2021骞�婀栧崡澶у(xu茅)鑰冪爺澶х侗

鏈夋鍖栧(xu茅)(钘ョ墿)鑰冭│澶х侗

   1锛庢湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勫垎椤炲拰鍛藉悕

       鐔熺反鎺屾彙绯荤当(t菕ng)鍛藉悕娉曠殑鍛藉悕鍘熷墖鈥斺€旀渶浣庣郴鍒楀師鍓囧拰娆″簭瑕�(gu墨)鍓�锛屼簡瑙ｇ繏(x铆)鎱ｅ懡鍚嶆硶鍜屽父鐢ㄧ殑淇楀悕銆�

     绯荤当(t菕ng)鍛藉悕娉曡鐔熺反鎺屾彙鑴傝偑鐑�銆佽剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑�銆佽姵鐑寸殑姣嶉珨鍚嶇ū锛屼富瑕佸畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍙婂悇绋熀鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勫悕绋卞強鍏剁法铏熸搴忥紝澶氬畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╁懡鍚嶆檪姣嶉珨鍚嶇ū鐨勯伕鎿囧拰鍩哄湗(tu谩n)绶ㄨ櫉娆″簭锛岀珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫悕绋遍噸榛炴帉鎻￠爢/鍙嶃€乑/E鍙奟/S妯�(bi膩o)瑷樻硶銆�

    缈�(x铆)鎱ｅ懡鍚嶆硶瑕佺悊瑙ｆ銆佺暟銆佹柊銆佷集銆佷徊銆佸彅銆佸鐨勬兜缇�銆�

    2锛庢湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂垎瀛愪腑鍘熷瓙闁撶殑鐩镐簰褰遍熆

    鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏃㈡槸鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒嗛鍜岀郴绲�(t菕ng)鍛藉悕鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)锛屼篃鏄湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鍜屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫収(n猫i)鍥�銆傜悊瑙ｆ湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐞嗚珫鏄(xu茅)濂芥湁姗熷寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)閸点€傚叿楂旇姹傚涓嬶細

    锛�1锛夌⒊鍘熷瓙鎴愰嵉鏅傜殑闆滃寲鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛坰p3銆乻p2銆乻p銆侊級鍙婄⒊鍘熷瓙鍚勭ó闆滃寲杌岄亾鍦ㄦ垚閸垫檪灏嶉嵉闀�銆侀嵉瑙掋€侀嵉鑳藉拰閸电殑妤垫€х殑褰遍熆锛屼互鍙婂皪鑸囬€欎簺纰冲師瀛愮浉閫ｇ殑姘師瀛愭垨瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勫奖闊�銆�   

    锛�2锛� 閸靛拰 閸电殑鐗瑰緛鍜屽崁(q奴)鍒�锛岀敤杌岄亾琛ㄧず娉曞畾鎬ц鏄庡畾鍩熼嵉鍜岄洟鍩熼嵉锛堝叡杌� 閸碉級銆�   

    锛�3锛変富瑕佸畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)锛圕=C锛�-C C-锛�-X锛�-OH锛�-O-锛孋HO锛孋=O锛�-COOH锛�-NO2锛�-NH2锛�-SO3H锛夌殑鐗规€т互鍙婂畠鍊戝湪涓€瀹氭浠朵笅鐩镐簰杞�(zhu菐n)鍖栫殑瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆�

锛�4锛夐浕瀛愭晥鎳�(y墨ng)鈥斺€旇獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽秴鍏辫粵鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽皪鍖栧悎鐗╂€ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊�锛岃鏄庡彇浠ｇ晶閰哥殑閰告€у挤寮�锛屛�-姘師瀛愭椿娼戞€�銆�1,3-涓佷簩鐑殑瑕浕鍔犳垚浠ュ強涓€鍏冨彇浠ｈ嫰鐨勫畾浣嶈(gu墨)鍓�锛屾湁姗熶腑闁撻珨鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆�

    锛�5锛夊悓鍒嗙暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞♀€斺€旀(g貌u)閫犵暟妲�(g貌u)鍙婃(g貌u)鍨嬬暟妲�(g貌u)锛岃垑渚嬭鏄庣⒊鏋剁暟妲�(g貌u)銆佸畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鐣版(g貌u)銆佷綅缃暟妲�(g貌u)銆佷簰璁婄暟妲�(g貌u)銆侀爢鍙嶇暟妲�(g貌u)銆佸皪鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)锛岃兘鐢‵ischer鎶曞奖寮忚〃绀哄惈1鍊嬪拰2鍊嬫墜鎬х⒊鍘熷瓙鐨勫皪鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂�銆�

    锛�6锛夐€氶亷涔欑兎銆佷竵鐑峰強鐠�(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勬(g貌u)璞″垎鏋愶紝鐞嗚В闁嬮張鍒嗗瓙鐨勪氦鍙夊紡鍜岄噸杩紡妲�(g貌u)璞�锛岀挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勮埞寮忓拰妲�(g貌u)寮忔(g貌u)璞★紝鑳界敤閫忚寮忓拰Newman鎶曞奖寮忚〃绀轰笉鍚岀殑妲�(g貌u)璞�銆�

锛�7锛夊皬鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑涓嶇┅(w臎n)瀹氭€у拰瑙掑嫉鍔�銆�

锛�8锛夎姵棣欐€с€�

3锛庢湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婃煇浜涘吀鍨嬭畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰�

    鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)灏嶅寲鍚堢墿鐨勯憭瀹�銆侀憭鍒ャ€佸垎闆�銆佹彁绱斿強鐢熺敘(ch菐n)宸ヨ棟鍧囨湁閲嶈鎰忕京锛屽洜姝ゆ噳(y墨ng)鎺屾彙鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫吀鍨嬭畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰嬪強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�

    涓€鑸墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鍖呮嫭鐗╂厠(t脿i)銆佺啍榛�銆佹瘮閲嶃€佹憾瑙ｅ害銆佹瘮鏃嬪厜搴︺€傝兘鐢ㄥ垎瀛愰枔鍔涘拰姘嵉瑾槑鏌愪簺鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗╃殑娌搁粸銆佺啍榛炲拰婧惰В搴︾殑璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強鍏跺湪瀵﹂殯涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆�

    4锛庢湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勯噸瑕佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婂叾瑕�(gu墨)寰�

    鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗╃殑閲嶈鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婂叾瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勯噸瑕佹浠讹紝褰遍熆鍥犵礌鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄨ寖鍦嶇瓑鏄湰瑾茬▼鐨勬牳蹇冨収(n猫i)瀹�锛屽叿楂旇姹傛帉鎻′互涓嬪収(n猫i)瀹癸細

锛�1锛夊彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氶＝鍜岀⒊鍘熷瓙鐨勮嚜鐢卞熀楣典唬鍙婂叾瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶紙鑷敱鍩哄瀷鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�锛岃姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕浕锛堥沟浠�銆佺鍖栥€佺：鍖�銆丗riedel-Crafts鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓€鐑村寲銆侀叞鍖栵級鍙婂叾瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶紙鑺抽鏃忚Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�銆佽姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄＝鍜岀⒊鍘熷瓙涓婅Κ鏍稿彇浠ｏ紙姘磋В銆侀唶瑙�銆佹皑瑙ｃ€佹鞍瑙ｏ級鍙婂叾瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶紙椋藉拰纰冲師瀛愪笂瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�锛岄叝鍖栧強姘磋В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆傞劙鍩哄弮鑸囦綔鐢�銆�

    锛�2锛夋秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氶沟鐑风殑鍘婚沟鍖栨矮锛岄唶鐨勮劔姘村強Saytzeff瑕�(gu墨)鍓�锛岀茎鍩虹晶閰哥殑鑴按鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛孒ofmann娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀啽娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

锛�3锛夊姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氱⒊纰抽噸閸电殑瑕浕鍔犳垚鍙奙arkovnikov瑕�(gu墨)鍓囷紙纰崇⒊閲嶉嵉鐨勮Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�锛岃嚜鐢卞熀鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�1,3-涓佷簩鐑殑1,2-鍙�1,4-鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀景鍩虹殑瑕牳鍔犳垚浠ュ強瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶紙缇板熀瑕牳鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�銆�

锛�4锛夋哀鍖栧強閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛氱兎鐑�銆佺儻鐑�銆佺倲鐑村強鑺崇兇姣嶉珨鍜屽伌(c猫)閺堢殑姘у寲銆佺儻鐑寸殑姘у寲銆佽嚟姘у寲銆侀唶鍜岄啗鐨勬哀鍖�锛屼笉椋藉惈鐑淬€佽姵鐑�銆侀啗銆侀叜銆侀叝銆佺鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勫姞姘垨閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丆annizzaro鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

    锛�6锛夌府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氱茎閱涚府鍚�銆丆laisen绺悎锛孧annich鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛孧ichael鍔犳垚锛學ittig鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛孌arzen鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛孯eformatsky鍙嶆噳(y墨ng), Perkin鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

    锛�7锛夐噸姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婇噸姘熀鐨勫彇浠�銆佸伓鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�

    锛�8锛塆rignard鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍦ㄦ湁姗熷悎鎴愪笂鐨勯噸瑕佹噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�

    锛�9锛壩�-浜岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鍦ㄦ湁姗熷悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�

锛�10锛夐噸鎺掑弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愰噸鎺�锛岀⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙閲嶆帓锛孊eckmann閲嶆帓锛孒ofmann閲嶆帓锛岀墖鍚堕唶閲嶆帓, Baeyer-Villiger閲嶆帓, Favorskii閲嶆帓, 鑱�(li谩n)鑻兒閲嶆帓锛孋laisen閲嶆帓绛�銆�

    锛�11锛夊崝(xi茅)鍚屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍩虹(ch菙)锛汥iels-Alder鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄浕鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛� 閬风Щ鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�

锛�12锛変簡瑙ｉ洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗┿€佺⒊姘村寲鍚堢墿銆佹皑鍩洪吀鍙婅泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勫熀鏈蹇靛強鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�

5锛庢湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎺ㄦ脯

纰哄畾涓€鍊嬪寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u), 鍙互鐢ㄥ寲瀛�(xu茅)鏂规硶, 渚嬪娓畾鏈夌劇鏌愪簺瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n); 闄嶈В鎴愮啊鍠寲鍚堢墿; 杞�(zhu菐n)璁婃垚琛嶇敓鐗�; 鐢ㄤ竴鍊嬫槑纰虹劇鐤戠殑璺窔鍔犱互鍚堟垚绛変締瀵︾従(xi脿n)銆傜墿鐞嗗(xu茅)鑸囧寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭祼(ji茅)鍚�锛岀敘(ch菐n)鐢熶簡涓€浜涚従(xi脿n)浠ｇ墿鐞嗘脯瑭︽柟娉�锛岄亱鐢ㄩ€欎簺鏂规硶, 鍙互鐢ㄥ皯閲忔ǎ鍝�, 姝ｇ⒑鍦版脯瀹氭湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傞渶鎺屾彙鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫父瑕�(gu墨)娓畾濡侷R銆乁V銆丯MR銆丮S绛夋尝璀滄硶銆�

6锛庢湁姗熷寲瀛�(xu茅)瀵﹂

鎺屾彙鏈夋鍖栧(xu茅)瀵﹂鐨勫熀鏈搷浣滄妧鑳�锛涘(xu茅)鏈冩纰洪伕鎿囨湁姗熷寲鍚堢墿鐨勫悎鎴�銆佸垎闆㈡彁绱旂殑鏂规硶锛涜兘澶犲埗鍌欎竴浜涙瘮杓冪啊鍠殑鏈夋鍖栧悎鐗�锛岄渶鎺屾彙鐨勫熀鏈搷浣滃寘鎷細锛�1锛夌幓鐠冨剙鍣ㄧ殑娲楁粚鍜屽共鐕�锛涳紙2锛夌（鍙ｅ剙鍣ㄧ殑浣跨敤鍙婄董璀�(h霉)锛涳紙3锛夊父鐢ㄥ剙鍣ㄧ殑閬告搰鍙婂畨瑁�锛涳紙4锛夊洖娴�銆佽捀椁俱€佸垎椁�锛涳紙5锛夊垎娑叉淮鏂楀拰婊存恫婕忔枟鐨勪娇鐢紱锛�6锛夐噸绲�(ji茅)鏅跺拰鍚勭ó閬庢烤鏂规硶锛涳紙7锛夋恫楂旂墿璩�(zh矛)鍜屽浐楂旂墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勫共鐕�锛涳紙8锛夊姞鐔卞拰鍐峰嵒锛涳紙9锛夌啍榛炴脯瀹�銆�

鍦ㄦ暣鍊嬭绋嬩腑瑕佽憲閲嶅煿椁�(y菐ng)鑷(xu茅)鑳藉姏銆侊紱鎬濈董鑳藉姏鍜屾噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ墍瀛�(xu茅)鐭ヨ瓨鐨勮兘鍔�銆�