鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
鍥涘窛杓曞寲宸ュぇ瀛�(xu茅)纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熸嫑鐢熻€冭│澶х侗
銆婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆�
涓€銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰瑾�(shu艒)鏄�
绉戠洰鍚嶇ū(ch膿ng)锛�802 鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)
閬╃敤灏�(zhu膩n)妤�(y猫)锛�0703 鍖栧(xu茅)銆�0817 鍖栧(xu茅)宸ョ▼鑸囨妧琛�(sh霉)銆�0856鏉愭枡鑸囧寲宸�
椤屽瀷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛�
1. 鍛藉悕鑸囩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) (绱�20鍒�)
鍖呮嫭甯歌(ji脿n)鐨勫寲鍚堢墿鍜岄洐瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╁懡鍚嶅拰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽懡鍚嶆硶涓昏鏄郴绲�(t菕ng)鍛藉悕锛�
鍊�(g猫)鍒ョ偤缈�(x铆)鎱ｅ懡鍚�锛涚祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寮忓寘鎷嫺鏋跺紡銆侀€忚寮�銆�Newmann 鎶曞奖寮�銆佽彶姝囩埦鎶曞奖
寮�锛涚珛楂旀(g貌u)鍨嬫湁闋�?l猫)鐤殿弾顛惷差弸?Z/E 鍛藉悕锛夊拰 R/S 鍛藉悕銆�
2. 瀹屾垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)寮� (绱�30鍒�)
鍖呮嫭濉(xi臎)澶氭鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勪腑闁撶墿銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)瑭﹀姂銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)姊濅欢鍜屼富瑕佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╋紙鍏朵腑鍙�
鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╃偤鏈夋(j墨)鐗╋級銆傚緸鍩烘湰鐨�銆佸吀鍨嬬殑鍜岄伕鎿囨€у弽鎳�(y墨ng)渚�(l谩i)鑰冩煡鑰冪敓灏�(du矛)澶氭閫ｇ簩(x霉)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鐨勬帉鎻¤兘鍔涖€�
3. 鐢ㄥ寲瀛�(xu茅)鏂规硶閼掑垾鍖栧悎鐗╋紙绱�10鍒嗭級
涓嶈兘鐢ㄧ墿鐞嗘柟娉曚締(l谩i)閼掑垾鍖栧悎鐗�锛屼富瑕佽€冩煡鑰冪敓灏�(du矛)鍚勯(l猫i)鏈夋(j墨)鐗╃殑鍏稿瀷鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
鐨勭啛鎮夌▼搴︺€�
4锛庡垽鏂烽锛堢磩15鍒嗭級
涓昏鑰冩煡閰稿牽鎬ч爢搴�銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)娲绘綉闋嗗簭銆佺珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勯伕鎿囨€�銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫崁(q奴)鍩熼伕鎿�
鎬э紙涓昏鐐哄姞鎴愭柟鍚�銆佹秷闄ゆ柟鍚戝拰鑺崇兇鐨勫畾浣嶈(gu墨)寰嬬瓑锛夊強娑堥櫎-鍔犳垚閬告搰鎬х瓑銆�
5锛庣珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛堢磩10鍒嗭級
涓昏鑰冩煡鏃嬪厜鎬у寲鍚堢墿鐨勭珛楂旂暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞″強鍏惰〃閬�(d谩)寮忥紙鑿叉瓏鐖炬姇褰卞紡銆侀€忚寮�銆�
Newmann 鎶曞奖寮忥級銆�R/S 鍛藉悕銆佸皪(du矛)鏄犻珨銆侀潪灏�(du矛)鏄犻珨銆佸娑堟棆楂�銆佸収(n猫i)娑堟棆楂�锛涗笉鍚�
妲�(g貌u)鍨嬭〃閬�(d谩)寮忎箣闁撶殑杞�(zhu菐n)鎻�銆�
6. 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼锛堢磩10鍒嗭級
涓昏鑰冩煡鏈€鍩烘湰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬绋�锛岄噸榛�(di菐n)娑夊強纰虫闆㈠瓙閲嶆帓鐨勬绋嬪垎鏋愮瓑銆�
7锛庢湁姗�(j墨)鍚堟垚锛堢磩30鍒嗭級
鏈� 5-6 鍊�(g猫)鍚堟垚灏忛锛岀敱鎸囧畾鏈夋(j墨)鐗╀締(l谩i)鍚堟垚锛屽叾瀹冩湁姗�(j墨)鐗╀笉鑳戒换閬革紙鑻ヨ鐢ㄥ埌
鏌愬€�(g猫)鏈夋(j墨)鐗╅渶瑕佺敱鎸囧畾鏈夋(j墨)鐗╁悎鎴愶級鎴栬兘閬告搰鐨勬湁姗�(j墨)鐗╃殑纰冲師瀛愬€�(g猫)鏁�(sh霉)鍙楀埌闄愬埗銆�
涓昏鑰冩煡瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)鍖�銆佺⒊閺堢殑褰㈡垚銆佽姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瀹氫綅鍚堟垚锛屽叾涓牸姘忚│鍔戞湁闂�(gu膩n)鍚堟垚
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�Fridel-Crafts 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺茎閱涚府鍚�銆�Claisen 閰府鍚堛€�Michael 鍔犳垚銆侀洐鐑悎鎴愩€�
-浜岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鍙婁笝浜岄吀浜屼箼閰湪鏈夋(j墨)鍚堟垚涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ瓑渚�(l谩i)妲�(g貌u)寤虹⒊閺�锛岃姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瀹�
浣嶅悎鎴愬寘鎷櫘閫氱殑鍚堟垚鍜屽埄鐢ㄩ噸姘菇鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ瓑銆�
1
8锛庢帹鏂烽锛堢磩15鍒嗭級
涓€鑸寘鎷叐鍊�(g猫)灏忛锛屽叾涓竴椤岀偤鍒╃敤绱呭鍏夎瓬鍜屾牳纾佸叡鎸瓬锛堜竴绱�(j铆)鍦栬瓬锛�n+1
瑕�(gu墨)鍓囷級渚�(l谩i)鎺ㄦ柗绨�(ji菐n)鍠寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽彟涓€椤岀偤閫氶亷(gu貌)涓€绯诲垪鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐝�(xi脿n)璞℃帹鏂风郴鍒楀弽
鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗┿€佷腑闁撻珨鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂(xi臎)鍑哄弽鎳�(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮�銆�
9锛庡(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)椤岋紙绱�10鍒嗭級
鑰冩煡鏅€氭湁姗�(j墨)鍚堟垚瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)鐨勫師鐞嗐€佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)瑁濈疆銆佺暟甯哥従(xi脿n)璞＄殑瑙ｉ噵銆佸浣曟帶鍒跺弽
鎳�(y墨ng)鐛插緱楂樼敘(ch菐n)鐜囩殑鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╁拰娓涘皯鍓敘(ch菐n)鐗╃殑鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熴€佸浣曞皪(du矛)鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╅€�(j矛n)琛屽垎闆㈢磾鍖�銆備富瑕佺殑
鍚堟垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍖呮嫭锛�1-婧翠竵鐑�銆佷箼閰镐箼閰€佷箼閰告涓侀叝銆佽倝妗傞吀銆侀樋鍙稿尮鏋楃瓑銆�
鑰冭│鏂瑰紡锛氶枆鍗风瓎瑭�
鑰冭│鏅�(sh铆)闁擄細3 灏忔檪(sh铆)
鍙冭€冩浉(sh奴)鐩細1锛庛€婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆嬶紙绗� 2 鐗堬級 寰愬＝鏄屼富绶� 楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀�锛�
2.銆婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆嬶紙绗� 2 鐗� 锛夐偄鍏舵瘏涓荤法 楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀撅紱
3.銆婄啊(ji菐n)鏄庢湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)銆嬶紙绗� 1 鐗堬級閯掔珛绉戜富绶� 閲嶆叾澶у(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�锛�
浜�銆佽€冭│鑼冨湇鍜屽収(n猫i)瀹�
绗竴绔� 绶掕珫
1. 鐔熸倝鎺屾彙锛氬叡鍍�(ji脿)閸垫柗瑁傜殑鏂瑰紡锛氬潎瑁傝垏鐣拌锛�
2. 鐞嗚В锛氭湁姗�(j墨)閰稿牽姒傚康锛岃Κ鏍告€ц│鍔戯紝瑕浕鎬ц│鍔�锛�
3. 浜嗚В锛氬叡鍍�(ji脿)閸电殑閸靛弮鏁�(sh霉)锛氶嵉闀�(zh菐ng)銆侀嵉瑙�銆侀嵉鑳藉拰閸甸洟瑙ｈ兘锛涢嵉鐨勬サ鎬�
鑸囨サ鍖栨€э紝鍒嗗瓙鐨勬サ鎬�锛涚従(xi脿n)浠ｅ叡鍍�(ji脿)閸电悊璜栫殑鍩虹(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)銆�
绗簩绔� 椋藉拰鐑� 锛堢兎鐑达級
1. 閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氱兎鐑寸殑绯荤当(t菕ng)鍛藉悕锛涚兎鐑寸殑鑷敱鍩哄彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鐗归粸(di菐n)锛�
2. 鎺屾彙锛氶＝鍜岀兇锛堢兎鐑达級鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛涗箼鐑风殑妲�(g貌u)璞″強琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鏂瑰紡锛堥嫺鏋跺紡鍜�
Newman 鎶曞奖寮忥級锛�
3. 浜嗚В锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚兎鐑寸殑鏅€氬懡鍚嶆硶銆�
绗笁绔� 鍠儻鐑�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氱儻鐑寸殑绯荤当(t菕ng)鍛藉悕銆侀爢?l猫)鐤殿弾?锛涚儻鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堝寘鎷Κ闆�
鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽嚜鐢卞熀鍔犳垚銆侀亷(gu貌)姘у寲鐗╂晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺〖姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�-H锛堢儻涓欐矮锛�
鐨勯沟浠ｏ級锛涚儻鐑寸殑瑕浕鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼銆佷笉灏�(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑棣皬瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧拰閬�(gu貌)姘у寲鐗�
鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鍙婄⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愮┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆�
2. 鎺屾彙锛氱儻鐑寸殑瑕浕鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼銆佷笉灏�(du矛)绋�(ch膿ng)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑棣皬瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧拰
閬�(gu貌)姘у寲鐗╂晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鍙婄⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愮┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆�
2
3.浜嗚В锛氱儻鐑寸殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘偓鍖栧姞姘弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
绗洓绔� 鐐旂兇鍜屼簩鐑兇
1. 閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氱倲鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛氱倲姘殑閰告€�锛岄倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽
鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涘叡杌涗簩鐑兇鐨勯洐鐑悎鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
2.鎺屾彙锛氱倲鐑翠互鍙婁簩鐑兇鐨勫懡鍚�銆佺倲鐑寸殑瑕牳鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涘叡杌涗簩鐑殑
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗归粸(di菐n)锛屽叡杌涢珨绯荤殑椤�(l猫i)鍨�锛屽叡杌涗簩鐑兇鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�1锛�2锛嶅姞鎴愯垏 1锛�4锛嶅姞鎴愶級锛�
3.浜嗚В锛氱倲鐑寸殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涚倲鐑寸殑鑱氬悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涗簩鐑兇鐨勫垎椤�(l猫i)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛�
閫熷害鎺у埗鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鑸囧钩琛℃帶鍒跺弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
绗簲绔� 鑴傜挵(hu谩n)鐑�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氱挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勫彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺壒鍒ユ槸灏忕挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勯枊(k膩i)鐠�(hu谩n)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氳剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑寸殑鍛藉悕銆佺挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勬(g貌u)璞★紙妞呭紡銆佽埞寮�銆佺洿绔嬮嵉鍜屽钩浼�
閸碉級锛�
3.浜嗚В锛氳剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑寸殑鍒嗛(l猫i)锛岀挵(hu谩n)鐙€鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鐣版(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛涚挵(hu谩n)鐨勫ぇ灏忚垏绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€�
鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯汇€�
绗叚绔� 鑺崇兇
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氳姵棣欑兇鐨勫懡鍚�锛涜嫰鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸伌(c猫)閺堜笂鐨勬哀鍖�
鑸囧彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涗竴鍙栦唬鑻Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬椿鎬у拰瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶細鍏╅(l猫i)瀹氫綅鍩哄湗(tu谩n)銆佺悊璜栬В閲�銆�
瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰嬬殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱
2.鎺屾彙锛氳嫰鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼锛涜悩鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍙婅悩鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瀹氫綅
瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶紱
3.浜嗚В锛氳姵棣欐€х殑姒傚康锛涘垎瀛愯粚閬撶悊璜栧皪(du矛)鑻垎瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勮В閲�?zhu膩n)妲愰檷濂�?/FONT>
鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涜悩銆佽捊銆佽彶鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
绗竷绔� 绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)
1. 閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛�Fischer 鎶曞奖寮忚〃绀哄垎瀛愮珛楂旀(g貌u)鍨嬬殑鏂规硶锛涚浉灏�(du矛)妲�(g貌u)鍨嬪拰绲�
灏�(du矛)妲�(g貌u)鍨�銆佸皪(du矛)鏄犻珨銆侀潪灏�(du矛)鏄犻珨锛屽娑堟棆楂�锛屽収(n猫i)娑堟棆楂旂瓑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛�R/S 鍛藉悕娉�锛�
2. 鐞嗚В锛氭湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)姒傚康鍜屽皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞″拰鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)
绯伙紱鍒╃敤閫忚寮忚〃绀哄垎瀛愮珛楂旀(g貌u)鍨嬬殑鏂规硶锛�
3. 浜嗚В锛氬亸鎸厜銆佹棆鍏夊害銆佹瘮鏃嬪厜搴�銆佹墜鎬у垎瀛�銆佹墜鎬х⒊鍘熷瓙绛夊熀鏈�
姒傚康锛�D/L 鍛藉悕娉�銆�
绗叓绔� 楣典唬鐑�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氶沟浠ｇ兇鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝寘鎷Κ鏍稿彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹秷鍘诲弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏閲�
灞紙閳�銆侀巶銆侀嫲锛夌殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涜Κ鏍稿彇浠ｏ紙SN1锛�SN2锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涙秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�E1锛�
E2)姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紙鐗瑰垾鏄秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬柟鍚戯級锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氶沟浠ｇ兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶃€佸埗娉曪細鎺屾彙楣典唬鐑兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛�
3
3.浜嗚В锛氶沟浠ｇ兇鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)銆佸楣典唬鐑�銆佹盁閲屾槀鍙婂叾浠ｇ敤鍝�銆�
绗節绔� 閱囥€侀厷銆侀啔
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氶唶鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝寘鎷垏娲绘綉閲戝爆鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹秷鍘�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧拰鑴矮鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸鍏冮唶鐨勭壒鎬э級锛涢唶鐨勬秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紱閰氱殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬�
璩�(zh矛)锛氳垏姘ф矮閸垫柗瑁傛湁闂�(gu膩n)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽嫰鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢啔鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氫蒋楣界殑褰㈡垚銆侀啔
閸电殑鏂疯锛涚挵(hu谩n)姘т箼鐑风殑闁�(k膩i)鐠�(hu谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氶唶銆侀厷銆侀啔鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶏紱閱�銆侀啔鐨勫埗鍌欐柟娉曪紱
3.浜嗚В锛氶唶鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢厷鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)銆佷締(l谩i)婧愬強宸ユキ(y猫)鍒舵硶锛涢啔鐨勭墿鐞嗘€�
璩�(zh矛)锛涘啝閱氱殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)浠ュ強鍛藉悕锛�
绗崄绔� 閱涘拰閰�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氶啗銆侀叜鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝寘鎷Κ鏍稿姞鎴�銆�-H 鐨勬椿娼戞€т互鍙婃哀
鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�锛涢啗銆侀叜鐨勮Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氶啗銆侀叜鐨勫埗鍌欐柟娉�锛涢啗銆侀叜鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懡鍚�锛�
3.浜嗚В锛氶啗銆侀叜鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涗竴浜涢噸瑕佺殑閱涢叜銆�
绗崄涓€绔� 缇ч吀鍙婂叾琛嶇敓鐗�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氭帉鎻＄晶閰哥殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝寘鎷吀鎬ц垏鎴愰菇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺晶閰歌鐢熺墿
鐨勭敓鎴�銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�-H 鐨勯沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽劔缇у弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佷簩鍏冮吀鐨勭啽瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�锛涚晶閰歌
鐢熺墿绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€ч爢搴忓強鐩告噳(y墨ng)鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堝寘鎷按瑙ｃ€佽兒瑙�銆侀唶瑙�銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀叝绺悎銆�
闇嶅か鏇奸檷瑙ｃ€佽垏鏍兼皬瑭﹀姂鐨勪綔鐢級锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氱晶閰稿強鍏惰鐢熺墿鐨勭殑鍛藉悕锛涚晶閰哥殑鍒跺倷锛涘奖闊跨晶閰搁吀鎬х殑鍥犵礌
锛堣獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛夛紱缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑姘磋В銆佽兒瑙�銆侀唶瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼锛�
3.浜嗚В锛氱晶閰哥殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛岀晶閰哥殑渚�(l谩i)婧�锛岄噸瑕佺殑涓€鍏冪晶閰�锛屼簩鍏冪晶閰�锛�
缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍒嗛(l猫i)锛涙补鑴傝垏鍚堟垚娲楁粚鍔戠殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
绗崄浜岀珷 尾-浜岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氫箼閰颁箼閰镐箼閰強涓欎簩閰镐簩涔欓叝鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涘厠钀婃．閰府
鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
2.浜嗚В锛氶叜寮�-鐑唶寮忎簰璁婄暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛�尾-浜岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涢亥
鍏嬬埦鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
绗崄涓夌珷 纭濆熀鍖栧悎鐗╁拰鑳�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氳兒椤�(l猫i)鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝寘鎷牽鎬у挤(qi谩ng)寮辩殑鍒ゆ柗鍙婄兇鍩哄寲锛岄叞鍖�锛岃垐鏂�
鍫″弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼集鑺宠兒涓婄殑瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�锛涘閵ㄩ菇鍜屽閵ㄥ牽鐨勫懡鍚嶅拰鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佸竟搴曠敳鍩�
鍖栧拰闇嶅か鏇兼秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氳兒鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸垎椤�(l猫i)鍜屽懡鍚�锛涘閵ㄩ菇鍜屽閵ㄥ牽鐨勫懡鍚�锛涚鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨�
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂懡鍚�锛涚鍩虹殑閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
4
3.浜嗚В锛氳兒鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚浉杞�(zhu菐n)绉诲偓鍖栧姂锛涚鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚鍩�
鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝寘鎷簰璁婄暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆佺鍩哄皪(du矛)鑻挵(hu谩n)閯�銆佸皪(du矛)浣嶄笂鍙栦唬鍩虹殑褰遍熆锛�銆�
绗崄鍥涚珷 閲嶆爱鍖栧悎鐗╁拰鍋舵爱鍖栧悎鐗�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氶噸姘寲鍚堢墿鍜屽伓姘寲鍚堢墿鐨勫懡鍚�锛涜姵棣欓噸姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鍦�
鍚堟垚涓婄殑鐢ㄩ€旓紙鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鑸囧伓鑱�(li谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
2.鎺屾彙锛氳姵棣欐棌閲嶆爱楣界殑鍒跺倷鏂规硶锛�
3.浜嗚В锛氶噸姘敳鐑风殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘伓姘煋鏂�銆�
绗崄浜旂珷 闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氫簲鍏冮洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍚″挴锛屽憢鍠冿紝鍣诲惄绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘叚鍏冮洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍚�
鍟剁祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛�
2.浜嗚В:闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒嗛(l猫i)锛岄洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕鏂规硶锛涘櫥鍞�锛屽挭鍞戝強绋犻洔
鐠�(hu谩n)鍚插摎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘槍鍛ゅ強鍏惰鐢熺墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘父瑕�(ji脿n)鐨勭敓鐗╁牽锛岀敓鐗╁牽
鐨勪竴鑸€ц唱(zh矛)鍜屾彁鍙栨柟娉�銆�
绗崄鍏珷 鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｇ墿鐞嗗(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)鏂规硶鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
1.閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙锛氱磪澶栧厜璀滆垏鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╁垎瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岀磪澶栧厜璀滃湒瀹樿兘
鍦�(tu谩n)鍗€(q奴)鍚告敹宄扮殑姝稿爆锛岃兘瑙ｆ瀽绱呭鍏夎瓬鍦栧畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍗€(q奴)鐨勫惛鏀跺嘲锛涙牳纾佸叡鎸矮璀滅敘(ch菐n)鐢熺殑
鍩烘湰鍘熺悊锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)浣嶇Щ銆佸嘲闈㈢⿳鑸囨矮鍘熷瓙鏁�(sh霉)鐩�銆佸嘲鐨勮鍒嗗拰鑷棆鍋跺悎锛涙牳纾佸叡鎸瓬鍦�
瑙ｆ瀽銆�
2.浜嗚В锛氱传澶栧厜璀滃強鍏剁敘(ch菐n)鐢燂紝Lambert鈥�Beer 瀹氬緥鍜岀传澶栧厜璀滃湒锛岀传澶栧厜
璀滆垏鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╁垎瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹广€�
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
