鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
绉戠洰浠g⒓锛�833 绉戠洰鍚嶇ū锛氱劇姗熷寲瀛�(xu茅) 涓€銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰 涓昏鑰冨療鑰冪敓鏄惁鎺屾彙浜嗙劇姗熷寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�銆佸熀鏈悊璜栧拰鍩烘湰鏂规硶锛屼互鍙婇亱鐢ㄥ熀鏈悊 璜栧強鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ妧琛�(sh霉)瑙f焙瀵﹁笎鍟忛鐨勮兘鍔�銆傚寘鎷繎浠g墿璩�(zh矛)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)鐞嗚珫锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠 銆� 姘у寲閭勫師绛夊熀鏈師鐞�锛岄噸瑕佸厓绱犲強鍏跺寲鍚堢墿鐨勪富瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺敤閫斻€備富瑕佸収(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷啽鍖栧(xu茅)锛� 鍥涘ぇ骞宠 锛屼互鍙婂師瀛�銆佸垎瀛愩€佸浐楂�銆侀厤鍚堢墿绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗗拰鐞嗚珫锛屽懆鏈熻〃涓� s 鍗€(q奴)銆乸 鍗€(q奴)浠� 鍙� d 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌鍙婂叾鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲勬垚銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂叾璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛宖 鍗€(q奴)閮ㄥ垎鍏冪礌鐨勫熀鏈€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 浜�銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹� 绗竴绔� 姘i珨 鐞嗘兂姘i珨鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼寮忓強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�?锛涙棇锠氭€弚涓祫鍒嗘埃楂斿垎澹撶殑姒傚康鍜屽垎澹撳畾寰�銆� 绗簩绔� 鐔卞寲瀛�(xu茅) 妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒撳拰妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐕冪噿鐒撶殑姒傚康銆侶ess 瀹氬緥銆傜創璁婄殑瀹氶噺瑷堢畻锛涚啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹� 寰�銆� 绗笁绔� 鍖栧(xu茅)鍕曞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙) 婵冨害灏嶅弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勫奖闊垮拰婧害灏嶅弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勫奖闊匡紝娲诲寲鑳�銆佹椿鍖栧垎瀛愩€傞€熺巼鏂圭▼寮�锛� Arrhenius 鏂圭▼寮忓強鎳�(y墨ng)鐢� 绗洓绔� 鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐔靛拰 Gibbs 鍑芥暩(sh霉) 妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉) K胃 鍙婂叾瑷堢畻锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勭Щ鍕曠殑瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強鍏舵湁闂�(gu膩n)瑷堢畻锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)琛屾柟鍚� 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍟嗗垽鎿�(j霉)銆傜郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勬贩浜傚害锛岀喌鐨勬蹇�锛屾帉鎻$啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥?锛涚槣W(xu茅)鍙� 鎳�(y墨ng)绛夋韩寮� 螖rG锛澪攔Gm ? 锛婻TlnJ锛孷an鈥檛 Hoff 鏂圭▼鐨勬剰缇╁強鍏剁浉闂�(gu膩n)鐨勮▓绠�銆傚钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉) K ? 鑸囧悏 甯冩柉鑷敱鑳斤紙螖rGm ? 锛夌殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝螖rGm ? 锛濓紞RTlnK ? 锛屽埄鐢ㄥ叕寮忚▓绠楀钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉) K ? 鎴� 螖rGm ? 銆� 鍒╃敤鍑芥暩(sh霉) 螖rGm ? 鎴� 螖rG 鍒ゆ柗妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎱�(t脿i)鍙婇潪妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎱�(t脿i)涓嬪寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬柟鍚戞€с€� 绗簲绔� 閰稿牽骞宠 姘寸殑瑙i洟骞宠 銆佹按鐨勯洟瀛愮⿳甯告暩(sh霉)鍜屽挤閰搞€佸挤鍫挎憾娑� pH 鍊肩殑瑷堢畻銆備竴鍏冨急閰革紙鍫匡級鐨勮В 闆㈠钩琛″強鍏跺钩琛$祫鎴愮殑瑷堢畻锛屼簩鍏冨急閰歌В闆㈠钩琛�銆傞菇椤炴按瑙g殑姒傚康锛屼竴鍏冨急閰搁菇鍜屼竴鍏冨急鍫� 楣芥按瑙e钩琛″強鍏跺钩琛$祫鎴愮殑瑷堢畻锛屽鍏冨急閰搁菇鐨勫垎姝ユ按瑙e強鍏跺钩琛$祫鎴愮殑瑷堢畻銆傚悓闆㈠瓙鏁堟噳(y墨ng) 鍜岀珐娌栨憾娑茬殑姒傚康锛岃▓绠楃珐娌栨憾娑茬殑 pH 鍊�銆傞厤鍚堢墿鐨勬蹇碉紝閰嶅悎鐗╃殑绲勬垚鍜屽懡鍚�銆傞厤鍚堢墿 鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹氬父鏁�(sh霉)鍙婇厤鍚堢墿鍦ㄦ按涓殑閰嶄綅骞宠 锛岄厤浣嶅钩琛$殑绲勬垚鐨勮▓绠�銆� 绗叚绔� 娌夋穩-婧惰В骞宠 闆f憾闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勬矇娣€婧惰В骞宠 锛屾憾搴︾⿳鍙婂叾鑸囨憾瑙e害闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯诲拰鏈夐棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻銆傛憾搴︾⿳瑕�(gu墨)鍓�銆� pH 鍊煎皪闆f憾閲戝爆姘哀鍖栫墿鍜岄噾灞~鍖栫墿娌夋穩婧惰В骞宠 鐨勫奖闊垮強鍏舵湁闂�(gu膩n)瑷堢畻銆傛矇娣€鐨勯厤浣嶆憾 瑙e強鍏剁啊鍠▓绠�銆傚垎姝ユ矇娣€锛屾矇娣€杞�(zhu菐n)鍖栧強鍏剁啊鍠殑瑷堢畻銆� 绗竷绔� 姘у寲閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng) 闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙) 姘у寲閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫熀鏈蹇碉紝鎺屾彙姘у寲閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勯厤骞�銆傚師闆绘睜鍙婂叾闆诲嫊鍕㈢殑姒傚康锛岄浕姹� 绗﹁櫉鐨勬浉瀵柟娉�锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆绘サ闆诲嫝鐨勬蹇靛拰鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ互鍙婂奖闊块浕妤甸浕浣嶇殑鍥犵礌銆佹湁闂�(gu膩n) Nester 鏂圭▼ 寮忕殑绨″柈瑷堢畻銆傚厓绱犻浕鍕㈠湒鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆� 绗叓绔� 鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) 鍘熷瓙杌岄亾銆佸咕鐜囧拰骞剧巼瀵嗗害銆侀浕瀛愪簯绛夋蹇点€傚洓鍊嬮噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)鐨勫悕绋�銆佺铏�銆佸彇鍊煎拰鎰忕京锛� s銆� p銆乨 鍘熷瓙杌岄亾鑸囬浕瀛愪簯鐨勫舰鐙€鍜岀┖闁撶殑浼稿睍鏂瑰悜銆傚師瀛愯粚閬撶殑杩戜技鑳界礆鍦栧拰鍘熷瓙鏍稿闆诲瓙 鎺掑竷鐨勮(gu墨)寰嬨€傚父瑕嬪厓绱犲師瀛愮殑鏍稿闆诲瓙鎺掑竷銆傚懆鏈熻〃涓厓绱犵殑鍒嗗崁(q奴)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗瑰緛锛涘師瀛愬崐寰�銆� 闆婚洟鑳姐€侀浕瀛愯Κ鍚堣兘鍜岄浕璨�(f霉)鎬х殑璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆� 绗節绔犲垎瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) 闆滃寲杌岄亾鐞嗚珫銆傚児灞ら浕瀛愬皪浜掓枼鐞嗚珫銆� 鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫銆� 绗崄绔� 鍥洪珨绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) 闆㈠瓙妤靛寲灏嶉嵉鍨�銆佹櫠鍨嬨€佺墿璩�(zh矛)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊�銆傛矮閸电殑褰㈡垚銆� 绗崄涓€绔� 閰嶅悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) 閰嶅悎鐗╁児閸电悊璜栫殑鍩烘湰瑕侀粸锛屾帉鎻¢厤鍚堢墿鐨勫咕浣曟(g貌u)鍨嬭垏涓績闆㈠瓙闆滃寲杌岄亾鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傚収(n猫i)杌� 鍨嬨€佸杌屽瀷閰嶅悎鐗�銆佷腑蹇冮洟瀛愬児闆诲瓙鎺掑竷鑸囬厤闆㈠瓙绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆佺鎬х殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傞厤鍚堢墿鏅堕珨鍫寸悊璜�锛� 涓績闆㈠瓙鍦ㄥ叓闈㈤珨鍫翠腑 d 闆诲瓙鐨勫垎甯冦€侀珮鑷棆鑸囦綆鑷棆閰嶅悎鐗�銆� 绗崄浜岀珷 s 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌 鍫块噾灞�銆佸牽鍦熼噾灞殑姘寲鐗┿€佹哀鍖栫墿銆侀亷姘у寲鐗┿€佽秴姘у寲鐗╃殑鐢熸垚鍜屽熀鏈€ц唱(zh矛)锛涘牽閲戝爆銆� 鍫垮湡閲戝爆姘哀鍖栫墿鍫挎€у挤寮辩殑璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆侀噸瑕侀菇椤炵殑婧惰В鎬у拰鐔辩┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆傞嫲銆侀埞?sh霉)濂跺帴搴戦櫌?br/>灏嶈绶氳(gu墨)鍓�銆� 绗崄浜岀珷 p 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌锛堜竴锛� 纭兼棌鍏冪礌鐨勯€氭€�锛屼箼纭肩兎鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛涙帉鎻′笁姘у寲浜岀〖銆佺〖閰哥祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨€ц唱(zh矛)銆佺〖鐮傜殑绲�(ji茅) 妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚〖鐨勯沟鍖栫墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 閶�銆佷笁姘у寲浜岄媮銆佹矮姘у寲閶佺殑鍏╂€�锛岄媮楣藉拰閶侀吀楣�銆侀媮鐨勯沟鍖栫墿銆� 纰虫棌鍏冪礌鐨勯€氭€у強纰崇殑鍠唱(zh矛)閲戝墰鐭�銆佺煶澧ㄣ€丆60 鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚啛鎮変竴姘у寲纰�銆佷簩姘у寲纰�銆� 纰抽吀鍙婂叾楣界殑閲嶈鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛岃兘鐢ㄩ洟瀛愭サ鍖栫悊璜栬鏄庣⒊閰搁菇鐨勭啽绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆� 纭呭柈璩�(zh矛)銆佺鐨勬矮鍖栫墿銆佷簩姘у寲纭�銆佺閰�銆佺鑶�銆佺閰搁菇銆佺鐨勯沟鍖栫墿鐨勯噸瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 閷�銆侀墰姘у寲鐗╋紝鐔熸倝閷�銆侀墰姘哀鍖栫墿鐨勯吀鍫挎€у強鍏惰畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰�锛屾帉鎻� Sn(II)鐨勯倓鍘熸€у拰 Pb(IV) 鐨勬哀鍖栨€�锛岄尗銆侀墰纭寲鐗╃殑婧惰В鎬�銆� 绗崄涓夌珷 p 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌锛堜簩锛� 姘垎瀛愮殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆傛皑鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)銆侀姩楣界殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆傛爱鐨勬哀鍖栫墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀閰哥殑绲�(ji茅) 妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)銆佺閰告牴鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀閰搁菇鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佷簽纭濋吀鍙婂叾楣界殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆� 纾风殑鍠唱(zh矛)鍙婂叾姘寲鐗�銆侀沟鍖栫墿銆佹哀鍖栫墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)銆傜7閰稿強鍏堕菇鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)銆備簽纾烽吀鐨勭祼(ji茅) 妲�(g貌u)銆� 鐮枫€侀娀銆侀墠姘у寲鐗╁拰姘村悎鐗╃殑閰稿牽鎬у強鍏惰畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰嬶紝鐮凤紙III锛�銆侀娀锛圛II锛�銆侀墠锛圛II锛夌殑閭� 鍘熸€у拰鐮凤紙V锛夈€侀娀锛圴锛�銆侀墠锛圴锛夌殑姘у寲鎬у強鍏惰畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰�锛岀牱銆侀娀銆侀墠鐨勭~鍖栫墿鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍙婄牱銆� 閵荤~浠i吀楣�銆� 姘ф棌鍏冪礌鐨勯€氭€�锛屾哀姘c€佽嚟姘�銆侀亷姘у寲姘殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)鐗归粸銆� 纭柈璩�(zh矛)鐨勫悓绱犵暟褰㈤珨銆丼8 鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傜~鍖栨矮锛圚2S锛夌殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆侀噾灞~鍖栫墿鐨勬寜婧惰В鎬у垎椤炪€� 澶氱~鍖栫墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婃€ц唱(zh矛)銆備簩姘у寲纭�(SO2) 鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屼簽纭吀锛圚2SO3锛夊強鍏堕菇鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆備笁姘у寲纭� 锛圫O3锛夌殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀~閰革紙H2SO4锛夊強鍏堕菇鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佺~浠i吀楣�銆侀亷浜岀~閰搁菇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆傜劍纭� 閰稿強鍏堕菇銆侀€d簩浜炵~閰稿強鍏堕菇鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)銆� 绗崄鍥涚珷 p 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌锛堜笁锛� 楣垫棌鍏冪礌鍚哀閰哥殑閰告€�銆佸惈姘ч吀鐨勯吀鎬у挤寮辩殑瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆侀沟绱犲惈姘ч吀鍙婂叾楣界殑姘у寲鎬ц畩鍖栬(gu墨) 寰�銆傛矮楣甸吀閰告€с€侀倓鍘熸€�銆佺┅(w臎n)瀹氭€у強鍏惰畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰嬶紱姘殑鍚哀閰哥┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆侀吀鎬�銆佹哀鍖栭倓鍘熸€ч仦 璁婅(gu墨)寰�銆侾 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌鍖栧悎鐗╂€ц唱(zh矛)閬炶畩瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆� 绗崄浜旂珷 d 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌锛堜竴锛� 閳�銆侀嚛鍙婂叾閲嶈鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆� 閴荤殑闆诲嫝鍦�锛屾帉鎻� Cr锛堚參锛�銆丆r锛堚叆锛夊寲鍚堢墿鐨勯吀鍫挎€�銆佹哀鍖栭倓鍘熸€у強鍏剁浉浜掕綁(zhu菐n)鍖�銆傞壃銆� 閹㈢殑閲嶈鍖栧悎鐗�銆� 閷崇殑闆诲嫝鍦�锛屾帉鎻� Mn锛堚叀锛�銆丮n锛堚叄锛�銆丮n锛堚叆锛夈€丮n锛堚叇锛夐噸瑕佸寲鍚堢墿鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆� Fe锛堚叀锛夈€丆o锛堚叀锛�銆丯i锛堚叀锛夐噸瑕佸寲鍚堢墿鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂叾璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰嬶紱 Fe锛堚參锛�銆丆o锛堚參锛�銆� Ni锛堚參锛夐噸瑕佸寲鍚堢墿鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂叾璁婂寲瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆傞惖銆侀埛銆侀幊鐨勯噸瑕侀厤鍚堢墿銆� 绗崄鍏珷 d 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌锛堜簩锛� 閵�銆侀妧銆侀媴鐨勬哀鍖栫墿銆佹矮姘у寲鐗┿€侀菇鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛孋u锛圛锛夊拰 Cu锛圛I锛夌殑鐩镐簰杞�(zhu菐n)鍖栵紝閵呯殑閰� 鍚堢墿銆傞媴銆侀帢銆佹睘鐨勬哀鍖栫墿锛岄帢銆佹睘鐨勬矮姘у寲鐗╃殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛孒g锛圛锛夊拰 Hg锛圛I锛夌殑鐩镐簰杞�(zhu菐n)鍖�锛� 閹�銆佹睘鐨勯厤鍚堢墿銆� 绗崄涓冪珷 f 鍗€(q奴)鍏冪礌 閼郴鍏冪礌鐨勯€氭€у拰绋€鍦熷厓绱犵殑閲嶈鍖栧悎鐗�銆� 涓夈€侀鍨� 瑭﹀嵎婊垮垎鐐� 150 鍒�锛屽叾涓細濉┖椤� 20 鍒�锛涢伕鎿囬 30 鍒嗭紱鍟忕瓟椤� 40 鍒�锛涚稖鍚堣▓绠楅 60 鍒嗐€� 鍥�銆佸弮鑰冩暀鏉� 1锛庛€婄劇姗熷寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬶紙绗簲鐗堬級锛屽ぇ閫g悊宸ュぇ瀛�(xu茅)绶ㄥ锛岄珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2006 骞�锛� 2锛庢婕㈠ぇ瀛�(xu茅)绶紙绗笁鐗堬級锛屻€婄劇姗熷寲瀛�(xu茅)銆�锛岄珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1997 骞�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠h〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛�锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€с€佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜嬭嚜琛屾牳瀵︾浉闂�(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|