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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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涓€銆佽€冭│褰㈠紡鑸囪│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
锛堜竴锛夎│鍗锋垚绺惧強鑰冭│鏅傞枔
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锛堜簩锛夌瓟椤屾柟寮�
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锛堜笁锛夎│鍗峰収(n猫i)瀹圭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
鍚勯儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹规墍鍗犲垎鍊肩偤锛�
濂犲熀绡囷紙1840-1895锛夌磩 50%
闁嬫嫇绡囷紙1895-1917锛夌磩 30%
鐧�(f膩)灞曠瘒锛�1917-1956锛夌磩 10%
鍓�(chu脿ng)鏂扮瘒锛�1956-2007锛夌磩 10%
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寰嬶紝鎻愰珮棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栨按骞充互鍙婃彁楂樺垎鏋愬晱椤屽拰瑙ｆ焙鍟忛鐨勮兘鍔�锛屽爡瀹氶Μ鍏嬫€�
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鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹癸細
濂犲熀绡� (1840鈥�1895)
锛堜竴锛夋鍙茬櫦(f膩)灞曠殑蹇呯劧鎴愭灉
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璩囨湰涓荤京缍�(j墨ng)婵熺殑宸ㄥぇ鐧�(f膩)灞曪紱璩囨湰涓荤京鍏�(n猫i)鍦ㄧ煕鐩剧殑婵€鍖�锛涢殠绱氭枟鐖殑鏂扮壒榛炪€�
2.浜洪鍏堥€叉€濇兂鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曞強鍥版儜
璩囩敘(ch菐n)闅庣礆鎬濇兂楂旂郴鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曡垏琛拌惤锛涜В姹虹ぞ鏈冪煕鐩捐澶氭柟妗堢殑鐮寸敘(ch菐n)銆�
3.棣厠鎬濇仼鏍兼柉鍚戝敮鐗╀富缇╁拰鍏辩敘(ch菐n)涓荤京鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)璁�
鍙冨姞闈掑勾榛戞牸鐖鹃亱鍕曪紱 棣厠鎬濊蛋鍚戝敮鐗╀富缇╁拰鍏辩敘(ch菐n)涓荤京锛涙仼鏍兼柉璧板悜鍞墿
涓荤京鍜屽叡鐢�(ch菐n)涓荤京銆�
锛堜簩锛� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鍋夊ぇ鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)
1.鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍞墿鍙茶鐨勬绋�
鐣板寲鍕炲嫊鐞嗚珫鐨勬鍙蹭綔鐢ㄥ拰灞€闄愭€�锛� 娓呯畻闈掑勾榛戞牸鐖炬淳鐨勫敮蹇冨彶瑙€锛� 鍞墿
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2.棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑绗竴娆″叕闁嬮棥杩�
鎵瑰垽钂查鏉辩稉(j墨ng)婵熷(xu茅)鐨勫摬瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)锛岄棥杩伴Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁摬瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫锛涙壒鍒よ挷榄�
鏉辩殑鍍瑰€肩悊璜�锛屽垵姝ユ彮绀哄墿浣欏児鍊肩殑渚嗘簮锛� 鎵瑰垽钂查鏉辩殑灏忚硣鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆鏀硅壇涓荤京锛�
闂¤堪闅庣礆鏂楃埈鍜岀劇鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡鐞嗚珫銆�
3. 銆婂叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄥ瑷€銆嬬殑鍟忎笘
棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑绯荤当(t菕ng)闂¤堪锛涖€婂叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄥ瑷€銆嬪湪 1848 骞撮潻鍛戒腑鐨勬椹楀拰鐧�(f膩)灞�銆�
4. 鏀挎不缍�(j墨ng)婵熷(xu茅)鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)闈╁懡
鍕炲嫊鍍瑰€艰珫鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)闈╁懡锛� 鍓╀綑鍍瑰€肩悊璜栫殑鍓�(chu脿ng)绔�
5. 銆婅硣鏈珫銆嬬涓€鍗风殑鍟忎笘
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澶х櫦(f膩)灞�锛� 绉戝(xu茅)绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勭悊璜栧熀绀�(ch菙)鐨勫瀹�銆�
6. 棣厠鎬濅富缇╁悓宸ヤ汉閬嬪嫊鐨勭祼(ji茅)鍚�
灏嶇涓€鍦嬮殯鐨勭悊璜栬并鐛�锛涘悓姗熸渻涓荤京鎬濇疆鐨勬枟鐖紱宸撮粠鍏ぞ闈╁懡缍�(j墨ng)椹楃殑鐞嗚珫
绺界祼(ji茅)锛涙壒鍒ゃ€婂摜閬旂侗闋�(l菒ng)銆嬶紝闂¤堪鍏辩敘(ch菐n)涓荤京瀛�(xu茅)瑾�銆�
锛堜笁锛� 鍗氬ぇ绮炬繁鐨勭悊璜栭珨绯伙紙涓婏級鈥斺€旂郴绲�(t菕ng)鍖栧拰澶氭柟闈㈠睍闁�
1. 銆婂弽鏉滄灄璜栥€嬫槸棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鐧剧鍏ㄦ浉
绯荤当(t菕ng)闂¤堪棣厠鎬濅富缇╁摬瀛�(xu茅)锛� 鎹嶈(w猫i)鍜岀櫦(f膩)灞曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╂斂娌荤稉(j墨ng)婵熷(xu茅)锛涘叏闈㈣珫杩�
绉戝(xu茅)绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勬鍙插拰鐞嗚珫銆�
2.棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栫殑澶氭柟闈㈠睍闁�
棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鑷劧瑙€鍜岀瀛�(xu茅)瑙€锛� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鍊悊瑙€锛涢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃殑瀹楁暀
瑙€锛� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑鏂囪棟瑙€锛� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑杌嶄簨瑙€
锛堝洓锛夊崥澶х簿娣辩殑鐞嗚珫楂旂郴锛堜笅锛夆€斺€旀帰绱�銆佹繁鍖栧拰闈㈠悜鏂颁笘绱€
1. 鏉辨柟绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞曢亾璺殑鎺㈢储鍜岀爺绌�
棣厠鎬濆皪鏉辨柟绀炬渻鐨勬帰绱�锛涙仼鏍兼柉灏嶇稉(j墨ng)婵熻惤鍚庡湅瀹剁ぞ鏈冪櫦(f膩)灞曠殑鐮旂┒銆�
2. 鍘熷绀炬渻鐨勭爺绌跺拰灏嶅敮鐗╁彶瑙€鐨勯€蹭竴姝ヨ珫璀夎垏娣卞寲
闂�(gu膩n)浜庡叐绋敓鐢�(ch菐n)鐨勭悊璜栵紱闂�(gu膩n)浜庡師濮嬬ぞ鏈冪殑鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛鍜岀櫦(f膩)灞曡(gu墨)寰嬶紱闂�(gu膩n)浜庣鏈夊埗鐨�
璧锋簮鍜岄殠绱氱殑鐢�(ch菐n)鐢�锛� 闂�(gu膩n)浜庡湅瀹剁殑璧锋簮鍜屾秷浜＄殑姝峰彶蹇呯劧鎬с€�
3. 鍝插(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鍥為¨鍜岄潰鍚戞柊涓栫磤鍝插(xu茅)缍遍牁(l菒ng)鐨勬彁鍑�
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鍒嗗摬瀛�(xu茅)闄ｇ嚐鐨勮珫鏂�锛� 闂�(gu膩n)浜庡竟搴曠殑鍞墿璜栧拰鍞墿鍙茶鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鐨勯棥杩般€�
4.璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曡定鍕㈢殑鎺㈢储鍜岀劇鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡鐨勬枟鐖瓥鐣�
鏁寸悊鍑虹増銆婅硣鏈珫銆嬬浜�銆佷笁鍗峰拰鎺㈢储璩囨湰涓荤京鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鏂拌定鍕�锛涙柊鐨勬鍙叉
浠朵笅鐒＄敘(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡鍟忛銆�
5. 闈㈠皪涓栫磤涔嬩氦鐨勭悊璜栧垎姝у拰鎸戞埌(zh脿n)
鎵瑰垽鎶婇Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁焊淇楀寲鐨勬€濇疆鍜屾繁鍏ラ棥鐧�(f膩)涓婂堡寤虹瓚鐨勫弽浣滅敤锛� 绉戝(xu茅)闂¤堪
灏嶆湭渚嗗京(f霉)闆滀簨璁婄殑姝峰彶瑙€鍜屾柟娉曡珫銆�
闁嬫嫇绡� (1895鈥�1917)
锛堜簲锛夋鍙茶綁(zhu菐n)鎶樼殑鐞嗚珫鍒嗘
1. 浼仼鏂藉潶涓荤京鍙婂叾灏嶉Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃殑鈥滀慨姝ｂ€�
鏅備唬鐨勬柊璁婂寲鍙婇Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╅潰鑷ㄧ殑鎸戞埌(zh脿n)锛� 浼仼鏂藉潶鐨勩€婄ぞ鏈冧富缇╁晱椤屻€嬪強
鍏跺皪棣厠鎬濅富缇╃殑璨�(z茅)闆ｏ紱 浼仼鏂藉潶鐨勩€婄ぞ鏈冧富缇╃殑鍓嶆彁鍜岀ぞ鏈冩皯涓婚花鐨勪换鍕�(w霉)銆�
鍙婂叾灏嶉Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╃殑鍏ㄩ潰鈥滀慨姝ｂ€�銆�
2. 寰峰湅绀炬渻姘戜富榛ㄥ収(n猫i)鍙嶅皪浼仼鏂藉潶涓荤京鐨勬枟鐖�
鐩ф．鍫＄珯鍦ㄦ枟鐖殑鏈€鍓嶅垪锛涘€嶅€嶇埦鐨勭悊璜栨壒鍒�锛� 鑰冭尐鍩虹殑鐞嗚珫鎵瑰垽銆�
3.娉曞湅鍜屼縿鍦嬮Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呯殑鐞嗚珫鎵瑰垽
浼仼鏂藉潶淇涓荤京鐞嗚珫鐨勬硾婵強鍏跺嵄瀹�锛涙媺娉曟牸鐨勭悊璜栨壒鍒�锛涙櫘鍒楁饥璜惧か
鐨勭悊璜栨壒鍒�
锛堝叚锛� 鎹嶈(w猫i)鐪熺悊鐨勫垪瀵т富缇�
1锛庡弽灏嶆皯绮规淳鍜屸€滃悎娉曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呪€濈殑鏂楃埈
鎵瑰垽姘戠补娲剧殑涓昏绀炬渻瀛�(xu茅)锛� 鎵瑰垽姘戠补娲剧殑绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞曡锛岃珫璀変縿鍦嬭硣鏈富缇�
鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�锛� 鍙嶅皪鈥滃悎娉曢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╄€呪€濈殑鏂楃埈锛涙壒鍒ょ稉(j墨ng)婵熸淳鍙婂瓱浠€缍富缇�锛岄棥杩�
鏂板瀷鐒＄敘(ch菐n)闅庣礆鏀块花鐞嗚珫銆�
2.鎹嶈(w猫i)棣厠鎬濅富缇╀笘鐣岃鐨勬枟鐖�
鎵瑰垽缍�(j墨ng)椹楁壒鍒や富缇�锛� 鎵瑰垽灏嬬瑾拰閫犵瑾�銆�
锛堜竷锛夊韪愬懠鍠氱殑鐞嗚珫椋涜簫
1.鍒楀灏嶈警璀夋硶鐨勬繁鍒荤爺绌�
鎻湶姗熸渻涓荤京锛岄棥鏄庡叐绋櫦(f膩)灞曡锛涙壒鍒ょ辜鎵胯警璀夋硶鐨勮睈瀵岄伜鐢�(ch菐n)锛涜警璀夋硶鏄椿
鐢熺敓鐨�銆佸鏂归潰鐨勮獚璀�銆�
2. 甯濆湅涓荤京鐞嗚珫鐨勫舰鎴�
鍒楀闀锋湡鐮旂┒璩囨湰涓荤京鐨勭悊璜栨垚鏋�锛涚瀛�(xu茅)璜栬堪甯濆湅涓荤京鏄硣鏈富缇╃殑鐗规畩闅�
娈�锛涖€婂笣鍦嬩富缇╂槸璩囨湰涓荤京鐨勬渶楂橀殠娈点€嬩竴鏇哥殑鍋夊ぇ鎰忕京銆�
3.绀炬渻涓荤京闈╁懡鐨勬柊鐞嗚珫
绀炬渻涓荤京闈╁懡鏂扮悊璜栫殑鎻愬嚭锛涚ぞ鏈冧富缇╀竴鍦嬪嫕鍒╄珫鐨勬柊璨㈢嵒锛涘湅瀹惰垏闈╁懡鐨�
鐞嗚珫銆�
鐧�(f膩)灞曠瘒 锛�1917-1956锛�
锛堝叓锛夊崄鏈堥潻鍛界殑鍕濆埄鍜屽垪瀵у缓瑷�(sh猫)绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勬(g貌u)鎯�
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鍗佹湀闈╁懡鐨勫熀鏈绋�锛涘崄鏈堥潻鍛界殑姝峰彶蹇呯劧鎬�锛涘崄鏈堥潻鍛界殑鍋夊ぇ鎰忕京銆�
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铇囪伅(li谩n)妯″紡鐨勫熀鏈収(n猫i)瀹瑰拰鐗瑰緛锛涜槆鑱�(li谩n)妯″紡褰㈡垚鐨勫師鍥�銆�
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涓荤京缍�(j墨ng)婵熻(gu墨)寰�銆�
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1.棣厠鎬濅富缇╁湪涓湅鐨勫偝鎾拰姣涙兢鏉辨€濇兂鐨勮悓鑺�锛涢Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁湪涓湅鐨勫偝
鎾�锛涙瘺婢ゆ澅鎬濇兂鐨勮悓鑺�銆�
2.濂彇涓湅闈╁懡鍕濆埄鐨勯亾璺拰姣涙兢鏉辨€濇兂鐨勫舰鎴�
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涓湅闈╁懡閬撹矾鐨勭悊璜�锛涢花鍏�(n猫i)璺窔鏂楃埈鐨勭悊璜栫附绲�(ji茅)鍜屾瘺婢ゆ澅鎬濇兂鐨勫舰鎴�銆�
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涓湅鍩烘湰鍦嬫儏鍜屼腑鍦嬮潻鍛界殑鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛锛涢棞(gu膩n)浜庢皯涓婚潻鍛解€滀笁澶ф硶瀵垛€濈殑鐞嗚珫锛�
姣涙兢鏉辨€濇兂鎸囧皫(d菐o)鍦颁綅鐨勭⒑绔�銆�
锛堝崄涓€锛夋瘺婢ゆ澅闂�(gu膩n)浜庡缓瑷�(sh猫)鏂颁腑鍦嬬殑鎴�(zh脿n)鐣ユ€濇兂
1.鏂版皯涓讳富缇╁悜绀炬渻涓荤京鎴�(zh脿n)鐣ヨ綁(zhu菐n)璁婄殑鎬濇兂
涓湅闈╁懡鍒嗗叐姝ヨ蛋鐨勬€濇兂锛涙柊姘戜富涓荤京绀炬渻鐨勫熀鏈煕鐩惧拰缍�(j墨ng)婵熺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛涚敱鏂版皯
涓讳富缇╅亷娓″埌绀炬渻涓荤京鐨勬渶鍒濊ō(sh猫)鎯�銆�
2.浜烘皯姘戜富灏堟斂鐞嗚珫
浜烘皯姘戜富灏堟斂鐞嗚珫鐨勬彁鍑�锛涗汉姘戞皯涓诲皥鏀跨殑鍩烘湰鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
3.绀炬渻涓荤京鏀归€犵殑鐞嗚珫
閬庢浮鏅傛湡绺借矾绶氱殑鎻愬嚭鍙婂叾鍩烘湰鍏�(n猫i)瀹�锛涜静(n贸ng)妤�(y猫)銆佹墜宸ユキ(y猫)鐨勭ぞ鏈冧富缇╂敼閫犵悊璜�锛�
璩囨湰涓荤京宸ュ晢妤�(y猫)鐨勭ぞ鏈冧富缇╂敼閫犵悊璜�銆�
锛堝崄浜岋級瑗挎柟瀛�(xu茅)鑰呭皪棣厠鎬濅富缇╃悊璜栬垏瀵﹁笎鐨勬帰绱�
1.鐩у崱濂囧拰浠栫殑銆婃鍙茶垏闅庣礆鎰忚瓨銆�
灏嶉Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇┾€滄绲�(t菕ng)鎬р€濈殑鐩稿皪涓荤京瑙ｉ噵锛涚附楂旀€у拰涓婚珨鎬х殑杈瓑娉曪紱闅庣礆
鎰忚瓨鐞嗚珫銆�
2.鏌埦鏂借垏浠栫殑銆婇Μ鍏嬫€濅富缇╁拰鍝插(xu茅)銆�
闂¤堪棣厠鎬濅富缇╁拰鍝插(xu茅)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛涘弽灏嶇瀛�(xu茅)涓荤京鏂规硶锛涙壒鍒よ硣鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆绀炬渻鐨勭簿
绁炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
3.钁涜槶瑗跨殑瀵﹁笎鍝插(xu茅)鍜屼粬鐨勮タ鏂归潻鍛介亾璺�
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4. 鈥滀汉閬撲富缇╃殑棣厠鎬濅富缇┾€�
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鍓�(chu脿ng)鏂扮瘒锛�1956-2007锛�
锛堝崄涓夛級铇囪伅(li谩n)鏉辨瓙鐨勬敼闈╁拰鍔囪畩
1.铇囪伅(li谩n)鐨勬敼闈╁拰鈥滄柊鎬濈董鈥濈殑鍑鸿嚭
璧鏇夊か鈥滅瀵嗗牨鍛娾€濈殑鍤撮噸鍚庢灉锛涜槆鑱�(li谩n)闂�(gu膩n)浜庣ぞ鏈冧富缇╃櫦(f膩)灞曢殠娈电殑瑾嶈瓨锛涜槆
鑱�(li谩n)鐨勬敼闈╁拰鈥滄柊鎬濈董鈥濄€�
2.鏉辨瓙绀炬渻涓荤京鍦嬪鏀归潻鐨勭悊璜�
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闄�銆�
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鐣�(d膩ng)浠ｄ笘鐣岀ぞ鏈冧富缇╅潰鑷ㄧ殑鍤村郴鎸戞埌(zh脿n)銆�
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鈥滄瓙娲插叡鐢�(ch菐n)涓荤京鈥濈殑褰㈡垚锛涒€滄瓙娲插叡鐢�(ch菐n)涓荤京鈥濈殑鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫銆�
2.棣厠鎬濅富缇╀汉閬撲富缇╁寲鎬濇疆鐨勭辜绾�(x霉)锛涙硶铇厠绂忓(xu茅)娲�锛涜柀鐗圭殑鈥滃瓨鍦ㄤ富缇╅Μ
鍏嬫€濅富缇┾€濄€�
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4.棣厠鎬濅富缇╃稉(j墨ng)婵熺悊璜栫爺绌剁殑瓒ㄥ嫝
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锛堝崄浜旓級涓湅灏嶇ぞ鏈冧富缇╅亾璺殑鑹遍洠鎺㈢储
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鐧�(f膩)灞曢亷绋�銆�
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涓夈€佷富瑕佸弮鑰冩浉鐩細
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