙�銆佹鞍瑙�銆侀吀瑙ｃ€佽垏鐐斿弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏纭濋吀閵€鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婇沟绱犱氦鎻涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛夐噸瑕佺殑瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夋秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓殑鑴隘鍖栨矮銆佽劔楣电礌绛�锛涳紙5锛夎垏娲绘綉閲戝爆鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷垏閹�銆侀垑銆侀嫲鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃€冮浄锛嶈豹鏂紙Corey锛岺ouse锛夌兎鐑村悎鎴愭硶锛涳紙6锛夎Κ鏍稿彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞嗗強褰遍熆鍥犵礌锛涳紙7锛夋秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞�銆丼aytzeff瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧強E2娑堥櫎鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙8锛夐沟浠ｇ兇鐨勫埗娉�銆�

9. 閱囧拰閰�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氶唶鐨勭７閰搁叝銆侀唶鐨勫偓鍖栬劔姘�

鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢唶鑸嘓X鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐唶鍜岄厷鐨勫懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夋矮閸电殑姒傚康锛涳紙3锛変竴鍏冮唶鑸嘚a銆丮g銆丄l绛夐噾灞殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢唶琚沟绱犲彇浠ｇ殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛圚X锛孡ucas瑭﹀姂锛孭X3锛孲OCl2锛夛紱閱囪劔姘村舰鎴愮儻鍙婇啔鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涚敓鎴愮～閰搁叝銆佺：閰搁叝鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涢唶鐨勬哀鍖栵紙Jones瑭﹀姂銆佹椿鎬nO2銆丱ppenauer姘у寲銆並MnO4銆並2Cr2O7/H2SO4銆丼arrett瑭﹀姂锛�锛涳紙4锛夐唶鍙栦唬鍜屾秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓殑閲嶆帓锛涳紙5锛変簩鍏冮唶鐨勬哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夊毈鍝唶閲嶆帓锛涳紙7锛夐唶鐨勫埗娉�锛涳紙8锛夐厷鐨勯吀鎬�锛涢厷鑺崇挵(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢厷閰殑褰㈡垚鍜孎ries閲嶆帓锛涢厷閱氱殑褰㈡垚鍜孋laisen閲嶆帓锛涳紙9锛夐厷鐨勫埗娉曪紱锛�10锛夌～閱囩殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�

10. 閱氬拰鐠�(hu谩n)姘у寲鐗�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱～閱囧拰纭啔鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岄啔鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)

鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛汣laisen閲嶆帓姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紱鍥涙矮鍚″杻閱氱殑褰㈡垚鍜屾柗瑁�銆侀啔閸电殑淇濊(h霉)閱氱殑鑷嫊(d貌ng)姘у寲锛涘啝閱氱殑鍛藉悕銆佸悎鎴愬強鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涚浉杞�(zhu菐n)绉诲偓鍖�銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐啔鐨勫懡鍚嶃€佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夐拝缇�        楣界殑褰㈡垚鍜岄啔閸电殑鏂疯锛屽彅涓佸熀閱氱殑鏂疯銆佺兎鍩猴紞鑺冲熀閱氱殑鏂疯銆佷箼鐑熀鍨嬮啔鐨勬柗瑁傦紱锛�3锛塁laisen閲嶆帓鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙4锛夌挵(hu谩n)姘у寲鍚堢墿鐨勯枊(k膩i)鐠�(hu谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆侀枊(k膩i)鐠�(hu谩n)鏂瑰悜鍙婄珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙5锛夐唶鑴按鍒跺倷閱氥€佸▉寤夊閬滈啔鍚堟垚娉�銆佺兎姘ф睘鍖栵紞鑴睘鍒跺倷閱�銆佷箼鐑熀閱氱殑鍒舵硶锛涳紙6锛夌挵(hu谩n)姘у寲鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒跺倷銆�

11. 閱涘拰閰�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氶啗銆侀叜鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛岄啗銆侀叜鑸囨按鐨勫姞鎴�锛岀茎閱涚府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯吀鍌寲姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岄唽鐨�1锛�6鍔犳垚锛涜仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�

鎺屾彙锛氬牽鍌寲楣典豢鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涚府閱涘舰鎴愮殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涜垏姘ㄨ鐢熺墿鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紱缇板熀鍔犳垚鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涢唽鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚儻閰殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢唽鐨勫懡鍚�銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐啗銆侀叜鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶈垏娉㈣瓬鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夎垏HCN銆丯aHSO3銆丷OH銆佺～閱囥€佹按銆侀噾灞湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╁強缇ヨ兒銆佽偧銆佽嫰鑲�銆佸彇浠ｈ嫰鑲�銆佹皑鍩鸿劜绛夋皑琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍔犳垚鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╄垏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紝缇板熀鐨勪繚璀�(h霉)锛岀景鍩轰笂鐨勮Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗗強鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€�锛涳紙3锛壩辨矮鐨勬椿娼戞€�锛岄叜寮忥紞鐑唶寮忓钩琛★紝伪楣典唬銆侀沟浠垮弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙4锛夌茎閱涚府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛堝垎瀛愰枔锛屽垎瀛愬収(n猫i)鍙婁氦鍙夌茎閱涚府鍚堬級鍙婂叾鍚堟垚姘寸殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽牽鍌寲姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涳紙5锛夋哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛孠MnO4/H+銆並2Cr2O7-H2SO4銆乀ollens瑭﹀姂銆丗ehling瑭﹀姂銆佹嫓鑰剁埦锛嶇董绔嬫牸锛圔aeyer锛峍illiger锛夋哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夐倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛孋lemmensen閭勫師銆乄olff-Kishner-榛冮炒榫嶉倓鍘�銆佸偓鍖栨矮鍖�銆丮eerwein-Ponndorf閭勫師銆丩iAlH4銆丯aBH4閲戝爆姘寲鐗╅倓鍘熷強绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)銆侀噾灞倓鍘熴€侀叜鐨勯洐鍒嗗瓙閭勫師銆佸悍灏兼墡缇咃紙Cannizzaro锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙7锛夊叾瀹冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀董鐙勫笇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛圵itting锛夊強鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€佸畨鎭绺悎銆佽垏PCl5浣滅敤銆佽矟鍏嬫浖锛圔eckman锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙8锛夐啗閰殑鍒跺倷鏂规硶锛岀敱鐐旂兇姘村悎鎴栬優浜岄沟浠ｇ墿姘磋В銆佺敱鐑兇鍒跺倷銆佺敱鑺宠剛鐑存哀鍖�銆佺敱閱囨哀鍖栨垨鑴矮銆佸倕锛嶅厠?锛涱姮?銆佽搵寰锋浖锛嶆煰璧紙Gattermann锛岾och锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀厷閱涘痉鍒跺倷绛夛紱锛�9锛壩�锛屛蹭笉椋藉拰閱涢叜鐨勫埗鍌欍€�1锛�2鍜�1锛�4鍔犳垚锛氳垏HCN銆佹牸寮忚│鍔戙€佺兇鍩洪嫲銆佷簩鐑村熀閰嫲銆佹矮楣甸吀銆侀沟绱犵瓑寰峰姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岄倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾閬告搰鎬�锛岄亥鍏嬬埦鍔犳垚锛孌-A鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

12. 鏍�纾佸叡鎸拰璩�(zh矛)璀�

浜嗚В锛氭牳纾佸叡鎸拰璩�(zh矛)璀滅殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊銆�

鎺屾彙锛氬奖闊垮寲瀛�(xu茅)浣嶇Щ鐨勫洜绱犵瓑锛岄洟瀛愬垎瑁傜殑涓€鑸(gu墨)寰嬬瓑銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氭牳纾佸叡鎸拰璩�(zh矛)璀滆瓬鍦栧垎鏋�锛屽(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)鎿�(j霉)姝ゆ帹鏂风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�

13. 绱呭鑸囩传澶栧厜璀�

浜嗚В锛氱磪澶栬垏绱鍏夎瓬鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗐€�

鎺屾彙锛氶嵉鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鑸囩磪澶栧惛鏀剁殑闂�(gu膩n)绯诲強鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩传澶栧惛鏀剁殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氫笉鍚屽畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍦ㄧ磪澶栭牷鍗€(q奴)鐨勭壒寰佸惛鏀讹紝鏈�(hu矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ磪澶栬垏绱鍏夎瓬閫�(j矛n)琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)纰鸿瓑銆�

14. 缇ч吀

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛欿olbe闆昏В锛屛�-H琚沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涙皑鍩洪吀鐨勯’鑹插弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屾皑鍩洪吀鐨勪締(l谩i)婧愬拰鍚堟垚锛屽鑲�銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)銆侀叾鍙婃牳閰�

鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽彇浠ｈ姵閰搁吀鎬х殑瑙ｉ噵?zhu膩n)顑き顑愪箖顔旂嫽?/P>

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌晶閰�銆佸彇浠ｇ晶閰哥殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夐吀鎬�銆佸奖闊�?h霉)浜哄创宓濈紭鍥婅洨?銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺珛楂旀晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙3锛夌晶閰哥殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃垏鍫跨殑浣滅敤銆侀叝鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃(j墨)鐞嗐€侀叞姘殑褰㈡垚銆侀叞鑳虹殑褰㈡垚銆侀吀閰愮殑褰㈡垚銆佷集閰拌兒鑴按褰㈡垚鑵堛€佺晶閰哥殑閭勫師銆佄遍沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹饥鏂媱鍏嬶紙Hunsdiecker锛�銆佺瑗匡紙Kochi锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛変簩鍏冭劔缇х殑閰告€у拰鐔卞垎瑙ｅ弽銆佄�-缇у熀閰哥殑鑴晶鎳�(y墨ng)銆佄�-閰吀鐨勮劔缇ф噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙5锛夌晶閰哥殑鍒跺倷鏂规硶锛岀兇鐨勬哀鍖�銆侀唶鍜岄啗鐨勬哀鍖�銆佽厛鐨勬按瑙�銆佺敱鏍煎紡瑭﹀姂鍒跺倷銆並olbe-Schmitt鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夐沟浠ｉ吀銆佺茎鍩洪吀鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

15. 缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氭补鑴傘€佸師閰搁叝銆侀叝鐨勯倓鍘熺府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛坅cyloin锛夈€侀叝鐨勭啽娑堝幓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)

鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚⒊閰歌鐢熺墿锛涢叝鐨勯吀鎬ф按瑙ｆ(j墨)鐞�銆佺⒊閰歌鐢熺墿

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶈垏鍏夎瓬鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夌晶閰歌鐢熺墿姘磋В銆侀唶瑙�銆佹皑瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勭浉浜掕綁(zhu菐n)鍖�锛涳紙3锛夐叝鍫挎€ф按瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紝缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€�锛涳紙4锛夎垏閲戝爆瑭﹀姂鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氶叞姘垏浜岀兇鍩洪叜閶�銆佷簩鐑村熀閹樼殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄叝鑸囨牸姘忚│鍔戠殑鍔犳垚锛岃厛鑸囨牸姘忚│鍔戠殑鍔犳垚锛涳紙5锛夌晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勯倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氭矮鍖栭嫲閶侀倓鍘�锛孯osenmund閭勫師锛孊ouveault-Blanc閭勫師锛涳紙6锛夐叞鑳虹殑閰稿牽鎬�銆佽搵甯冪憺鐖撅紙Gabriel锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆丠ofmann闄嶈В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

16. 缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╂秹鍙婄⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛� Darzen 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岀晶閰搞€侀叝銆佽厛伪纰宠矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勭敓鎴愩€佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢�

鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚⒊閰歌鐢熺墿锛涢叝鐨勯吀鎬ф按瑙ｆ(j墨)鐞�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛壩辨矮鐨勯吀鎬у拰浜掕畩鐣版(g貌u)锛岋紙2锛夐叝绺悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀仼鐢ㄨ寖鍦嶃€佺敘(ch菐n)鐗╃壒寰佸強鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆丏ieckmann閰府鍚堛€侀叝绺悎鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙3锛変箼閰颁箼閰镐箼閰殑鐑村寲銆侀叞鍩哄寲銆侀吀寮忓垎瑙ｃ€侀叜寮忓垎瑙ｅ強鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙4锛変笝浜岄吀浜屼箼閰殑鍒跺倷銆佺兇鍖�銆侀叞鍩哄寲銆佽劔缇у弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�5锛夌府鍚堢敘(ch菐n)鐗╁拰鍏跺畠闆欓噸伪姘寲鍚堢墿鐨勭兇鍩哄寲鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙6锛夋秹鍙娢辩⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勫叾瀹冭Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛孠noevenagel鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丮ichael鍔犳垚銆丷eformatsky鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丏arzen鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丳erkin鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

17. 鏈夋(j墨)鍚爱鍖栧悎鐗�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱鍩虹殑闆欏垎瀛愰倓鍘�銆佸伓姘寲鍚堢墿鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涜兒灏�(du矛)鏄犻珨鐨勮壊璀滄妧琛�(sh霉)鎷嗗垎锛汢ucherer鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丮annich鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)

鎺屾彙锛氱鍩虹殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛涚鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鍙婅兒鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢噸姘菇鐨勯倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌鍩哄皪(du矛)鑻挵(hu谩n)涓婇劙銆佸皪(du矛)浣嶄笂鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鎬х殑褰遍熆锛岃姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婃(j墨)鐞�锛岀鍩虹殑閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃伅(li谩n)鑻兒閲嶆帓鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�2锛夎兒鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸垎椤�(l猫i)銆佸懡鍚�銆佽兒鐨勭珛楂旂暟妲�(g貌u)鍙婅兒鐨勬尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙3锛夎兒鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氬牽鎬у強鎴愰菇锛岀兎鍩哄寲鍜屽閵ㄥ寲锛�?锛涱嚡绐侀厠锛�?锛岃垏浜炵閰哥殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀儻鑳虹殑鐢熸垚鍙婂湪鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涘彅鑳烘哀鍖栧拰绉戞郸锛圕ope锛夋秷鍘诲弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夊閵ㄩ菇鐨勫舰鎴�锛岀浉杞�(zhu菐n)绉诲偓鍖栵紝瀛ｉ姩鍫跨殑褰㈡垚锛孒ofmamn娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆佺珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙婂湪鑳虹祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓�(c猫)瀹氫腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙5锛夐噸姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜岄噸姘菇锛岄噸姘熀鐨勭疆鎻涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)琚紙F銆丆l銆丅r銆両銆丆N銆丱H銆丠銆佽姵鍩虹瓑鍙栦唬锛夊強鍏跺湪鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�6锛夊伓鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂伓姘煋鏂�锛涳紙7锛夐噸姘敳鐑风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽崱璩撶殑鐢熸垚锛涳紙8锛夎兒鐨勫埗娉曪細楣典唬鐑存皑瑙ｏ紝Gabriel鍚堟垚娉�锛岀鍩洪倓鍘�锛岃厛銆侀叞鑳恒€佽偀鐨勯倓鍘�锛岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勯倓鍘熻兒鍖栥€佷集閰拌兒鐨凥ofmann閲嶆帓銆�

18. 鍗�(xi茅)鍚屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)

涓€鑸簡瑙ｏ細闆荤挵(hu谩n)鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗归粸(di菐n)鍜屽叾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍘熺悊銆�

鎺屾彙锛氱挵(hu谩n)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜屜�-閬风Щ

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛歔4+2]鐠�(hu谩n)鍔犳垚銆�

19. 纰虫按鍖栧悎鐗�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氬绯栵紙娣€绮�銆佺簴缍礌锛�锛涚挵(hu谩n)绯婄簿

鎺屾彙锛氬绯栵紙钄楃硸銆佷钩绯�銆佺簴缍簩绯�銆侀亥鑺界硸锛夌殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛�?ji菐n)缈佺壍銊掍簯鍜哥儫鑿類屸攽鎷坃(k膩i)閺堢祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀挵(hu谩n)鐙€绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勮〃绀烘硶鍜屽懡鍚�锛汧ischer鎶曞奖寮忓拰Haworth閫忚寮忎箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛涘柈绯栫殑鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)妲�(g貌u)璞�锛涘柈绯栫殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝樊鍚戠暟妲�(g貌u)鍖栥€佹垚鑻峰弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏鍚爱瑭﹀姂鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺硸鑴庣殑鐢熸垚绛夛級銆�

20. 闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�

浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氬槍鍟夌殑姣嶆牳鍙婄法铏�(h脿o)銆侀洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍚堟垚銆佺敓鐗╁牽鐨勯憭瀹氬拰鎻愬彇銆佸咕绋噸瑕佺殑鐢熺墿鍫�

鎺屾彙锛氱劇(w煤)鐗瑰畾鍚嶇ū(ch膿ng)绋犻洔鐠�(hu谩n)鐨勬瘝鏍稿懡鍚嶏紱鍚″杻閰殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘悺鍡�銆佸櫊鍡殑鍛藉悕锛屽槯鍟剁殑瑕浕鍙婅Κ鏍稿彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涘槯鍟堕(l猫i)鐨勫悎鎴�銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夊憢鍠�銆佸櫥鍚�銆佸悺鍜殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佽姵棣欐€�銆侀吀鍫挎€с€佽Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙2锛夊憢鍠冪敳閱涚殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙3锛夊悺鍜殑鐗规畩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夊挭鍞�銆佸悺鍞�銆佸櫥鍞戠殑鍛藉悕锛屼簰璁婄暟妲�(g貌u)鍙婁富瑕佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙5锛夊惒鍝氱殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婅Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夊悺鍟剁殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶅強鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙7锛夊柟鍟�銆佺暟鍠瑰晧鐨勫懡鍚嶅強鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘柟鍟夌殑Skraup鍚堟垚娉曪紱锛�8锛夊槯鍟剁殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶅強姘存憾鎬�銆佸牽鎬с€�

21. 姘ㄥ熀閰�銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍜屾牳閰�

浜嗚В锛氳泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勫垎椤�(l猫i)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆佷唬璎�锛涢叾鐨勫偓鍖栫壒鎬�锛涙牳閰哥殑绲勬垚銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸姛鑳姐€�

鎺屾彙锛氬鑲界殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懡鍚�锛涘鑲界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹氬拰澶氳偨鍚堟垚銆�

閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氭皑鍩洪吀绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸垎椤�(l猫i)鍜屽懡鍚�锛屾皑鍩洪吀鐨勫熀鏈悊鍖栨€ц唱(zh矛)锛屾皑鍩洪吀鐨勪締(l谩i)婧愯垏鍚堟垚銆�

22. 鑴傝偑銆佽悳銆佺斁鏃忓寲鍚堢墿

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