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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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鐩寗
I 鑰冩煡鐩........................................................................................ 2
II 鑰冭│褰㈠紡鍜岃│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) ..................................................................2
III 鑰冩煡鍏�(n猫i)瀹�..................................................................................... 2
IV. 椤屽瀷绀轰緥鍙婂弮鑰冪瓟妗�.................................................................2
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鍏ㄥ湅纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛哥当(t菕ng)涓€鑰冭│
鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛歌€冭│澶х侗
I 鑰冩煡鐩
鐩殑鏄瀛搞€佸叕骞�銆佹湁鏁堝湴娓│鑰冪敓鏄惁鍏峰倷鏀昏畝鐢熺墿鍖栧鑸囧垎瀛愮敓鐗╁灏堟キ(y猫)纰╁＋鎵€蹇�
闋堢殑鍩烘湰绱犺唱(zh矛)銆佷竴鑸兘鍔涘拰鍩归(y菐ng)娼涜兘锛屼互鍒╃敤閬告嫈鍏锋湁鐧�(f膩)灞�?ji茅)鎽课﹁啲?y艒u)绉€浜烘墠鍏ュ锛岀偤鍦嬪鐨�
缍�(j墨ng)婵熷缓瑷煿椁�(y菐ng)鍏锋湁鑹ソ鑱锋キ(y猫)閬撳痉銆佹硶鍒惰蹇靛拰鍦嬮殯瑕栭噹銆佸叿鏈夎純寮峰垎鏋愯垏瑙ｆ焙瀵﹂殯鍟忛鑳藉姏
鐨勯珮灞ゆ銆佹噳鐢ㄥ瀷銆佸京鍚堝瀷鐨勫皥妤�(y猫)浜烘墠銆傚叿楂旇€冭│瑕佹眰锛�
1. 鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛稿熀鏈煡璀�銆佹蹇靛拰鎶€琛撳師鐞嗙殑鐞嗚В鍜屾帉鎻�
2. 鎺屾彙鐢熷懡淇℃伅澶у垎瀛愭牳閰歌綁(zhu菐n)閷勩€佽泲鐧界炕璀強瑾�(di脿o)鎺�
3. 闇€瑕佹帉鎻″熀鍥犲伐绋嬬瓑闋樺煙鐨勫熀鏈悊璜栧拰涓€浜涘垎瀛愮敓鐗╁鐨勫父瑕�(gu墨)瀵﹂鎶€琛�锛屽寮曠墿瑷�
瑷堛€佸厠闅�銆佽〃閬斻€佸垎瀛愰洔浜ょ瓑銆�
4. 浜嗚В鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛镐竴浜涙柊鐨勯€插睍
II 鑰冭│褰㈠紡鍜岃│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
涓€銆佽│鍗锋豢鍒嗗強鑰冭│鏅傞枔
瑭﹀嵎婊垮垎鐐� 150 鍒�锛岃€冭│鏅傞枔 180 鍒嗛悩銆�
浜�銆佺瓟椤屾柟寮�
闁夊嵎銆佺瓎瑭�銆�
涓�銆佽│鍗峰収(n猫i)瀹硅垏椤屽瀷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
鍚嶈瑙ｉ噵锛�15 鍊� 锛屾瘡椤� 2 鍒�锛屽叡 30 鍒嗭級
绨＄瓟椤�(10 灏忛锛屾瘡椤� 8 鍒�锛� 鍏� 80 鍒�)
璜栬堪澶ч(20 鍒�)
缍滃悎椤�(20 鍒�)
III 鑰冩煡鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
1.浜嗚В鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛哥殑鍚京,鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛哥殑鐧�(f膩)灞曠啊鍙�,鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛哥殑鐧�(f膩)灞曡定鍕㈣垏鏂瑰悜,鍒嗗瓙鐢�
鐗╁鑸囧叾浠栫敓鍛界瀛哥殑鑱�(li谩n)绯�
2.鐔熻鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛镐竴浜涘父鐢ㄧ殑鍚嶈
3. 浜嗚В鏍搁吀鐨勫寲瀛告垚鍒嗗強鎬ц唱(zh矛),DNA 鐨勪竴绱氱祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙� DNA 娓簭,閲嶉粸鎺屾彙鍩哄洜鍙婂熀鍥犵祫涓€浜涚煡
璀�,灏嶅悇绋敓鐗╁熀鍥犵祫鎯呮硜瑕佹眰鎺屾彙鍩烘湰鐭ヨ瓨銆�
4锛庢帉鎻� RNA 杞�(zhu菐n)閷勫悎鎴愮殑鐗归粸銆佸弮鑸� RNA 鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鐨勭墿璩�(zh矛)銆丷NA 鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鐨勯亷绋嬨€備簡瑙ｇ湡鏍�
鐢熺墿鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)閷勫悗淇＞銆傞噸榛炵悊瑙� mRNA 鐨勬檪绌烘€с€�
3
5锛庢帉鎻″弮鑸囪泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鐨勭墿璩�(zh矛)銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勭敓鐗╁悎鎴愰亷绋嬨€佸鑲介張鍚堟垚鍚庣殑鍔犲伐淇＞銆侊紟铔�
鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勯澏鍚戦亱杓搞€佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鎶戝埗鍔�銆�
6锛庢帉鎻″熀鍥犺〃閬斿強鍩哄洜琛ㄩ仈瑾�(di脿o)鎺х殑鍚京銆佸伌(c猫)閲嶇悊瑙ｇ梾姣掋€佸師鏍稿拰鐪熸牳鐢熺墿鍗€(q奴)鍒�銆�
7锛庝簡瑙ｅ熀鍥犲鏃�銆佺湡鏍哥敓鐗╁熀鍥犺〃閬旇(di脿o)鎺х殑鐗归粸鍙婂叾鐠�(hu谩n)绡€(ji茅)銆丏NA 姘村钩鐨勮(di脿o)鎺�銆佽綁(zhu菐n)閷勬按骞崇殑
瑾�(di脿o)鎺э紙闋嗗紡浣滅敤鍏冧欢鍙婂弽寮忎綔鐢ㄥ洜瀛愶級銆佺炕璀按骞宠(di脿o)鎺с€�
8锛庢帉鎻″垎瀛愮敓鐗╁甯哥敤鐨勫椹楁妧琛�锛屽伌(c猫)閲嶅紩鐗╄ō瑷堝師鍓�銆佸厠闅�銆佽〃閬�銆佸垎瀛愰洔浜ょ瓑
IV. 椤屽瀷绀轰緥鍙婂弮鑰冪瓟妗�
涓€銆佸悕瑭炶В閲嬶紙姣忛 2 鍒�锛岃▓ 30 鍒嗭級
1锛� DNA 璁婃€э細鐣堕洐铻烘棆 DNA 鍔犵啽鑷崇敓鐞嗘韩搴︿互涓婏紙鎺ヨ繎 100鈩冿級鏅傦紝瀹冨氨澶卞幓鐢熺悊
娲绘€�锛岄€欐檪 DNA 闆欒偂閺堥枔鐨勬矮閸垫柗瑁傦紝鏈€鍚庨洐鑲￠張瀹屽叏鍒嗛枊骞舵垚鐐虹劇瑕�(gu墨)鍓囩窔鍦�锛�
閫欎竴閬庣▼鍙仛 DNA 璁婃€�
2锛� 鎷撴挷鐣版(g貌u)閰讹細绱拌優鍏�(n猫i)瀛樺湪钁椾竴椤炶兘鍌寲 DNA 鎷撴挷鐣版(g貌u)楂旂浉浜掕綁(zhu菐n)鍖栫殑閰讹紝瀹冨€戠ū鐐�
鎷撴挷鐣版(g貌u)閰�銆�
3锛� 绔矑锛氭槸鐪熸牳鏌撹壊楂旂殑鏈搴忓垪銆傜绮掔殑鐢熺墿瀛稿姛鑳芥槸淇濇寔鏌撹壊楂旂殑绌�(w臎n)瀹氾紝瀹冩焙瀹�
钁楃窗鑳炵殑澹藉懡銆�
4锛� 鍚屾簮閲嶇祫锛氫篃绋变氦鎻�锛屾槸鎸囨笡鏁�(sh霉)鍒嗚閬庣▼涓煋鑹查珨闁撻伜鍌崇墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勪氦鎻�锛屽嵆鍦ㄥ叐鍊嬮洐
铻烘棆 DNA 鍒嗗瓙闁撶殑鐩镐簰浣滅敤锛屽叾鐗瑰緛鏄噸绲勯叾鑳戒互鍏╁€� DNA 鍒嗗瓙涓换浣曚竴灏嶅悓婧�
搴忓垪浣滃簳鐗╅€茶浜ゆ彌銆�
5锛� 绨″苟鎬э細瑷卞姘ㄥ熀閰搁兘鐢卞鍊嬪瘑纰煎瓙绶ㄧ⒓锛岄€欑ū鐐虹啊骞舵€�
6锛� 绲傛瀵嗙⒓瀛愶細瀵嗙⒓瀛� UAA,UAG 鍜� UGA 骞朵笉绶ㄧ⒓浠讳綍姘ㄥ熀閰�锛屽嵒璧峰埌绲傛姘ㄥ熀閰�
鐨勫悎鎴愪綔鐢紝鍥犳绋辩偤绲傛瀵嗙⒓瀛�
7锛� 鍓茶鍩哄洜锛氬湪鐪熸牳鐢熺墿涓�锛屽ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)绶ㄧ⒓铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鍩哄洜鏄笉閫ｇ簩(x霉)鐨�锛屽嵆鍦ㄥ叾绶ㄧ⒓姘ㄥ熀閰�
鐨勫簭鍒椾箣闁撴彃鍏ヤ笉绶ㄧ⒓鐨勫簭鍒�锛屾晠绋辩偤鍓茶鍩哄洜
8锛� 鍩哄洜瀹舵棌锛氭垜鍊戞妸绶ㄧ⒓涓€鍊嬭泲鐧借唱(zh矛)瀹舵棌鐨勮嫢骞插€嬪熀鍥犵ū鐐轰竴鍊嬪熀鍥犲鏃�銆�
9锛� mtDNA锛氱窔绮掗珨 DNA
10锛� RFLP锛坮estriction length polymorphism锛�:鏄檺鍒舵€х墖娈甸暦搴﹀鎱�(t脿i)鎬�
11锛� 榛炵獊璁婏細绐佽畩鍙敱鍠竴鍫垮熀鐨勬敼璁�銆�
12锛� Chargaff 瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶細DNA 涓偿鍢屽懁鐨勯噺绛変簬鑳炲槯鍟堕噺锛圙=C锛�锛岃吅鍢屽懁鐨勯噺绛変簬鑳�
鑵哄槯鍟堕噺锛圓=T锛�銆�
13锛� 鍙嶈綁(zhu菐n)閷勯叾锛氫互 RNA 鐐烘ā鏉垮偓鍖� DNA 鍚堟垚鐨勯叾銆�
14锛� 鍠爢鍙嶅瓙锛氬彧绶ㄧ⒓涓€姊濆鑲介張鐨� mRNA 绋辩偤鍠爢鍙嶅瓙
15锛� 鍒嗗瓙浼翠径锛氭妸涓€椤炲湪绱拌優鍏�(n猫i)骞姪鏂扮敓鑲介張姝ｇ⒑绲勮鎴愮偤鎴愮啛铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)锛岃€屾湰韬嵒
涓嶆槸鏈€绲傚姛鑳借泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍒嗗瓙绲勬垚鎴愬垎鐨勫垎瀛�锛岄兘绋辩偤鍒嗗瓙浼翠径
浜岋紟绨＄瓟椤�(姣忛 8 鍒嗭紝瑷� 80 鍒�)
1.绨¤堪涓績娉曞墖锛氫腑蹇冩硶鍓囨槸鎸囬伜鍌充俊鎭緸 DNA 鍒� mRNA锛屽啀鍒拌泲鐧�锛屽緸鑰屾帶鍒舵€х媭琛ㄧ従(xi脿n)
4
鐨勯亷绋�銆傚叿鏈変唬琛ㄦ€х殑鍥涙锛氣憼 DNA 鐨勮嚜鎴戝京鍒�锛岄€欏€嬮亷绋嬫湁寰堝鐨勯叾鍙冭垏鍏朵腑锛涒憽 DNA
閫氶亷杞�(zhu菐n)閷勫皣淇℃伅鍌抽仦绲� mRNA锛� 鈶� 鍦ㄧ湡鏍哥敓鐗╀腑锛宮RNA 缍�(j墨ng)閬庝慨椋撅紙涓昏鏄壀鍒囷級鍚庯紝
寰炵窗鑳炴牳閫插叆绱拌優璩�(zh矛)锛� 鈶� 淇′娇 mRNA 鑸囨牳绯栭珨绲�(ji茅)鍚堬紝鏍哥硸楂旇畝鍙� mRNA 鐨勪俊鎭悎鎴愯泲鐧�
璩�(zh矛)锛岄€欐鍙綁(zhu菐n)璀�銆� 铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)涓嶆渻绶ㄧ⒓鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻泲鐧借唱(zh矛)锛孯NA 鎴� DNA銆備互涓婂洓姝ュ咕涔庡弮鑸囦簡鎵€鏈�
鐨勭敓鐗╂椿鍕�銆�
2.绨¤堪鍑濊啝闃绘化鍒嗘瀽鍘熺悊锛氭槸涓€绋珨澶栫爺绌� DNA 鑸囪泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐩镐簰浣滅敤鐨勭壒娈婄殑鍑濊啝闆绘吵鎶€琛�锛�
鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鐐�: 鍦ㄥ嚌鑶犻浕娉充腑鐢变簬闆诲牬鐨勪綔鐢ㄥ皬鍒嗗瓙 DNA 鐗囨姣斿叾绲�(ji茅)鍚堜簡铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鐨� DNA 鐗�
娈靛悜闄芥サ绉诲嫊鐨勯€熷害蹇�銆傚洜姝�锛屽彲妯欒鐭殑闆欓張 DNA 鐗囨锛屽皣鍏惰垏铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)娣峰悎锛屽皪娣峰悎鐗�
閫茶鍑濊啝闆绘吵锛岃嫢鐩殑 DNA 鑸囩壒鐣版€ц泲鐧借唱(zh矛)绲�(ji茅)鍚�锛屽叾鍚戦櫧妤电Щ鍕曠殑閫熷害鍙楀埌闃绘化锛屽皪鍑濊啝
閫茶鏀惧皠鎬ц嚜椤奖灏卞彲鎵惧埌 DNA 绲�(ji茅)鍚堣泲鐧�
3.鍋囧畾浣犲緸涓€鏂扮櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勭梾姣掍腑鎻愬彇浜嗘牳閰搞€傝珛鐢ㄦ渶绨″柈鐨勬柟娉曠⒑瀹氾細
鈶� 瀹冩槸 DNA 閭勬槸 RNA锛�
鈶� 瀹冩槸鍠張閭勬槸闆欓張锛�
濡傛灉鏈夎兏鑵哄槯鍟�锛岀偤 DNA锛屽鏋滄湁灏垮槯鍟�锛岀偤 RNA銆傚鏋滅偤闆欓張鍒嗗瓙锛岄偅涔� A 鑸� T锛堟垨 U锛�
鐨勯噺浠ュ強 G 鑸� C 鐨勯噺鎳夌浉绛�
4.姝ｈ(di脿o)鎺у拰璨犺(di脿o)鎺т富瑕佸崁(q奴)鍒�锛燂細璨犺(di脿o)鎺ф檪锛岃(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鍩哄洜鐨勮泲鐧界敘(ch菐n)鐗╂槸鍩哄洜娲绘€х殑涓€绋樆閬忕墿锛�
姝ｈ(di脿o)鎺�锛岃(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鍩哄洜鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╂槸涓€绋縺娲荤墿
5.鐪熸牳鐢熺墿 DNA 鍫垮熀绲勬垚涓婄殑鐣拌唱(zh矛)鎬т富瑕佹槸鐢变簬瀛樺湪鍝� 3 椤� DNA 閲嶅京搴忓垪锛氶珮搴﹂噸寰�銆�
涓害閲嶅京銆佸柈涓€搴忓垪
6.鍒楄垑涓€鍊嬪凡鐭ョ殑 DNA 搴忓垪绶ㄧ⒓涓€绋互涓婅泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勪笁绋柟娉�锛�
鈶� 鍦ㄦ牳绯栭珨绲�(ji茅)鍚堜綅榛炰箣鍚庡惈鏈夊閲嶈捣濮嬩綅榛�
鈶� 浠ヤ竴鍏╁€嬪牽鍩虹殑绉荤⒓鏂瑰紡鍑虹従(xi脿n)閲嶇枈鐨勫彲璁€妗�
鈶� 涓嶅悓鐨勫壀鎺ユ柟寮�锛岀敘(ch菐n)鐢熶笉鍚岀殑 mRNA 鏂瑰紡
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5
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6
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