鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
2018 骞磋彲涓静(n贸ng)妤�(y猫)澶у 鎷涙敹纰╁+鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛歌€冭│鑰冭│澶х侗 855銆婄劇姗熷寲瀛搞€嬭€冭│澶х侗 涓€銆佸熀鏈姹� 1锛庢帉鎻″寲瀛哥啽鍔涘銆佸寲瀛稿钩琛″強鍖栧鍕曞姏瀛哥殑鍩烘湰姒傚康鍜屽師鐞嗭紝骞朵綔绨″柈瑷堢畻銆� 2锛庢帉鎻℃憾娑蹭腑閰稿牽骞宠 銆佹矇娣€婧惰В骞宠 銆佹哀鍖栭倓鍘熷钩琛″拰閰嶄綅骞宠 绛夊洓澶у钩琛$殑鍩烘湰瑕�(gu墨) 寰嬪拰鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻銆� 3锛庝簡瑙e師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽垎瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫熀鏈煡璀樺拰鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫锛岀悊瑙e苟鎺屾彙鐩搁棞(gu膩n)姒傚康銆� 4锛庢帉鎻′富瑕佸厓绱犲柈璩�(zh矛)鍜屽寲鍚堢墿鐨勫寲瀛告€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽苟鑳介亱鐢ㄧ浉闂�(gu膩n)鐭ヨ瓨瑾槑鍏冪礌鍙婂叾鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鏌� 浜涙噳鐢�锛涗簡瑙e父瑕嬮洟瀛愮殑閼掑畾鏂规硶銆� 5锛庝簡瑙e寲鍚堢墿鎬ц唱(zh矛)鑸囩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勭浉浜掗棞(gu膩n)绯�銆� 浜屻€佽绋嬪京缈掑ぇ缍� 1锛庡寲瀛稿熀绀�(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨 鎺屾彙鐞嗘兂姘i珨鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼銆佹贩鍚堟埃楂斿垎澹撳畾寰�锛屼簡瑙g湡瀵︽埃楂旇垏鐞嗘兂姘i珨鐨勫崁(q奴)鍒�銆傜悊瑙f恫 楂旇捀姘e鐨勬蹇靛拰鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆傛帉鎻¢潪闆昏В璩�(zh矛)绋€婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬у強鍏舵噳鐢�銆� 2锛庡寲瀛哥啽鍔涘鍩虹(ch菙) 鎺屾彙鐔卞姏瀛哥殑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛屼簡瑙g啽鍔涘鑳�銆佺創銆佺喌銆丟ibbs 鑷敱鑳界殑鎰忕京锛屾帉鎻$啽鍔涘绗竴 瀹氬緥銆佺浜屽畾寰嬬殑鍩烘湰鍏�(n猫i)瀹广€傞噸榛炴帉鎻″弽鎳夌啽鍙�?rSm 胃 銆�?rGm 胃 鐨勬湁闂�(gu膩n)瑷堢畻锛岀啛绶存帉鎻� Gibbs-Helmholtz 鏂圭▼鍙婂叾鎳夌敤銆� 3锛庡寲瀛稿钩琛� 鎺屾彙骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勬剰缇╁拰姝g⒑琛ㄩ仈锛屾帉鎻℃湁闂�(gu膩n)鍖栧骞宠 鐨勮▓绠椼€傛帉鎻℃婧栧钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鑸囪嚜鐢� 鑳借畩鍖栫殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆佸寲瀛稿弽鎳夌瓑婧紡鍙婂叾鎳夌敤锛岀悊瑙f績搴�銆佸鍔�銆佹韩搴﹀皪鍖栧骞宠 鐨勫奖闊裤€� 4锛庡寲瀛稿弽鎳夐€熺巼 鐞嗚В鍙嶆噳閫熺巼鏂圭▼銆侀€熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)銆佸弽鎳夌礆鏁�(sh霉)銆佸弽鎳夊垎瀛愭暩(sh霉)銆佹椿鍖栬兘銆佸弽鎳夋鐞嗙瓑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛� 浜嗚В婵冨害銆佹韩搴�銆佸偓鍖栧姂灏嶅弽鎳夐€熺巼鐨勫奖闊�锛屾帉鎻¤唱(zh矛)閲忎綔鐢ㄥ畾寰嬪拰 Arrhenius 鍏紡鐨勬剰缇╁強鎳� 鐢紝浜嗚В鍙嶆噳閫熺巼鐞嗚珫鍩烘湰鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆� 5锛庡師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧厓绱犲懆鏈熷緥 浜嗚В寰绮掑瓙鐨勯亱鍕曠壒寰佸強娉㈠嚱鏁�(sh霉)鑸囧師瀛愯粚閬撱€佹鐜囧瘑搴﹁垏闆诲瓙浜�銆佸師瀛愯粚閬撳拰闆诲瓙浜戣 搴﹀垎甯冨湒绛夊熀鏈蹇靛強琛ㄧず鏂规硶銆傛帉鎻″洓鍊嬮噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇�銆佺浉浜掗棞(gu膩n)绯诲強鍚堢悊绲勫悎銆傜悊瑙� 鍠浕瀛愬師瀛�銆佸闆诲瓙鍘熷瓙鐨勮粚閬撹兘绱�锛屾帉鎻℃牳澶栭浕瀛愭帓甯冭(gu墨)寰嬶紝鑳界啛绶村鍑轰竴鑸厓绱犲師瀛愭牳 澶栭浕瀛愭帓甯冨紡銆傛帉鎻″師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧厓绱犲懆鏈熺郴鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屼簡瑙e厓绱犲熀鏈€ц唱(zh矛)锛堝師瀛愬崐寰�銆侀浕闆㈣兘銆� 闆诲瓙瑕悎鑳姐€侀浕璨犳€э級鐨勮畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰�銆� 6锛庡寲瀛搁嵉鐞嗚珫 鎺屾彙闆㈠瓙閸�銆佸叡鍍归嵉鐨勭壒寰併€傛帉鎻¢洟瀛愰嵉鐞嗚珫瑕侀粸锛屼簡瑙i洟瀛愬寲鍚堢墿鎬ц唱(zh矛)鑸囬洟瀛愭櫠楂旂殑 鏅舵牸鑳戒箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€傜悊瑙e児閸电悊璜�銆佸児灞ら浕瀛愬皪浜掓枼鐞嗚珫銆侀洔鍖栬粚閬撶悊璜栧拰鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫鐨� 瑕侀粸鍙婂悇鑷殑鍎�(y艒u)鍕�锛岃兘瑙i噵绨″柈鍒嗗瓙鐨勫舰鎴愩€侀嵉鐨勭壒榛炲強鍒嗗瓙鐨勭┖闁撴(g貌u)鍨嬬瓑锛屾帉鎻″垎瀛愰枔浣� 鐢ㄥ姏鍜屾矮閸电殑褰㈡垚銆佺壒榛炲強灏嶇墿璩�(zh矛)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊�锛屼簡瑙i洟瀛愭サ鍖栧皪鍖栧悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊�銆� 浜嗚В鍚勯鏅堕珨鐨勭壒榛�銆� 7锛庨吀鍫胯В闆㈠钩琛� 鎺屾彙閰革紙鍫匡級瑙i洟骞宠 鐨勭壒榛�銆佽В闆㈠父鏁�(sh霉)鐨勬剰缇�锛岀啛鎮夌珐娌栨憾娑茬殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡瑙e悓闆㈠瓙鏁� 鎳夈€侀菇鏁堟噳灏嶅钩琛$殑褰遍熆锛屾帉鎻″急閰革紙鍫匡級姘存憾娑蹭腑鏈夐棞(gu膩n)闆㈠瓙婵冨害鐨勮▓绠�銆傛帉鎻¢菇椤炴按瑙e钩 琛$殑鏈夐棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻銆備簡瑙i吀鍫跨悊璜栫殑鐧�(f膩)灞曪紝閲嶉粸鎺屾彙閰稿牽璩�(zh矛)瀛愮悊璜栫殑鍩烘湰鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆� 8锛庢矇娣€-婧惰В骞宠 鎺屾彙闆f憾闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勬憾搴︾⿳瑕�(gu墨)鍓囷紝鎺屾彙婧舵恫閰稿害銆侀厤鍚堢墿鐢熸垚銆佹哀鍖栭倓鍘熷弽鎳夊皪娌夋穩婧惰В 骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�锛屽苟浣滅浉鎳夎▓绠椼€傛帉鎻″垎姝ユ矇娣€鐨勫師鐞�锛屼簡瑙e浣曟帶鍒舵憾娑查吀搴︿締鍒嗛洟鏌愪簺閲戝爆 闆㈠瓙銆� 9锛庢哀鍖栭倓鍘熷弽鎳� 鎺屾彙鍘熼浕姹犵殑绲勬垚銆侀浕妤靛弽鎳�銆侀浕姹犵铏熺瓑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛屾帉鎻¢浕姹犻浕鍕曞嫝鑸囬浕姹犲弽鎳夌殑 螖rGm ? 銆並 ? 鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯汇€傜悊瑙i浕妤甸浕鍕㈢殑姒傚康鍙婃績搴�銆佸鍔涖€侀吀搴�銆佹矇娣€鍙嶆噳銆侀厤浣嶅弽鎳夌瓑灏嶉浕妤� 闆诲嫝鐨勫奖闊�锛岀啛绶存帉鎻� Nernst 鏂圭▼鍙婂叾鎳夌敤銆備簡瑙i浕妤甸浕鍕㈢殑鍦栬В鏂规硶锛屾帉鎻″厓绱犻浕鍕㈠湒鍙� 鍏舵噳鐢�銆� 10锛庨厤浣嶅寲鍚堢墿 鎺屾彙閰嶅悎鐗╃殑绲勬垚鍜屽懡鍚�銆傜悊瑙e児閸电悊璜栫殑瑕侀粸锛岃兘瑙i噵绨″柈閰嶅悎鐗╃殑椤炲瀷鍜岀┖闁撴(g貌u)鍨�锛� 鍒濇鎺屾彙鏅堕珨鍫寸悊璜栫殑鍩烘湰鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰強灏嶉厤鍚堢墿纾佹€�銆侀鑹茬殑瑙i噵銆備簡瑙i厤闆㈠瓙绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€х殑褰遍熆鍥� 绱�銆傛帉鎻℃憾娑查吀搴�銆佹矇娣€婧惰В骞宠 銆佹哀鍖栭倓鍘熷钩琛″皪閰嶄綅骞宠 鐨勫奖闊垮強鏈夐棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻銆� 11锛庢矮銆佺█鏈夋埃楂� 鎺屾彙姘殑鍒跺倷鍙婂叾涓昏鍖栧鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆侀洟瀛愬瀷姘寲鐗╃殑涓昏鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡瑙g█鏈夋埃楂旂殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍙婄敤 閫�銆佺█鏈夋埃楂斿寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆� 12锛庡牽閲戝爆鑸囧牽鍦熼噾灞� 鎺屾彙鍫块噾灞拰鍫垮湡閲戝爆鍠唱(zh矛)鍙婂寲鍚堢墿锛堟哀鍖栫墿銆佹矮姘у寲鐗�銆侀噸瑕侀菇椤烇級鐨勪富瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡 瑙e柈璩�(zh矛)鍙婂寲鍚堢墿鐨勫寲瀛告€ц唱(zh矛)鑸囩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆� 13锛庣〖鏃忓厓绱� 鎺屾彙纭肩殑涓昏鍚哀鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡瑙g〖鏃忓寲鍚堢墿鐨勭己闆诲瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾帉鎻¢媮鐨勬哀鍖栫墿鍙婃按 鍚堢墿鐨勪富瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 14锛庣⒊鏃忓厓绱� 浜嗚В纰�銆佷簩姘у寲纭呫€佺閰搁菇鐨勫熀鏈祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾帉鎻$⒊銆佺鐨勬哀鍖栫墿鍙婂惈姘ч吀鐨勯噸瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)锛屾帉 鎻¢尗銆侀墰鐨勪富瑕佸寲鍚堢墿鐨勬哀鍖栭倓鍘熸€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 15锛庢爱鏃忓厓绱� 浜嗚В姘殑鎴愰嵉鐗瑰緛銆佹爱鍜岀7鍚哀閰哥殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾帉鎻℃爱銆佺7鍚哀閰稿強鍏堕菇鐨勯噸瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽垵姝� 鎺屾彙鐮�銆侀娀銆侀墠鐨勬哀鍖栫墿鍙婁富瑕佸惈姘ч吀锛堟矮姘у寲鐗╋級鐨勪富瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 16锛庢哀鏃忓厓绱� 鎺屾彙姘ф棌鍏冪礌鍠唱(zh矛)鍙婇噸瑕佸寲鍚堢墿锛堥亷姘у寲姘€佺~鐨勫惈姘ч吀鍙婂叾楣斤級鐨勫寲瀛告€ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡瑙g~ 鐨勫悇鍚哀閰告牴鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆� 17锛庨沟鏃忓厓绱� 鎺屾彙楣电礌鍠唱(zh矛)銆佹矮鍖栫墿銆佸惈姘ч吀鍙婂叾楣界殑涓昏鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡瑙i沟绱犲惈姘ч吀鍙婂叾楣界殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)璁婂寲 瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆佸惈姘ч吀鏍圭殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧惈姘ч吀鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆� 18锛庨妳鍓棌鑸囬媴鍓棌 鎺屾彙 Cu(I)銆丆u(II)鍜� Zn(II)銆丠g(I)銆丠g(II)鍖栧悎鐗╁強閰嶅悎鐗╃殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆備簡瑙i妳鏃忛噾灞垏鍫块噾 灞殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婃€ц唱(zh矛)宸暟銆侀妳鏃忚垏閶呮棌閲戝爆鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)宸暟銆� 19锛庨垿鍓棌鍜岄嚛鍓棌 浜嗚В閳︺€侀嚛閲嶈鍖栧悎鐗╋紙閳︾殑姘у寲鐗╁拰姘寲鐗�銆侀嚛鐨勬哀鍖栫墿鍜屽惈姘ч吀楣斤級鐨勪富瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)鍙� 鐢ㄩ€�銆� 20锛庨壔鍓棌鍜岄尦鍓棌 鎺屾彙 Cr(III)銆丆r(VI)鐨勪富瑕佸寲瀛告€ц唱(zh矛)锛孧n(II)銆丮n(IV)銆丮n(VII)鐨勬哀鍖栭倓鍘熺┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆備簡瑙� 閴汇€侀壃銆侀帰澶氶吀鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 21锛庨惖绯诲厓绱犲拰閴戠郴鍏冪礌 鎺屾彙 Fe(II)銆丗e(III)銆丆o(II)銆丆o(III)銆丯i(II) 鐨勪富瑕佸寲瀛告€ц唱(zh矛)锛屼簡瑙i惖銆侀埛銆侀幊鐨勬哀鍖栫墿 鍜屾矮姘у寲鐗╃殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)宸暟锛孋o(II)銆丆o(III)鐨勪笉鍚岄厤闆㈠瓙鐨勬哀鍖栭倓鍘熸椿鎬э紝鑳芥牴鎿�(j霉)鐗瑰緛鍙嶆噳閫茶 鐩搁棞(gu膩n)闆㈠瓙鐨勯憭瀹�銆備簡瑙i墤鐨勯噸瑕佸寲鍚堢墿鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 涓�銆佷富瑕佸弮鑰冩浉 [1] 瀹嬪ぉ浣戠瓑锛庣劇姗熷寲瀛革紙绗� 2 鐗堬級锛庨珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2009锛� [2] 閭靛淇婄瓑锛庣劇姗熷寲瀛革紙绗� 2 鐗堬級锛庢婕細姝︽饥澶у鍑虹増绀�锛�2002锛� [3] 澶ч€g悊宸ュぇ瀛哥劇姗熷锛庣劇姗熷寲瀛革紟绗� 5 鐗堬紟鍖椾含锛氶珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2006锛� [4] 鍖椾含甯寖澶у绛夛紟鐒℃鍖栧锛庣 4 鐗� 锛庡寳浜細楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀撅紝2002锛� [5] 姝︽饥澶у銆佸悏鏋楀ぇ瀛哥瓑锛庣劇姗熷寲瀛革紟绗� 3 鐗堬紟鍖椾含锛氶珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1994锛�
鍏嶈铂鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄わ紝鍙︼細鏈枃鍍呬唬琛ㄤ綔鑰呭€嬩汉瑙€榛�锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰冿紝骞惰珛鑷鏍稿鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|