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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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姝︽饥宸ョ▼澶у(xu茅)鍗氬＋鐮旂┒鐢熴€婇珮绛夌墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬭€冭│澶х侗
(涓€) 涓昏鍙冭€冩浉鐩�
1.銆婄墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬬浜旂増锛屽ぉ娲ュぇ瀛�(xu茅)鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)鏁欑爺瀹ょ法锛岄珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2009銆�
2. 銆婄墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬬浜旂増锛屽倕鐛�(xi脿n)褰╃瓑绶�锛岄珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2005銆�
(浜�) 鑰冩煡瑕侀粸(di菐n)
涓€銆佹埃楂斿垎瀛愰亱(y霉n)鍕曠悊璜�
1. 姘ｉ珨鍒嗗瓙閬�(y霉n)鍕曠悊璜�
姘ｉ珨鍒嗗瓙閬�(y霉n)鍕曠悊璜栫殑鍩烘湰鍏紡锛屽鍔涘拰婧害鐨勭当(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)姒傚康锛屾埃楂斿垎瀛愰亱(y霉n)鍕曞叕寮�
灏嶅咕鍊嬬稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)瀹氬緥鐨勮鏄�锛屽垎瀛愬钩鍧囧钩鍕曡兘鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽垎瀛愰亱(y霉n)鍕曠殑閫熺巼鍒嗗竷锛�
鍒嗗瓙鐨勭鎾為牷鐜囪垏骞冲潎鑷敱绋�銆�
2. 鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鑸囧(sh铆)闅涙埃楂�
鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鍜屽(sh铆)闅涙埃楂旂殑琛岀偤锛孷an der Waals 鏂圭▼寮忥紝鍏跺畠鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼寮�銆�
浜�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥
1. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈収(n猫i)瀹�锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勬柟娉曪紝鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鏂规硶鐨勫劒(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)鍜屽眬闄愭€�锛�
绯荤当(t菕ng)鑸囩挵(hu谩n)澧冿紝绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)骞宠 鎱�(t脿i)锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鍜岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼锛岄亷绋嬪拰閫�
寰�锛岀啽鍜屽姛锛屽彲閫嗛亷绋�銆�
2. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢�
鐒�锛岀啽瀹�锛�
Joule 瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂旂殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳藉拰鐒�锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂旂殑 Cp 鑸� Cv锛岀禃鐔遍亷绋�锛�
Carnot 寰挵(hu谩n)鍜岀啽姗�(j墨)鏁堢巼锛�
Joule-Thomson 鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽(sh铆)闅涙埃楂旂殑 螖U 鍜� 螖H銆�
3. 鐔卞寲瀛�(xu茅)
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鈥旂瓑澹撶啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鑸囩瓑瀹圭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴�锛涙(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐒撹畩锛�
Hess 瀹氬緥锛�
妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒擄紱妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦闆㈠瓙鐢熸垚鐒�锛涙(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐕冪噿鐒�锛涙憾瑙ｇ啽鍜岀█閲嬬啽锛�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐒撹畩鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝Kirchhoff 瀹氬緥锛岀禃鐔卞弽鎳�(y墨ng)鈥旈潪绛夋韩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
2
涓�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
1. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
鑷櫦(f膩)璁婂寲鐨勫叡鍚岀壒寰佲€斾笉鍙€嗘€�锛孋arnot 瀹氱悊锛岀喌鐨勬蹇�锛孋1ausius 涓嶇瓑寮�
鑸囩喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬暩(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)琛ㄩ仈(d谩)寮�锛岀喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨�
鏈唱(zh矛)鍜岀喌鐨勭当(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鎰忕京锛岀瓑婧亷绋嬪拰闈炵瓑婧亷绋嬩腑鐔电殑璁婂寲鍊肩殑瑷�(j矛)绠�锛岀喌鍜岃兘閲忕殑
閫€鍖�锛孴-S 鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
2. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰鏂圭▼
Helmholtz 鑷敱鑳斤紝Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�锛�
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈柟绋嬪熀鏈叕寮�锛岀壒鎬у嚱鏁�(sh霉)锛孧axwell 闂�(gu膩n)绯诲紡鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紝Gibbs
鑷敱鑳借垏婧害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛孏ibbs-Helmholtz 鏂圭▼锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳借垏澹撳姏鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛�
Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖栫殑瑷�(j矛)绠�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛夋韩
寮�锛岃畩鍖栫殑鏂瑰悜鑸囧钩琛℃浠�銆�
3. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥锛岃(gu墨)瀹氱喌鍊�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閬庣▼鐨勭喌璁婅▓(j矛)绠�銆�
鍥�銆佸绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍙婂叾鍦ㄦ憾娑蹭腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 澶氱祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭祫鎴愯〃绀�
2. 鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺
鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺鐨勫畾缇╁拰姹傛硶銆佸亸鎽╃埦閲忕殑鍔犲拰鍏紡銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)涓亸鎽╃埦閲忎箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�
(Gibbs-Duhem 鏂圭▼)銆�
3. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍕㈢殑瀹氱京锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕㈠湪鐩稿钩琛′腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕㈣垏婧害銆佸鍔涚殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛� 鐞�
鎯虫埃楂斿強鍏舵贩鍚堢墿鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�锛岄潪鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨娣峰悎鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�锛岄€稿害锛岄€稿害绯绘暩(sh霉)銆�
4. 绋€婧舵恫
Raoult 瀹氬緥鍜� Henry 瀹氬緥锛岀█婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬�銆�
5. 鐞嗘兂婧舵恫
鐞嗘兂婧舵恫锛岀悊鎯虫憾娑蹭腑浠讳竴绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�锛岀悊鎯虫憾娑茬殑閫氭€�銆�
6. Duhem-Margule 鍏紡 ( 鎭掓韩涓�?xBdlnPB ? 0)
7. 娲诲害鍜屾椿搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)
3
闈炵悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╀腑鍚勭祫鍒嗙殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍕紝闈炵悊鎯崇█婧舵恫锛屾椿搴﹀拰娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)锛岄洐
娑茬郴涓椿搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�
8. 鍒嗛厤瀹氬緥
婧惰唱(zh矛)鍦ㄥ叐浜掍笉鐩告憾娑茬浉涓殑鍒嗛厤銆�
浜�銆佺浉骞宠
1. 鐩稿緥
鐩哥巼鐨勬帹灏�(d菐o)锛岀浉寰嬬殑鍩烘湰鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
2. 鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉骞宠
鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勫叐鐩稿钩琛�锛孋lapeyron 鏂圭▼锛屽澹撹垏钂告埃澹撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屼笉娲绘綉姘�
楂斿皪娑查珨钂告埃澹撶殑褰遍熆锛�
姘寸殑鐩稿湒锛岀～鐨勭浉鍦栵紝瓒呰嚚鐣岀媭鎱�(t脿i)銆�
3. 浜岀祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
瀹屽叏浜掓憾鐨勯洐娑茬郴锛屾潬妗胯(gu墨)鍓�锛岃捀椁惧拰鎴栫簿椁剧殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊锛�
闈炵悊鎯崇殑浜岀祫鍒嗘恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗�锛岄儴鍒嗕簰婧剁殑闆欐恫绯伙紝涓嶄簰婧剁殑闆欐恫绯�锛屾按钂告苯
钂搁ぞ锛�
绨″柈鐨勪綆鍏辩啍浜屽厓鐩稿湒锛屾埃-鍥烘厠(t脿i)鐨勫钩琛″湒锛屾恫銆佸浐鐩搁兘瀹屽叏浜掓憾鐨勭浉鍦栵紝鍗€(q奴)
鍩熺啍鐓�銆�
4. 涓夌祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
绛夐倞涓夎褰㈠潗妯�(bi膩o)琛ㄧず娉曪紝閮ㄥ垎浜掓憾鐨勪笁娑查珨绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屼簩鍥洪珨鍜屼竴娑查珨鐨勬按楣界郴
绲�(t菕ng)锛屼笁绲勫垎浣庡叡鐔旂郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦�銆�
鍏�銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠
1. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛℃浠�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛℃浠跺拰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勮Κ鍜屽嫝
2. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鍜岀瓑婧柟绋嬪紡
姘ｇ浉鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛屾憾娑蹭腑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭瓑婧柟绋嬪紡锛�
骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勮〃绀哄紡锛屽京(f霉)鐩稿寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠 銆�
3. 妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�
4. 婧害銆佸鍔涘強鎯版€ф埃楂斿皪鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�
4
5. 鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
鍚屾檪鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勮€﹀悎銆�
涓�銆侀浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫
1. 闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅)涓殑鍩烘湰姒傚康鍜岄浕瑙ｅ畾寰�
鍘熼浕姹犲拰闆昏В姹�锛孎(xi脿n)araday 闆昏В瀹氬緥銆�
2. 闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐜囧拰閬风Щ鏁�(sh霉)
闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛岄洟瀛愮殑闆婚伔绉荤巼鍜岄伔绉绘暩(sh霉)锛岄洟瀛愰伔绉绘暩(sh霉)鐨勬脯瀹�銆�
3. 闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勯浕灏�(d菐o)
闆诲皫(d菐o)銆侀浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�锛岄浕灏�(d菐o)鐨勬脯瀹氾紝闆诲皫(d菐o)鐜�銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜囪垏婵冨害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)
绯伙紝闆㈠瓙鐛�(d煤)绔嬬Щ鍕曞畾寰嬪拰闆㈠瓙鐨勬懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�锛岄浕灏�(d菐o)娓畾鐨勪竴浜涙噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
4. 闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀拰骞冲潎娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)
闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀拰骞冲潎娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)锛岄洟瀛愬挤(qi谩ng)搴�銆�
鍏�銆佸彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊鍕㈠強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 鍙€嗛浕姹犲拰鍙€嗛浕妤�
鍙€嗛浕姹�锛屽彲閫嗛浕妤靛拰闆绘サ鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄浕鍕曞嫝鐨勬脯瀹氾紝灏嶆秷娉曟脯闆诲嫊鍕�锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆�
姹�锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑鏇稿鏂规硶锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犻浕鍕曞嫝鐨勫彇铏�銆�
2. 鍙€嗛浕姹犵殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)
Nernst 鏂圭▼锛岀敱妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆诲嫊鍕� E 姹傞浕姹犲弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛岀敱闆诲嫊鍕㈠強鍏舵韩搴︾郴
鏁�(sh霉)姹傚弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭創璁婂拰鐔佃畩銆�
3. 闆绘サ闆诲嫝鍜岄浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊鍕�
妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆绘サ闆诲嫝锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)姘浕妤�锛岄浕姹犻浕鍕曞嫝鐨勮▓(j矛)绠�锛屽収(n猫i)闆讳綅鑸囧闆讳綅锛岄浕鍖栧(xu茅)
鍕�锛�
闆绘サ鑸囬浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫鐣岄潰闁撻浕鍕㈠樊锛屾帴瑙搁浕鍕�锛屾恫楂旀帴鐣岄浕鍕紝娑叉帴闆诲嫝鐨勮▓(j矛)
绠楀叕寮�锛岄浕姹犻浕鍕曞嫝鐨勭敘(ch菐n)鐢熴€�
4. 闆诲嫊鍕㈡脯瀹氱殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
姹傞浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀洜瀛�锛屾眰闆ｆ憾楣界殑娲诲害绌�锛宲H 鐨勬脯瀹�锛岄浕鍕�-pH 鍦�
鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
5. 鍖栧(xu茅)闆绘簮
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鐕冩枡闆绘睜锛岃搫闆绘睜銆�
涔�銆侀浕瑙ｈ垏妤靛寲浣滅敤
1. 鍒嗚В闆诲鍜屾サ鍖栦綔鐢�
婵冨樊妤靛寲锛岄浕鍖栧(xu茅)妤靛寲锛屾サ鍖栨洸绶氾紝瓒呴浕鍕㈢殑娓畾锛屾矮瓒呴浕鍕�銆�
2. 闆昏В鏅傞浕妤典笂鐨勭鐖弽鎳�(y墨ng)
閲戝爆鐨勬瀽鍑鸿垏姘殑瓒呴浕鍕�锛岄噾灞洟瀛愮殑鍒嗛洟銆�
3. 閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧(xu茅)鑵愯潟銆侀槻鑵愯垏閲戝爆鐨勯垗鍖�
閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧(xu茅)鑵愯潟锛岄噾灞殑闃茶厫锛岄噾灞殑閳嶅寲銆�
鍗併€佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕曞姏瀛�(xu茅)
1. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勯€熺巼鏂圭▼
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勮〃绀烘硶锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜岄潪鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫井瑙€鍙€嗘€у師
鐞�锛�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭礆鏁�(sh霉)鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍒嗗瓙鏁�(sh霉)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯€熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)銆�
2. 鍏锋湁绨″柈绱氭暩(sh霉)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)
涓€绱氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼簩绱氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼笁绱氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岄浂绱氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜屾簴(zh菙n)绱氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)绱氭暩(sh霉)鐨勬脯瀹氭硶銆�
3. 骞剧ó鍏稿瀷鐨勫京(f霉)闆滃弽鎳�(y墨ng)
灏嶅硻鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽钩琛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岄€ｇ簩(x霉)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
鐩撮張鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屾敮閺堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
4. 婧害灏嶅弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勫奖闊�
閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝娲诲寲鑳�锛孉rrhenius 缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)寮忥紝鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囨韩搴﹂棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑
骞剧ó椤炲瀷锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囨椿鍖栬兘涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝娲诲寲鑳借垏婧害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屾椿鍖栬兘鐨勪及绠椼€�
5. 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬绋�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬绋�锛岀┅(w臎n)鎱�(t脿i)杩戜技娉曪紝鎿畾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼鐨勪竴鑸柟娉�銆�
6. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍕曞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)鐞嗚珫
纰版挒鐞嗚珫锛岀‖鐞冪鎾炴ā鍨�锛岄洐鍒嗗瓙鐨勪簰纰伴牷鐜囧拰閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)闁捐兘锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)
闁捐兘鑸囧(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)娲诲寲鑳界殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝姒傜巼鍥犲瓙锛�
閬庢浮鎱�(t脿i)鐞嗚珫锛屽嫝鑳介潰锛岀敱閬庢浮鎱�(t脿i)鐞嗚珫瑷�(j矛)绠楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)锛屾椿鍖栫怠(lu貌)鍚堢墿鐨勬椿鍖�
鑳� E 鍜屾寚鍓嶅洜瀛� A 鑸囪鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�
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7. 鍌寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍕曞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)
鍌寲鍔戣垏鍌寲浣滅敤锛屽潎鐩搁吀鍫垮偓鍖�锛岀怠(lu貌)鍚堝偓鍖栵紝閰跺偓鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃嚜鍌寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜�
鍖栧(xu茅)鎸暕锛�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍚搁檮鑸囧偓鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
鍗佷竴銆佽〃闈㈢墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)
1. 琛ㄩ潰寮靛姏鍙婅〃闈� Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�
琛ㄩ潰寮靛姏锛岃〃闈㈢啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈叕寮�锛岃〃闈㈠嫉鍔涜垏婧害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠嫉
鍔涜垏婧舵恫婵冨害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屽綆鏇茶〃闈笂鐨勯檮鍔犲鍔涘拰钂告埃澹擄紝褰庢洸琛ㄩ潰涓婄殑闄勫姞澹撳姏锛�
Young-Laplace 鍏紡锛屽綆鏇茶〃闈笂鐨勮捀姘ｅ锛孠elvin 鍏紡銆�
2. 婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠惛闄�
婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠惛闄�锛孏ibbs 鍚搁檮鍏紡锛孏ibbs 鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮忕殑鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)
3. 鐣岄潰鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)
娑�-娑茬晫闈㈢殑閶睍锛屽柈鍒嗗瓙琛ㄩ潰鑶�锛�
绮樻繒閬庣▼锛屾蹈婵曢亷绋�锛岄嫪灞曢亷绋�锛屾帴瑙歌鑸囨饯婵曟柟绋�銆�
4. 琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鍙婂叾浣滅敤
琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鐨勫垎椤�锛岃〃闈㈡椿鎬у姂鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)灏嶅叾鏁堢巼鍙婅兘鍔涚殑褰遍熆锛岃〃闈㈡椿鎬у姂
鐨� HLB 鍊�锛岃〃闈㈡椿鎬у姂鍦ㄦ按涓殑婧惰В搴︼紝琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鐨勯噸瑕佹噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
5. 鍥洪珨琛ㄩ潰鐨勫惛闄�
鍚搁檮绛夋韩绶氾紝Langmuir 绛夋韩寮�锛屾贩鍚堟埃楂旂殑 Langmuir 鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮�锛孎(xi脿n)reundlich
绛夋韩寮�锛孊ET 澶氬堡鍚搁檮鍏紡锛屼簲绋鍨嬪惛闄勭瓑婧窔鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)銆�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍚搁檮鍜岀墿鐞嗗惛闄�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍚搁檮鐔憋紝鍚搁檮鐨勫嫝鑳芥洸绶�锛屽奖闊挎埃-鍥虹晫闈㈠惛闄勭殑
涓昏鍥犵礌锛�
姘�-鍥虹浉绯荤当(t菕ng)涓殑鍚搁檮鍜岃В鍚搁€熺巼鏂圭▼寮�锛�
鍥洪珨鍦ㄦ憾娑蹭腑鐨勫惛闄�銆�
鍗佷簩銆佽啝楂斿垎鏁ｇ郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜屽ぇ鍒嗗瓙婧舵恫
1. 鑶犻珨鍜岃啝楂旂殑鍩烘湰鐗规€�
鍒嗘暎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫垎椤烇紝鑶犲湗(tu谩n)鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾憾鑶犵殑鍒跺倷锛屾憾鑶犵殑鍑堝寲锛屾憾鑶犵殑褰㈡垚姗�(j墨)鐞�
鍜岃€佸寲姊濅欢銆�
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2. 鑶犻珨鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鍜岀悊璜�
鑶犻珨鐨勫嫊鍔涙€ц唱(zh矛)锛孊rown 閬�(y霉n)鍕曪紝鎿�(ku貌)鏁ｅ拰婊查€忓锛屾矇闄嶅拰娌夐檷骞宠 锛�
婧惰啝鐨勫厜瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛孴yndall 鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鍜� Rayleigh 鍏紡锛岃秴椤井閺＄殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鍜岀矑
瀛愬ぇ灏忕殑娓畾锛�
婧惰啝鐨勯浕瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛岄浕鍕曠従(xi脿n)璞�锛岄浕娉�锛岄浕婊诧紱
闆欓浕灞ょ悊璜栧拰 味 闆诲嫝銆�
3. 婧惰啝鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹氭€у拰鑱氭矇浣滅敤
婧惰啝鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�锛岃仛娌変綔鐢ㄤ互鍙婂奖闊胯仛娌変綔鐢ㄧ殑鍥犵礌锛岄珮鍒嗗瓙鍖栧悎鐗╁皪婧惰啝鐨�
绲嚌鍜岀┅(w臎n)瀹氫綔鐢ㄣ€�
4. 涔崇媭娑插拰鍑濊啝
O/W 鍨嬪拰 W/O 鍨嬩钩鐙€娑�锛屼钩鍖栧姂鐨勪綔鐢�锛屼钩鐙€娑茬殑涓嶇┅(w臎n)瀹氭€э紱
鍑濊啝鐨勫垎椤�锛屽嚌鑶犵殑褰㈡垚锛屽嚌鑶犵殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
5. 澶у垎瀛愭憾娑�
澶у垎瀛愮殑骞冲潎鎽╃埦璩�(zh矛)閲�锛岃仛鍚堢墿鎽╃埦璩�(zh矛)閲忕殑娓畾鏂规硶锛岃仛鍚堢墿鐨勫垎绱氥€�
6. Donnan 骞宠 鍜岃仛闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勬徊閫忓
Donnan 骞宠 锛岃仛闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勬徊閫忓
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰冿紝骞惰珛鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
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鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
