|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
涓ぎ姘戞棌澶у纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛歌€冭│鍒濊│绉戠洰鑰冭│澶х侗
绉戠洰浠ｇ⒓锛�619 绉戠洰鍚嶇ū锛氭柊鑱炲偝鎾彶璜�
I锛庤€冩煡鐩
鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鍙茶珫鑰冭│娑佃搵鏂拌仦鐞嗚珫銆佷腑澶栨柊鑱炲偝鎾彶銆佸偝鎾鍩虹鐞嗚珫绛夊绉戝熀绀庤绋�銆�
瑕佹眰鑰冪敓绯荤当(t菕ng)鎺屾彙涓婅堪鏂拌仦鍌虫挱瀛稿绉戠殑鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫銆佸熀鏈煡璀樺拰鍩烘湰鏂规硶锛岃兘澶犻亱鐢ㄦ墍瀛哥殑
鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫銆佸熀鏈煡璀樺拰鍩烘湰鏂规硶鍒嗘瀽銆佸垽鏂峰拰瑙ｆ焙鏈夐棞鐞嗚珫鍟忛鍜屽闅涘晱椤�銆�
II锛庤€冭│褰㈠紡鍜岃│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
涓€銆佽│鍗锋豢鍒嗗強鑰冭│鏅傞枔
鏈│鍗锋豢鍒嗙偤 150 鍒�锛岃€冭│鏅傞枔鐐� 180 鍒嗛悩銆�
浜�銆佺瓟椤屾柟寮�
绛旈鏂瑰紡鐐洪枆鍗枫€佺瓎瑭︺€�
涓�銆佽│鍗峰収(n猫i)瀹圭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
锛堜竴锛夊繀绛旈鐐� 150 鍒�锛屽悇閮ㄥ垎鍏�(n猫i)瀹规墍鍗犲垎鍊肩偤锛氭柊鑱炵悊璜栫磩 60 鍒�锛涗腑澶栨柊鑱炲偝鎾�
鍙茬磩 60 鍒�锛屽叾涓鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾彶閮ㄥ垎鍗� 15 鍒嗗乏鍙筹紱鍌虫挱瀛稿熀绀庣悊璜栫磩 30 鍒�.
鍥�銆佽│鍗烽鍨嬬祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
鍚嶈瑙ｉ噵 5 閬� 4 椤�锛屾瘡灏忛 5 鍒嗭紝鍏� 20 鍒�锛涚啊绛旈 5 閬� 4 椤�锛屾瘡灏忛 10 鍒嗭紝鍏� 40
鍒�锛涘垎鏋愯珫杩伴 5 閬� 3 椤�锛屾瘡灏忛 30 鍒�锛屽叡 90 鍒�
鈪紟鑰冩煡鑼冨湇
绗竴閮ㄥ垎:鏂拌仦鐞嗚珫
銆愯€冩煡鐩銆�
1. 鐞嗚В鑸囨帉鎻℃柊鑱炲鐨勫熀鏈悊璜栵紝鑳界祼(ji茅)鍚堝闅涗締鐞嗚В鏂拌仦瀛哥悊璜�锛岃兘閬嬬敤鏂拌仦瀛哥悊璜栦締鍒�
鏋愬叿楂旀柊鑱炲韪愬拰鏂拌仦鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆�
2. 鐞嗚В鍜屾帉鎻℃柊鑱炲鐨勪富瑕佺爺绌舵柟娉�銆�
3. 鐞嗚В鍜屾帉鎻℃柊鑱炲偝鎾爺绌朵富瑕佹祦娲惧拰鍚勮嚜鐗归粸銆�
涓€銆佹柊鑱炲偝鎾鐨勬鍙茬櫦(f膩)灞�
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦瀛歌垏鏂拌仦鍌虫挱瀛�
锛堜簩锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱瀛稿湪瑗挎柟鐨勬紨璁婅垏鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堜笁锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱瀛稿湪涓湅鐨勬紨璁婅垏鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堝洓锛� 棣厠鎬濅富缇╂柊鑱炲偝鎾鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�
浜�銆佹柊鑱炪€佽伎璜栬垏瀹ｅ偝
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦鍏�(n猫i)娑靛垎鏋�
锛堜簩锛� 杓胯珫鑸囪伎璜栧舰鎴愮殑鐗归粸
锛堜笁锛� 瀹ｅ偝鐨勫収(n猫i)娑靛強鍏剁壒榛�
锛堝洓锛� 鏂拌仦鐨勭壒鎬ц垏鍔熻兘
涓�銆佹柊鑱炲偝鎾�
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勮绱犳(g貌u)鎴�
锛堜簩锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勫熀鏈煕鐩�
锛堜笁锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勬敹鍙椾富楂�
锛堝洓锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱妯″紡
鍥�銆佹柊鑱炲偝鎾殑鍩烘湰鍘熷墖
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勭湡瀵︽€у師鍓�
锛堜簩锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勫瑙€鎬у師鍓�
锛堜笁锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勫叕姝ｆ€у師鍓�
锛堝洓锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勫叏闈㈡€у師鍓�
锛堜簲锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱閬庣▼涓殑娌栫獊鑸囧崝(xi茅)瑾�(di脿o)
浜�銆佹柊鑱炲偝鎾簨妤�(y猫)
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱妤�(y猫)鐨勭敘(ch菐n)鐢熷拰鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堜簩锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱妤�(y猫)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鑸囧姛鑳�
锛堜笁锛� 鍏╃ó鎬ц唱(zh矛)涓嶅悓鐨勬柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)
锛堝洓锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱浜嬫キ(y猫)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熷拰鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑涓€鑸(gu墨)寰�
锛堜簲锛� 鐣朵唬鏂拌仦鍌虫挱妤�(y猫)鐨勫熀鏈壒寰�
鍏€佹柊鑱炶嚜鐢辫垏鏂拌仦鎺у埗
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦鑷敱鐨勫璩�(zh矛)鑸囧収(n猫i)瀹�
锛堜簩锛� 鏂拌仦鑷敱鐨勪締婧愯垏鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堜笁锛� 鏂拌仦鑷敱鐨勫熀鏈壒寰�
锛堝洓锛� 鏂拌仦鑷敱鐨勫鐝�(xi脿n)
锛堜簲锛� 鏂拌仦鎺у埗鐨勫璩�(zh矛)鑸囩壒寰�
锛堝叚锛� 鏂拌仦鎺у埗鐨勬柟寮�
锛堜竷锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鑷緥
涓�銆佹柊鑱炲偝鎾挵(hu谩n)澧�
锛堜竴锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐨勫収(n猫i)澶栫挵(hu谩n)澧�
锛堜簩锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鑸囩鎶€
锛堜笁锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鑸囩稉(j墨ng)婵�
锛堝洓锛� 鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鑸囨斂娌�
锛堜簲锛� 缍�(w菐ng)绲℃檪浠ｇ殑鏂拌仦鍌虫挱鐠�(hu谩n)澧�
绗簩閮ㄥ垎锛氬偝鎾鍩虹鐞嗚珫
銆愯€冩煡鐩銆�
1. 鐞嗚В鑸囨帉鎻″偝鎾鐨勫熀鏈悊璜�銆傝兘绲�(ji茅)鍚堝闅涗締鐞嗚В鍌虫挱瀛哥悊璜栵紝鑳介亱鐢ㄥ偝鎾鐞嗚珫渚嗗垎
鏋愬叿楂旀渚�銆�
2. 鐞嗚В鍜屾帉鎻″偝鎾鐨勪富瑕佺爺绌舵柟娉�銆�
3. 鐞嗚В鍜屾帉鎻″偝鎾鐮旂┒涓昏娴佹淳鍜屽悇鑷壒榛�銆�
4. 鑳藉緸濯掍粙鍜岀ぞ鏈冭畩閬风殑瑙掑害渚嗙悊瑙ｅ偝鎾拰鍌虫挱瀛革紝骞跺叿鍌欎竴瀹氱殑鎵瑰垽鍜屾€濊鲸鑳藉姏銆�
涓€銆佸偝鎾垏鍌虫挱瀛�
锛堜竴锛夊偝鎾殑娑电京
锛堜簩锛夊偝鎾殑椤炲瀷
锛堜笁锛夊偝鎾鐨勫瓡鑲�銆佸壍(chu脿ng)绔嬭垏鐧�(f膩)灞�
浜�銆佷汉椤炲偝鎾殑姝峰彶鑸囩櫦(f膩)灞�
锛堜竴锛夊緸鍕曠墿鍌虫挱鍒颁汉椤炲偝鎾�
锛堜簩锛変汉椤炲偝鎾殑鐧�(f膩)灞曢€茬▼
涓夈€佷汉椤炲偝鎾殑绗﹁櫉鍜屾剰缇�
锛堜竴锛夌铏熷湪浜洪鍌虫挱涓殑浣滅敤
锛堜簩锛変汉椤炲偝鎾腑鐨勬剰缇╀氦娴�
锛堜笁锛夎薄寰佹€хぞ鏈冧簰鍕�
鍥涖€佷汉椤炲偝鎾殑閬庣▼鑸囩郴绲�(t菕ng)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
锛堜竴锛夊偝鎾殑鍩烘湰閬庣▼
锛堜簩锛夌ぞ鏈冨偝鎾殑绯荤当(t菕ng)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
浜�銆佷汉鍏�(n猫i)鍌虫挱鑸囦汉闅涘偝鎾�
锛堜竴锛変汉鍏�(n猫i)鍌虫挱
锛堜簩锛変汉闅涘偝鎾�
鍏�銆佺兢楂斿偝鎾垏绲勭箶鍌虫挱
锛堜竴锛夌兢楂斿偝鎾�
锛堜簩锛夌祫绻斿偝鎾�
涓�銆佸ぇ鐪惧偝鎾�
锛堜竴锛夊ぇ鐪惧偝鎾殑瀹氱京銆佺壒榛�
锛堜簩锛夊ぇ鐪惧偝鎾殑绀炬渻鍔熻兘
锛堜笁锛夊ぇ鐪惧偝鎾殑绀炬渻褰遍熆
鍏�銆佸ぇ鐪惧偝鎾垏鎺у埗鐮旂┒
锛堜竴锛夆€滄妸闂滀汉鈥濈悊璜�
锛堜簩锛夊偝鎾埗搴﹁垏濯掍粙瑕�(gu墨)鑼冪悊璜�
涔�銆佸ぇ鐪惧偝鎾垏濯掍粙鐮旂┒
锛堜竴锛夊獟浠嬫妧琛撹垏绀炬渻鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堜簩锛夊獟浠嬬殑寰鐮旂┒
锛堜笁锛夐亥鍏嬬洤婕㈢殑濯掍粙鐞嗚珫
锛堝洓锛夊獟浠嬭瀺鍚�
鍗�銆佸ぇ鐪惧偝鎾垏鍙楃溇鐮旂┒
锛堜竴锛夆€滃ぇ鐪锯€濊垏澶х溇绀炬渻鐞嗚珫
锛堜簩锛� 骞剧ó涓昏鐨勫彈鐪捐
锛堜笁锛� 骞剧ó缍�(j墨ng)鍏哥殑鍙楃溇鐞嗚珫
鍗佷竴銆佸ぇ鐪惧偝鎾垏鏁堟灉鐮旂┒
锛堜竴锛夋晥鏋滅爺绌剁殑椤炲瀷鍙婁富瑕佽椤�
锛堜簩锛夊井瑙€鏁堟灉鐮旂┒锛氬嫺鏈嶈垏鎱�(t脿i)搴︽敼璁�
锛堜笁锛夊畯瑙€鏁堟灉鐮旂┒
鍗佷簩銆佹柊濯掗珨鍌虫挱
锛堜竴锛夋柊濯掗珨鐨勭晫瀹�
锛堜簩锛夋柊濯掗珨鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曢殠娈�
锛堜笁锛夌恫(w菐ng)绲＄櫦(f膩)灞曡垏绀炬渻璁婇伔
鍗佷笁銆佸湅闅涘偝鎾€佸叏鐞冨偝鎾�銆佹枃鍖栭枔鍌虫挱
锛堜竴锛夊湅闅涘偝鎾垏鍏ㄧ悆鍌虫挱鐨勫畾缇�
锛堜簩锛夊湅闅涘偝鎾垏鍏ㄧ悆鍌虫挱鐮旂┒鐨勯噸瑕佽椤�
鍗佸洓銆佸偝鎾鐮旂┒鏂规硶
锛堜竴锛夊鍦拌(di脿o)鏌ユ硶
锛堜簩锛夊収(n猫i)瀹瑰垎鏋愭硶
锛堜笁锛夋帶鍒跺椹楁硶
锛堝洓锛夊€嬫鐮旂┒娉�
锛堜簲锛夋繁搴﹁í璜囨硶
绗笁閮ㄥ垎锛氫腑澶栨柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
銆愯€冩煡鐩銆�
1锛庢簴纰鸿瓨瑷樹腑澶栨柊鑱炲彶涓婄殑閲嶈鍙插锛堝寘鎷汉鐗┿€佷簨浠�銆佸垔鐗╁拰姗熸(g貌u)绛夛級銆�
2锛庢纰虹悊瑙ｄ腑澶栨柊鑱炲彶涓殑鍩烘湰姒傚康鍜屽熀鏈悊璜�銆�
3锛庡湪鎺屾彙鍙插鐨勫熀绀庝笂锛岃兘姝ｇ⒑鐞嗚В涓鏂拌仦鍙蹭笂鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐨勫牨鍒婇鍨�銆佸牨閬撴祦娲惧拰鏂拌仦
鎬濇疆锛屽苟绲�(ji茅)鍚堟柊鑱炲偝鎾鐞嗚珫灏嶅叿楂旂従(xi脿n)璞￠€茶鍒嗘瀽銆�
涓€銆佷腑澶栨柊鑱炲彶鐨勫畯瑙€鐗瑰緛
锛堜竴锛夋瓙娲叉柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)姝峰彶鐧�(f膩)灞曟娉佸強鍏剁壒寰�
锛堜簩锛夌編娲叉柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)姝峰彶鐧�(f膩)灞曟娉佸強鍏剁壒寰�
锛堜笁锛変簽娲诧紙瑗夸簽闄ゅ锛夋柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)姝峰彶鐧�(f膩)灞曟娉佸強鍏剁壒寰�
浜�銆佽嫳鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
锛堜竴锛夎嫳鍦嬫棭鏈熺殑鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｅ牨鍒�
锛堜簩锛�1855 骞磋嚦 20 涓栫磤涓婂崐钁夛細鑻卞湅鐨勬柊鑱炵悊璜栬垏鍫卞垔澶х溇鍖栫殑瓒ㄥ嫝
锛堜笁锛夎嫳鍦嬪唬鎾浕瑕栨キ(y猫)鐨勮獣鐢熷拰鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堝洓锛夎嫳鍦� 20 涓栫磤 90 骞翠唬浠ュ悗寤ｆ挱闆昏妤�(y猫)鐨勬暩(sh霉)瀛楀寲
锛堜簲锛夎嫳鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)鐩墠鐨勬牸灞€鍙婁唬琛ㄦ€у獟楂�
鍥涖€佺編鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
锛堜竴锛�1733-1791 骞达細鐖彇鏂拌仦鍑虹増鑷敱鐨勬枟鐖�
锛堜簩锛�1830-20 涓栫磤涓婂崐钁夛細缇庡湅鎸佺簩(x霉)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鍫卞垔澶х溇鍖栬定鍕�
锛堜笁锛�19 涓栫磤鏈嚦 20 涓栫磤锛氱編鍦嬪牨鍦樼殑褰㈡垚鑸囩櫦(f膩)灞�
锛堝洓锛夌編鍦嬪唬鎾浕瑕栨キ(y猫)鐨勮獣鐢熷拰鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堜簲锛�20 涓栫磤鏈編鍦嬪獟浠嬮泦鍦樼殑澶у吋骞�
锛堝叚锛夌編鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)鐩墠鐨勬牸灞€鍙婁唬琛ㄦ€у獟楂�
浜�銆佹硶鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
锛堜竴锛�1789-1881 骞达細娉曞湅纰虹珛鏂拌仦鍑虹増鑷敱鐨勮繎鐧惧勾纾ㄩ洠
锛堜簩锛夋硶鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曠従(xi脿n)鐙€鍙婁富瑕佸獟楂�
鍏�銆佸痉鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
锛堜竴锛夊痉鍦嬫棭鏈熺殑鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｅ牨鍒�
锛堜簩锛夊痉鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曠従(xi脿n)鐙€鍙婁富瑕佸獟楂�
涓�銆佷縿鍦嬫柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
锛堜竴锛�1917-1925 骞达細铇囩董鍩冧縿鍦嬫柊鑱為珨鍒剁殑褰㈡垚
锛堜簩锛�1925-1991 骞达細铇囪伅(li谩n)鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�
锛堜笁锛夆€�8路19鈥濅簨浠跺悗淇勭緟鏂伅(li谩n)閭﹀叡鍜屽湅鐨勬柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)
鍏�銆佹棩鏈柊鑱炲偝鎾彶
锛堜竴锛夋槑娌荤董鏂板悗鏃ユ湰鎬ラ€熺櫦(f膩)灞曠殑鏂拌仦鍌虫挱妤�(y猫)
锛堜簩锛夋棩鏈柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)鐩墠鐨勬牸灞€鍙婁唬琛ㄦ€у獟楂�
涔�銆佷腑鍦嬫柊鑱炲彶
锛堜竴锛変腑鍦嬪彜浠ｇ殑鏂拌仦鍌虫挱娲诲嫊
锛堜簩锛夋棭鏈熷鍦嬩汉鍦ㄤ腑鍦嬬殑杈﹀牨娲诲嫊
锛堜笁锛夎繎浠ｄ腑鍦嬩汉鏃╂湡杈﹀牨娲诲嫊
锛堝洓锛夌董鏂拌畩娉曢亱鍕曟檪鏈熺殑杈﹀牨鐔辨疆
锛堜簲锛夎緵浜ラ潻鍛芥檪鏈熻硣鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆鏀硅壇娲惧強?锛涢€濆偦闇搆鍫辨椿鍕�
锛堝叚锛夎緵浜ラ潻鍛芥檪鏈熻硣鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆闈╁懡娲剧殑杈﹀牨娲诲嫊
锛堜竷锛夋皯鍦嬪垵骞村強鍖楁磱杌嶉枼绲�(t菕ng)娌诲垵鏈熺殑鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)
锛堝叓锛夆€滀簲鍥涒€濋亱鍕曟檪鏈熺殑鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)
锛堜節锛変腑鍦嬪叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄦ垚绔嬪墠鍚庡強澶ч潻鍛芥檪鏈熺殑鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)
锛堝崄锛夊崄骞村収(n猫i)鎴�(zh脿n)鏅傛湡鐨勬柊鑱炰簨妤�(y猫)
锛堝崄涓€锛夋姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖檪鏈熺殑鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)
锛堝崄浜岋級瑙ｆ斁鎴�(zh脿n)鐖檪鏈熺殑鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)
锛堝崄涓夛級寤哄湅鍚庣殑鏂拌仦浜嬫キ(y猫)锛�1949-1978 骞达級
锛堝崄鍥涳級鏀归潻闁嬫斁鍚庢柊鑱炰簨妤�(y猫)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�
锛堝崄浜旓級娓境鑷哄湴鍗€(q奴)鐨勬柊鑱炲偝鎾キ(y猫)
鍏嶈铂鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲★紝濡傛湁渚电姱锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛烇紝鑸囨湰缍�(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬с€佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜嬭嚜琛屾牳瀵︾浉闂滃収(n猫i)瀹广€�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
