鑰冭│绉戠洰鍚嶇ū锛�鏉愭枡鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)

涓€銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰

瑕佹眰鑰冪敓鎺屾彙鍠祫鍏冩潗鏂欑殑鐔卞鐞嗚珫鍙�Gibbs鑷敱鑳界殑瑷�(j矛)绠�锛屼簡瑙ｇ鎬ц綁(zhu菐n)璁婅嚜鐢辫兘鍙婂叾鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍥犵礌锛涙帉鎻′簩鍏冪郴鏉愭枡鐞嗘兂婧堕珨銆佹瑕�(gu墨)婧堕珨杩戜技鑷敱鑳界殑瑷�(j矛)绠楁柟娉�銆佸強鐩稿钩琛＄悊璜�锛涙帉鎻℃湁搴�鈥�鐒�(w煤)搴忚綁(zhu菐n)璁婄殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛屾帉鎻￠洐浜為粸(di菐n)闄ｆā鍨嬬殑鐗归粸(di菐n)鍙婇仼鐢ㄨ寖鍦�锛涙帉鎻℃潗鏂欎腑鐧�(f膩)鐢�Spinodal鍒嗚В鐨勭啽鍔涘(xu茅)姊濅欢鍙婄壒榛�(di菐n)锛屾帉鎻＄浉璁婄啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍘熺悊锛涜姹傝€冪敓鑳介潏娲婚亱(y霉n)鐢ㄧ啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勭悊璜栬〃寰佹潗鏂欑爺绌朵腑鐨勫晱(w猫n)椤岋紝鍏峰倷杓冨挤(qi谩ng)鍒嗘瀽鍜岃В姹烘潗鏂欑爺绌朵腑鍟�(w猫n)椤岀殑鑳藉姏銆�

浜�銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�

1锛�  鍠祫鍏冩潗鏂欑啽鍔涘(xu茅)

a锛氱浉璁婄殑楂旂⿳鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽钩琛＄┖浣嶆績搴︾殑瑷�(j矛)绠�锛�   

b锛�Einstein鐔卞琛ㄩ仈(d谩)寮忥紝鏍规摎(j霉)鐔卞瑷�(j矛)绠楄嚜鐢辫兘锛�

c锛�?ji菐n)璋揗鍏冩潗鏂欑殑鍏╃浉骞宠　锛岄珮澹撶浉璁�锛�

d锛�Gibbs鈥擧elmholtz鏂圭▼锛岀鎬ц綁(zhu菐n)璁婅嚜鐢辫兘銆�

2锛�  浜岀祫鍏冪浉

a锛氱悊鎯虫憾楂旇繎浼兼ā鍨嬶紝姝ｈ(gu墨)婧堕珨杩戜技妯″瀷锛屾憾楂旀€ц唱(zh矛)锛�

b锛氭贩鍚堢墿鐨勮嚜鐢辫兘锛岀浉浜掍綔鐢ㄥ弮鏁�(sh霉)灏�(du矛)鑷敱鑳界殑褰遍熆锛�

c锛�Spinodal鍒嗚В鐗瑰緛锛屼簽姝ｈ(gu墨)婧堕珨妯″瀷锛�

d锛氬寲瀛�(xu茅)浣�銆佹椿搴﹀強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�

3锛�  浜岀祫鍏冩潗鏂欑浉骞宠　

a锛氬叐鐩稿钩琛�锛屽浐鈥�娑插叐鐩稿钩琛★紝鍗€(q奴)鍩熸彁绱旂殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍘熺悊锛�

b锛氭憾瑙ｅ害鏇茬窔锛�

b锛氬浐婧堕珨闁撶殑鐩稿钩琛★紝鐩哥殑绌�(w臎n)瀹氬寲鍙冩暩(sh霉)銆�

4锛�  鍏╁€�(g猫)閲嶈鐨勬憾楂旀ā鍨�

a锛�Bragg鈥擶illiams妯″瀷锛屽浐婧堕珨鐨勬垚鍒嗗拰鏈夊簭搴�锛屾贩鍚堢喌鑸囧収(n猫i)鑳�锛岃嚜鐢辫兘锛�

b锛氭湁搴忕浉涓湁搴�鈥�鐒�(w煤)搴忚綁(zhu菐n)璁婄殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)锛�

c锛氶洐浜為粸(di菐n)闄ｆā鍨嬬殑鎴愬垎鎻忚堪锛屼簩鍏冮枔闅欏浐婧堕珨锛屼笁鍏冮枔闅欏浐婧堕珨锛�

d锛氶枔闅欏浐婧堕珨鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)浣嶃€佹椿搴﹀強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�

5锛�  鐩歌畩鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)

a锛氱浉璁婇﹨(q奴)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涳紝T₀绶氱殑鏂圭▼锛�

b锛氬浐婧堕珨鐨勫垎瑙�锛岀浜岀浉鏋愬嚭锛屾瀽鍑虹浉鐨勮〃闈㈠嫉鍔涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛�

c锛氫簩绱�(j铆)鐩歌畩锛岀浉璁婄殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐗瑰緛锛�

d锛氬浐婧堕珨鐨勭鎬ц綁(zhu菐n)璁婅嚜鐢辫兘锛屾湁搴�鈥�鐒�(w煤)搴忚綁(zhu菐n)璁婄殑鑷敱鑳斤紱

e锛氫簩绱�(j铆)鐩歌畩灏�(du矛)鐩稿钩琛＄殑褰遍熆锛屾櫠闁撳亸鏋�銆�

6锛�  澶氱祫鍏冪浉

a锛氬绲勫厓鐩哥殑姝ｈ(gu墨)婧堕珨杩戜技锛�

b锛氬寲鍚堢墿鐩�锛岀窔鎬у寲鍚堢墿锛屼簰鏄撶浉锛�

c锛氫唬浣�鈥�闁撻殭寮忓浐婧堕珨锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)浣嶃€佹椿搴﹀強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�

涓夈€佽│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛�

   椤屽舰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

      a锛�?ji菐n)鏍磢鐨勫熀鏈В閲�

      b锛氳瓑鏄庨

      c锛氳▓(j矛)绠楅

鍥�銆佸弮鑰冩浉(sh奴)鐩�

   銆婂悎閲戠啽鍔涘(xu茅)銆嬪緪绁栬€€ 绉戝(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�