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锛�611锛夐Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁彶         鑰冭│澶х侗

涓€銆佽€冨療鐩(bi膩o)

鈥滈Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁彶鈥濆叆瀛�(xu茅)鑰冭│鏄偤鎷涙敹棣厠鎬濅富缇╁熀鏈師鐞嗛纰╁＋鐢熻€屽(sh铆)鏂界殑閬告嫈鎬ц€冭│銆傚叾涓昏鐩殑鏄€冩煡瀛�(xu茅)鐢熷皪棣厠鎬濅富缇╁舰鎴愮殑姝峰彶鑳屾櫙銆侀Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃敘(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝峰彶蹇呯劧鎬�銆侀Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃櫦(f膩)灞曠殑姝峰彶閫�(j矛n)绋嬩互鍙婇Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁湪涓嶅悓姝峰彶闅庢鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鍩烘湰鐭ヨ瓨鍜岄Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╀腑鍦嬪寲绛夊悇闋�(xi脿ng)鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭悊瑙ｅ拰鎺屾彙鐨勭▼搴︺€傚湪姝ゅ熀绀�(ch菙)涓�锛屾彁楂樺(xu茅)鐢熼亱(y霉n)鐢ㄩΜ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃殑绔嬪牬銆佽榛�(di菐n)鍜屾柟娉曞垎鏋愬晱椤屽拰瑙ｆ焙鍟忛鐨勮兘鍔�銆�

浜�銆佽€冭│涓昏鍏�(n猫i)瀹�

濂犲熀绡� 锛�1840-1895锛�

绗竴绔� 姝峰彶鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑蹇呯劧鎴愭灉

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑姝峰彶鎬ц畩鍖�

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 浜洪鍏堥€�(j矛n)鎬濇兂鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曞強鍥版儜

绗笁绡€(ji茅) 棣厠鎬濇仼鏍兼柉鍚戝敮鐗╀富缇╁拰鍏辩敘(ch菐n)涓荤京鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)璁�

绗簩绔� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鍋夊ぇ鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛堜竴锛�

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍞墿鍙茶鐨勬绋�

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑绗竴娆″叕闁嬮棥杩�

绗笁绡€(ji茅)銆婂叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄥ瑷€銆嬬殑鍟忎笘

绗笁绔� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鍋夊ぇ鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛堜簩锛�

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 鏀挎不缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)闈╁懡

绗簩绡€(ji茅)銆婅硣鏈珫銆嬬涓€鍗风殑鍟忎笘

绗笁绡€(ji茅) 棣厠鎬濅富缇╁悓宸ヤ汉閬�(y霉n)鍕曠殑绲�(ji茅)鍚�

绗洓绔� 鍗氬ぇ绮炬繁鐨勭悊璜栭珨绯伙紙涓婏級鈥斺€旂郴绲�(t菕ng)鍖栧拰澶氭柟闈㈠睍闁�

绗竴绡€(ji茅)銆婂弽鏉滄灄璜栥€嬫槸棣厠鎬濅富缇╂帓绉戝叏鏇�

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栫殑澶氭柟闈㈠睍闁�

绗簲绔� 鍗氬ぇ绮炬繁鐨勭悊璜栭珨绯伙紙涓嬶級鈥斺€旀帰绱�銆佹繁鍖栧拰闈㈠悜鏂颁笘绱€(j矛)

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 鏉辨柟绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞曢亾璺殑鎺㈢储鍜岀爺绌�

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 鍘熷绀炬渻鐨勭爺绌跺拰灏嶅敮鐗╁彶瑙€鐨勯€�(j矛n)涓€姝ヨ珫璀夎垏娣卞寲

绗笁绡€(ji茅) 鍝插(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鍥為¨鍜岄潰鍚戞柊涓栫磤(j矛)鍝插(xu茅)缍遍牁(l菒ng)鐨勬彁鍑�

绗洓绡€(ji茅) 璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曡定鍕㈢殑娣辩储鍜岀劇鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡鐨勬枟鐖瓥鐣�

绗簲绡€(ji茅) 闈㈠皪涓栫磤(j矛)涔嬩氦鐨勭悊璜栧垎姝у拰鎸戞埌(zh脿n)

闁嬫嫇绡� 锛�1895-1917锛�

绗叚绔� 姝峰彶杞�(zhu菐n)鎶樼殑鐞嗚珫鍒嗘

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 浼仼鏂藉潶涓荤京鍙婂叾灏嶉Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃殑鈥滀慨姝ｂ€�

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 寰峰湅绀炬渻姘戜富榛ㄥ収(n猫i)鍙嶅皪浼仼鏂藉潶涓荤京鐨勬枟鐖�

绗笁绡€(ji茅) 娉曞湅鍜屼縿鍦嬮Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呯殑鐞嗚珫鎵瑰垽

绗竷绔� 鎹嶈(w猫i)鐪熺悊鐨勫垪瀵т富缇�

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 鍙嶅皪姘戠补娲惧拰鈥滃悎娉曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呪€濈殑鏂楃埈

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 鎹嶈(w猫i)棣厠鎬濅富缇╀笘鐣岃鐨勬枟鐖�

绗叓绔� 瀵�(sh铆)韪愬懠鍠氱殑鐞嗚珫椋涜簫

绗竴绡€(ji茅) 鍒楀灏嶈警璀夋硶鐨勬繁鍒荤爺绌�

绗簩绡€(ji茅) 甯濆湅涓荤京鐞嗚珫鐨勫舰鎴�

绗笁绡€(ji茅) 绀炬渻涓荤京闈╁懡鐨勬柊鐞嗚珫

鐧�(f膩)灞曠瘒 锛�1917-1956锛�

绗節绔� 鍗佹湀闈╁懡鐨勫嫕鍒╁拰鍒楀寤鸿ō(sh猫)绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勬(g貌u)鎯�

绗崄绔� 鏂ぇ鏋楅棞(gu膩n)浜庣ぞ鏈冧富缇╁缓瑷�(sh猫)鐨勭悊璜栧拰铇囪伅(li谩n)妯″紡

绗崄涓€绔� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╀腑鍦嬪寲鍜屾瘺婢ゆ澅鎬濇兂鐨勬鍙叉€у嫕鍒�

绗崄浜岀珷 姣涙兢鏉遍棞(gu膩n)寤鸿ō(sh猫)鏂颁腑鍦嬬殑鎴�(zh脿n)鐣ユ€濇兂

绗崄涓夌珷 瑗挎柟瀛�(xu茅)鑰呭皪棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栬垏瀵�(sh铆)韪愮殑鎺㈢储

鍓�(chu脿ng)鏂扮瘒锛�1956-1997锛�

绗崄鍥涚珷 铇囪伅(li谩n)鏉辨瓙鐨勬敼闈╁拰鍔囪畩

绗崄浜旂珷 鐣�(d膩ng)浠ｈ硣鏈富缇╁湅瀹跺湇绻為Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勬€濇疆鍜屾祦娲�

绗崄鍏珷 涓湅灏嶇ぞ鏈冧富缇╅亾璺殑鑹遍洠鎺㈢储

绗崄涓冪珷 閯у皬骞崇悊璜栫殑褰㈡垚鍜岀瀛�(xu茅)楂旂郴

绗崄鍏珷 棣厠鎬濅富缇╁湪涓湅鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鏂伴殠娈靛拰璺ㄨ秺涓栫磤(j矛)鐨勬棗骞�

绗崄涔濈珷鈥滀笁鍊�(g猫)浠ｈ〃鈥濋噸瑕佹€濇兂鏄爡(ji膩n)鎸佽垏鏅�(sh铆)淇遍€�(j矛n)銆佷笉鏂峰壍(chu脿ng)鏂扮殑鐞嗚珫鎴愭灉

绗簩鍗佺珷 鏂颁笘绱€(j矛)鐨勫缓瑷�(sh猫)鑸囦笉鏂烽枊鎷撻Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃悊璜栫櫦(f膩)灞曠殑鏂板鐣�

涓�銆佽€冭│褰㈠紡鍙婅│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

鑰冭│褰㈠紡鐐洪枆鍗风瓎瑭�锛涜€冭│鏅�(sh铆)闁撶偤3灏忔檪(sh铆)銆�

瑭﹀嵎绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)1銆佺啊绛旈锛�70%锛�锛�  2銆佽珫杩伴锛�30%锛�