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1.He ______ his head, wondering how to solve the problem.
      A. scrapped          B. screwed           C. scraped     D. scratched

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2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did
  A. ought to have done                           B. have to do
  C. had to do                                         D. must do

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When Robert Krauss was a boy, 50 years ago, his grandfather told him a story about two men walking down a street one cold winter鈥檚 day. One man babbled incessantly, while his companion, frigid hands stuffed in his pockets, merely nodded here and there. Finally, the talker asked, 鈥淪hmuel, why aren鈥檛 you saying anything?鈥� To which the friend replied, 鈥淚 forgot my gloves.鈥�

As a boy , Krauss was hard put to understand how someone could be struck dumb by having his hands stilled . But now, as a professor of psychology at Columbia University, he has made the role of gestures in speech a focus of his research. When Krauss started, the conventional scientific wisdom was that gestures are a visual language that conveys meaning --- a pointed finger means 鈥測ou,鈥� a hand brushed sideways means 鈥渙ver there.鈥� But since some gestures, such as chopping the air in rhythm with one鈥檚 sentences, are clearly meaningless, there is an emerging consensus that gestures serve another function, says Krauss: 鈥淭hey help people retrieve elusive words from their memory .鈥�

A slew of recent and upcoming papers pinpoint how talking with your hands can unlock what Krauss calls 鈥渓(f膩)exical memory.鈥� One study, for instance, finds that speakers gesture more when they try to define words that have a strong spatial component ---- like 鈥渦nder鈥� or 鈥渁djacent鈥� --- than when defining words that are more abstract, like 鈥渢hought鈥� or 鈥渆vil鈥� And doctors notice that stroke patients whose brain lesion impairs their ability to name objects gesture more, 鈥渁s if they are trying everything they can to come up with a word,鈥� says Krauss. Even people who don鈥檛 think they鈥檙e gesturing may be. Krauss attached electrodes to people鈥檚 arms to measure the activation of their muscles --- a little clench that doesn鈥檛 blossom into a full gesture. Then he asked them to come up with words that fit a definition he supplied. 鈥淵ou get more muscle activation when you try to access a word like 鈥榗astanets鈥�, which has a connotation of movement, than when you try to access an abstract word like 鈥榤ercy鈥�, he found.

If gesticulating is like wielding a key to the door of lexical memory, then someone who can鈥檛 use his hands should have more trouble unlocking the door. That is just what a new study in the American Journal of Psychology finds. In the experiment, volunteers held onto a bar to keep their hands still; when Donna Frick-Horbury of Appalachian State University in North Carolina read them definitions (鈥渁n ancient instrument used for calculations鈥�) the subjects more often failed to think of the word (鈥渁bacus鈥�), or took longer to do it, than when they could gesture freely. 鈥淢any subjects would actually make motions of using an abacus before coming up with the word, 鈥� says psychologist Robert Guttentag of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, who oversaw the study.

Such findings provide a clue to how our word memory works. Many doors in the brain seem to open onto memories. Just as a whiff of turmeric may unleash a recollection of Grandma鈥檚 kitchen, so gesturing may open a door to a word with a spatial or movement connotation, says neuroscientist Brian Butterworth of University College, London. This theory 鈥渕akes sense,鈥� says memory expert Daniel Schacter of Harvard University, 鈥渂ecause we know that the more elaborately a memory is encoded 鈥� --- with vision , smell and movement , for instance --- 鈥渢he easier it is to access . 鈥�

Not everyone talks with his hands. At the extremes, some people gesture 40 times more than others, Krauss finds. An anthropology study in 1940s New York found that Italian and Jewish immigrants gestured a lot; Jews tended to keep their gestures small, while Italians were more expansive. Krauss suspects that the differences reflect the rhythmicity of languages: the more rhythmic, the more gestures. But something even more interesting may be going on 鈥淗ow much people gesture may reflect a difference in how they think,鈥� says Krauss. 鈥淧eople who gesture a lot may conceptualize things in spatial terms. For instance, rather than thinking of 鈥榗omprehension鈥� as a purely abstract concept, they may think of it as physically grasping something. And some people may conceive of 鈥榝reedom鈥� not only as political, but also in more spatial terms鈥�, such as 鈥渨ithout boundaries,鈥� which lends itself to gesture. The more an abstract word has physical counterparts, the more helpful gesturing would be. Next time you鈥檙e tongue-tied, then, try hand-waving .

1.  According to the passage, the field that professor Krauss focuses on is ____.

A. biology

B. anthropology

C. psychology

D. medicine

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Public image refers to how a company is viewed by its customers, suppliers, and stockholders, by the financial community, by the communities 1 it operates, and by federal and local governments. Public image is controllable  2  considerable extent, just as the product, price, place, and promotional efforts are.

A firm's public image plays a vital role in the  3  of the firm and its products to employees, customers, and to such outsiders  4  stockholders, suppliers, creditors, government officials, as well as  5  special groups. With some things it is impossible to  6  all the diverse publics: for example, a new highly automated plant may meet the approval of creditors and stockholders,  7  it will undoubtedly find   8  from employees who see their jobs  9  .On the other hand, high quality products and service standards should bring almost complete approval,  10   low quality products and  11claims would be widely looked down upon.

A firm's public image, if it is good, should be treasured and protected. It is a valuable   12  that usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with publics. If a firm has earned a quality image, this is not easily  13  or imitated by competitors. Such an image may enable a firm to  14  higher prices, to win the best distributors and dealers, to attract the best employees, to expect the most  15  creditor relationships and lowest borrowing costs. It should also allow the firm's stock to command higher price-earnings   16  than other firms in the same industry with such a good reputation and public image.

A number of factors affect the public image of a corporation.  17   include physical  18  contacts of outsiders  19  company employees, product quality and dependability, prices  20  to competitors, customer service, the kind of advertising and the media and programs used, and the use of public relations and publicity.

锛�1锛�A. which          B. what               C. where              D. whom
锛�2锛�A. in                  B. within             C. on                   D. to
锛�3锛�A. attraction       B. attachment       C. affection          D. generalization
锛�4锛�A. and               B. with               C. as                   D. for
锛�5锛�A. converse       B. diverse            C. reverse            D. universe
锛�6锛�A. satisfy           B. treat                       C. amuse             D. entertain
锛�7锛�A. so                 B. then                C. thus                 D. but
锛�8锛�A. support         B. identification    C. compliment      D. resistance
锛�9锛�A. ensured          B. promoted        C. threatened        D. unemployed
锛�10锛�A. because        B. while               C. though            D. when
锛�11锛�A. false            B. fake                C. artificial          D. counterfeit
锛�12锛�A. fortune        B. asset                C. possession        D. property
锛�13锛�A. countered     B. defeated           C. repelled          D. compelled
锛�14锛�A. pay              B. get                  C. order              D. charge
锛�15锛�A. favorite       B. prosperous      C. favorable                D. prospective
锛�16锛�A. rate             B. ratio                       C. ration             D. interest
锛�17锛�A. These           B. They               C. That               D. It
锛�18锛�A. appliances    B. equipment        C. devices           D. facilities
锛�19锛�A. on              B. with                       C. in                    D. along
锛�20锛�A. relative        B. related             C. reliable            D. reconcilable

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For over 900 years, the Tower of London has served as a loyal      1. ____                 
palace and fortress. Today, it鈥檚 famous for its bloody history and
for being the place where the Crown Jewels are kept. But it has served
for other purposes, too. It has been the royal arsenal, royal mint,             2. ____