|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
1
711 钘ュ(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)缍滃悎锛堜簩锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)閮ㄥ垎寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)澶х侗
涓€銆佽€冭│鎬ц唱(zh矛)
銆婅棩瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)缍滃悎銆嬬爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│绉戠洰鏄偤鎴戞牎鎷涙敹钘ュ(xu茅)涓€绱氬(xu茅)绉戠ⅸ澹爺绌�
鐢熻€屽鏂界殑姘村钩鑰冭│锛岄伕鎷斿叿鏈夎純鍏ㄩ潰鐨勮棩瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)鐞嗚珫鐭ヨ瓨鍜岀瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒鎶€鑳界殑瀛�(xu茅)
鐢�銆傚叾鎸囧皫(d菐o)鎬濇兂鏄棦瑕佹湁鍒╀簬鍦嬪灏嶉珮灞ゆ浜烘墠鐨勯伕鎷�锛屽張瑕佹豢瓒冲皥妤�(y猫)鍩归(y菐ng)灏嶅(xu茅)
鐢熸墍鍏峰倷鐨勫皥妤�(y猫)鍩虹(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨鐨勮姹傦紝鑰冭│灏嶈薄鐐哄弮鍔犳垜鏍¤棩瀛�(xu茅)涓€绱氬(xu茅)绉戠ⅸ澹爺绌剁敓
鍏ュ(xu茅)銆婅棩瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)缍滃悎銆嬭€冭│鐨勮€冪敓?锛熻崥鍣�?n猫i)瀹瑰拰瑕佹眰绨¤堪濡備笅锛�
浜�銆佽€冭│鐨勫熀鏈姹�
瑕佹眰瀛�(xu茅)鐢熸瘮杓冪郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭悊瑙ｅ拰鎺屾彙鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�銆佸熀鏈煡璀樸€佸熀鏈悊璜�銆�
鍩烘湰鏂规硶鍜屽熀鏈弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆傛帉鎻″悇椤炴湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鎬ч棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屽皪鍚勯閲嶈鐨�
鏈夋(j墨)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗘湁杓冨ソ鐨勭悊瑙ｏ紝灏嶆湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鐝�(xi脿n)鐙€鍙婂叾鑸囪棩瀛�(xu茅)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯绘湁鎵€浜嗚В
绛�锛屾帉鎻℃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈椹楁妧鑳姐€佷簡瑙ｅ拰鎺屾彙涓€浜涜В姹鸿垏鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鐨勫闅�
鍟忛鐨勫垵姝ョ煡璀樼瓑銆傛帉鎻″悇椤炴湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍩烘湰鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉曞強鍒嗘瀽閼掑畾鐨勬墜
娈电瓑锛岀偤瑙ｆ焙鍚勯鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鍟忛鍜屼粖鍚庡緸浜嬭棩瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒绛夋墦涓嬪熀绀�(ch菙)銆傜瓎瑭﹀収(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷�
鍏烽珨瀵﹂鏂规硶绛夈€傝兘缍滃悎閬�(y霉n)鐢ㄦ墍瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭煡璀樺垎鏋愬晱椤屽拰瑙ｆ焙鍟忛銆�
涓�銆佽€冭│鏂规硶鍜岃€冭│鏅傞枔
纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)銆婅棩瀛�(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)缍滃悎銆嬭€冭│鐐虹瓎瑭︼紝绺藉垎 300 鍒�锛岃€冭│鏅傞枔鐐� 3
灏忔檪銆傚叾涓€婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆嬬附鍒� 120 鍒�銆�
鍥�銆佸弮鑰冩浉
銆婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆嬬 3 鐗� 鐜嬬⿳婵ょ瓑绶� 鍗楅枊澶у(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�锛�2009
銆婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆嬶紙绗洓鐗堜笂涓嬪唺锛夎儭瀹忕磱绶紝楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀�锛�2013
浜斻€佽│椤岄鍨�
涓昏鍖呮嫭閬告搰椤�銆佸～绌洪锛堝洖绛斿晱椤屾垨瀹屾垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�銆佽В閲嬮锛堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗭級銆佸悎
鎴愰銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)椤岀瓑椤炲瀷锛屽苟鏍规摎(j霉)姣忓勾鐨勮€冭│瑕佹眰鍋氱浉鎳�(y墨ng)瑾�(di脿o)鏁�銆�
鍏�銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰
绗竴閮ㄥ垎 绶掕珫
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氭湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃櫦(f膩)灞曞彶銆佸垎椤炲強绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓畾
鎺屾彙锛氭湁姗�(j墨)閰稿牽鐨勬蹇�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氭湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐞嗚珫鍜屽叾鐗规€�
2
绗簩閮ㄥ垎 鐑风兇
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱兎鐑寸殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)
鎺屾彙锛氱兎鐑寸殑姘у寲銆佺噧鐕掑拰鐔辫鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀沟绱犳椿鎬ц垏鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閬告搰鎬�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌兎鐑寸殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹(g貌u)鍨嬪強妲�(g貌u)璞�锛涳紙2锛夐沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛�
锛�3锛夎嚜鐢卞熀鐨勬蹇靛強绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)娲绘€ц垏鑷敱鍩虹┅(w臎n)瀹氭€х殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岄亷娓℃厠(t脿i)鑸囨椿娲昏兘銆�
绗笁閮ㄥ垎 鐑兇
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱儻鐑寸殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佽仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)
鎺屾彙锛氶亷閰告哀鍖栵紝纭兼矮鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆佺茎姹炲寲-鑴睘鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽嚜鐢卞熀鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌儻鐑寸殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶏紱锛�2锛夐爢鍙嶇暟妲�(g貌u)楂�銆佹搴忚(gu墨)鍓囧強闆欓嵉妲�(g貌u)鍨嬫(bi膩o)瑷�
娉�锛涳紙3锛夌儻鐑寸殑鍌寲鍔犳矮锛涳紙4锛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷姞 HX锛屽姞 X2锛屽姞 H2SO4锛屽姞
HOX锛岀〖姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婄儻鐑寸殑浜岃仛绛�锛涳紙5锛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯Μ姘忥紙Markovnikov锛夎(gu墨)
鍓�锛涳紙6锛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岀⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愮殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺┅(w臎n)瀹氭€у強閲嶆帓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄沟閹撻洟瀛�锛�
锛�7锛夌儻鐑寸殑姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷 KMnO4 姘у寲锛岃嚟姘у寲锛涳紙8锛壩� -姘殑楣典唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘
鎷珮婧沟浠ｏ紝NBS 绛�锛涳紙9锛夌挵(hu谩n)鐑兇鍔犳垚鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛屽弽寮忓姞鎴愯垏闋嗗紡鍔犳垚锛涳紙10锛�
鐑兇鐨勫埗娉�锛屽寘鎷沟浠ｇ兎鑴沟鍖栨矮銆侀唶鐨勮劔姘村強閲嶆帓銆�
绗洓閮ㄥ垎 鐐旂兇鍜屼簩鐑兇
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氳秴鍏辫粵鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鐨勬蹇�
鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚倲鐑寸殑瑕牳鍔犳垚锛涗簩鐑兇鐨勫垎椤�锛涜仛闆嗕簩鐑兇锛涘叡鎸珫锛涚儻鐑�
鍙婁簩鐑兇鐨勮仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌倲鐑�銆佸叡杌涗簩鐑兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶏紱锛�2锛夌倲鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氱倲姘殑
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀倲閸电殑鍌寲姘寲銆侀伕鎿囨€ч倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃垏楣电礌銆佹隘鍖栨矮绛夎Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀倲
閸电殑姘村悎锛涳紙3锛夊叡杌涗簩鐑兇鐨� 1锛�2 鍜� 1锛�4 鍔犳垚锛涚媱鐖炬柉-闃垮痉鐖撅紙Diels-Alder锛�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夊叡鎸珫鐨勫熀鏈煡璀�锛岀儻涓欏瀷纰虫闆㈠瓙锛宲-蟺 鍏辫粵銆�
绗簲閮ㄥ垎 鑴傜挵(hu谩n)鐑�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
鎺屾彙锛氳剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑寸殑鍒嗛锛岀挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涚挵(hu谩n)涓欑兎銆佺挵(hu谩n)涓佺兎銆佺挵(hu谩n)鎴婄兎鍜屽叚鍏冪挵(hu谩n)浠�
涓婄殑鐠�(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勬(g貌u)璞�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氳剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑�銆佹⿱鐠�(hu谩n)鍜岃灪鐠�(hu谩n)鐨勫懡鍚�锛涜剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑寸殑妲�(g貌u)閫犵暟妲�(g貌u)鑸囬爢鍙嶇暟妲�(g貌u)锛涚挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎
鐨勬(g貌u)璞�銆乤 閸靛拰 e 閸电殑姒傚康銆佸彇浠ｇ挵(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勫劒(y艒u)鍕㈡(g貌u)璞�銆傝剛鐠�(hu谩n)鐑村寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
3
绗叚閮ㄥ垎 鑺崇兇
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氳嫰鐨勫垎瀛愯粚閬撴ā鍨�锛岃捊鍜岃彶鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃嚧鐧岃姵鐑�锛岄沟浠ｈ嫰鐨勮Κ鏍稿彇
浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽嫰鐐旀(j墨)鐞�
鎺屾彙锛氳嫰鐨勫姞鎴�銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涘叡鎸珫灏嶈Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強娲诲寲浣滅敤鐨勮В閲嬶紱
鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘鑻熀鍙栦唬鐑风兇鐨勫埗鍌欏強鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涜悩鐨勬哀鍖栧拰閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夎嫰鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岃姵棣欐€х殑姒傚康锛岃嫰琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍚屽垎鐣版(g貌u)鍙婂懡鍚�锛涳紙2锛夎嫰
鐨勮Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷沟浠�銆佺鍖�銆佺：鍖栧強鍌咃紞鍏嬪弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙3锛夎Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛�
锛�4锛夎姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婅Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€�銆佷簩鍙栦唬鑻殑瀹氫綅鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸畾浣嶆晥
鎳�(y墨ng)鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙5锛夌兎鍩鸿嫰鑺抽鍋�(c猫)閺堢殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽伌(c猫)閺堢殑姘у寲鍙婂伌(c猫)閺堥沟浠ｏ紱锛�6锛�
鐑熀鑻殑鍒舵硶鍙婂叾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙7锛夎伅(li谩n)鑻殑鍛藉悕銆佽Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婄珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙8锛夎悩銆�
钂�銆佽彶鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂叾琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍛藉悕锛岃悩鐨勯沟浠�銆佺鍖�銆佺：鍖�銆佸倕锛嶅厠?锛涱姮顕墧H闆�
鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屼竴鍙栦唬钀樼殑瀹氫綅鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙9锛夎姵棣欐€ц垏浼戝厠鐖�(H眉ckel)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囷紱锛�10锛夐潪
鑻姵棣欏寲鍚堢墿锛氱儻涓欏熀姝ｉ洟瀛�銆佺挵(hu谩n)鎴婁簩鐑熀璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佺挵(hu谩n)搴氫笁鐑闆㈠瓙銆佺挵(hu谩n)杈涘洓鐑�
闆欒矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佽吉鐑�銆佽杹銆�
绗竷閮ㄥ垎 绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氬亸鎸厜鏈夐棞(gu膩n)姒傚康锛涙棆鍏夊剙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽娑堟棆楂旀媶鍒�锛屼笉灏嶇ū鍚堟垚
鎺屾彙锛氭墜鎬т腑蹇冪殑鐢�(ch菐n)鐢燂紱绔嬮珨閬告搰鎬ц垏绔嬮珨灏堜竴鎬�锛屾墜鎬у垎瀛愬湪鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑绔嬮珨鍖�
瀛�(xu茅)
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑鍒嗛銆佸皪鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂斿拰鎵嬫€х殑姒傚康锛氾紙2锛夊垎瀛愮殑鎵嬫€у拰灏�
绋卞洜绱�锛屽皪绋遍潰銆佸皪绋变腑蹇�銆佸洓閲嶆洿鏇垮皪绋辫桓銆佹墜鎬т腑蹇冪瓑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛涳紙3锛夋(g貌u)鍨�
鍜屾(g貌u)鍨嬫(bi膩o)瑷橈細灏嶆槧鐣扮墿楂旂殑琛ㄧず娉曞強妲�(g貌u)鍨嬬殑鍛藉悕锛屽寘鎷� R/S銆丏/L 娉�銆佽不姝囩埦
锛團ischer锛夋姇褰卞紡銆佸倶褰㈡姇褰卞紡銆佺磹鏇硷紙Newman锛夋姇褰卞紡銆侀嫺鏋跺紡锛涳紙4锛夊惈鏈�
涓€鍊嬫墜鎬х⒊鍘熷瓙鐨勫寲鍚堢墿锛屽皪鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽娑堟棆楂�锛涳紙5锛夊惈鏈夊叐鍊嬫墜
鎬х⒊鍘熷瓙鐨勫寲鍚堢墿锛岄潪灏嶆槧鐣版(g貌u)楂�銆佸収(n猫i)娑堟棆楂旂殑姒傚康鍙婂叾鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)宸暟锛岃槆鍨�銆�
璧ゅ瀷鐨勬蹇�锛涳紙6锛夌挵(hu谩n)鐙€鍖栧悎鐗╂(g貌u)鍨嬬殑琛ㄧず鏂规硶鍙婃(g貌u)鍨嬬殑鍛藉悕锛屾(g貌u)璞＄暟妲�(g貌u)鍜屾(g貌u)鍨嬬暟
妲�(g貌u)锛涳紙7锛変笉鍚墜鎬х⒊鍘熷瓙鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鏃嬪厜鐣版(g貌u)锛屼笝浜岀儻鍨�銆佽伅(li谩n)鑻瀷銆佽灪鐠�(hu谩n)鍨嬬瓑鍖栧悎
鐗╃殑绔嬮珨鐣版(g貌u)锛涳紙8锛夎嚜鐢卞熀鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙9锛夋秹鍙婄⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭珛楂�
鍖栧(xu茅)锛涳紙10锛夌儻鐑磋垏楣电礌鍔犳垚銆佺儻鐑寸殑鍌寲姘寲銆佺儻鐑寸殑纭兼矮鍖栨哀鍖�銆佺儻鐑寸殑閯�
浜岀茎鍩哄寲銆佺儻鐑磋垏娆￠沟閰哥殑鍔犳垚銆佺儻鐑寸殑鐠�(hu谩n)姘у寲銆佺媱鐖炬柉锛嶉樋寰风埦鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨�
4
绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)銆�
绗叓閮ㄥ垎 楣典唬鐑�
浜嗚В锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢洟瀛愬皪姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涢劙鍩哄弮鑸囷紱鑺崇挵(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕牳鍙栦唬锛涜嫰鐐斿弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛�
澶氶沟鐑峰拰姘熶唬鐑�
鎺屾彙锛氶沟浠ｇ兎鐨勫垎椤�锛浳� 娑堥櫎锛涢沟浠ｇ兎鐨勯倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涜Κ鏍稿彇浠ｅ拰娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭鐖�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐沟鐑寸殑鍒嗛銆佸懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛涳紙2锛夐沟浠ｇ兇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€х殑涓€鑸(gu墨)寰嬶紱锛�2锛�
姘磋В銆侀唶瑙�銆佹皑瑙�銆佹鞍瑙ｃ€侀吀瑙�銆佽垏鐐斿弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏纭濋吀閵€鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婇沟绱犱氦鎻涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛夐噸
瑕佺殑瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夋秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓殑鑴隘鍖栨矮銆佽劔楣电礌绛�锛涳紙5锛夎垏娲绘綉閲戝爆鐨�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷垏閹�銆侀垑銆侀嫲鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃€冮浄锛嶈豹鏂紙Corey锛岺ouse锛夌兎鐑村悎鎴愭硶锛涳紙6锛�
瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞嗗強褰遍熆鍥犵礌锛涳紙7锛夋秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞�銆丼aytzeff 瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧強 E2 娑�
闄ょ殑绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)锛涳紙8锛夐沟浠ｇ兇鐨勫埗娉�銆�
绗節閮ㄥ垎 閱囧拰閰�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氶唶鐨勭７閰搁叝銆侀唶鐨勫偓鍖栬劔姘�
鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢唶鑸� HX 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐唶鍜岄厷鐨勫懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夋矮閸电殑姒傚康锛涳紙3锛変竴鍏冮唶
鑸� Na銆丮g銆丄l 绛夐噾灞殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢唶琚沟绱犲彇浠ｇ殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛圚X锛孡ucas 瑭﹀姂锛孭X3锛孲OCl2锛�锛�
閱囪劔姘村舰鎴愮儻鍙婇啔鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涚敓鎴愮～閰搁叝銆佺：閰搁叝鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涢唶鐨勬哀鍖栵紙Jones 瑭�
鍔戙€佹椿鎬� MnO2銆丱ppenauer 姘у寲銆並MnO4銆並2Cr2O7/H2SO4銆丼arrett 瑭﹀姂锛�锛涳紙4锛夐唶
鍙栦唬鍜屾秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓殑閲嶆帓锛涳紙5锛変簩鍏冮唶鐨勬哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夊毈鍝唶閲嶆帓锛涳紙7锛夐唶鐨�
鍒舵硶锛涳紙8锛夐厷鐨勯吀鎬�锛涢厷鑺崇挵(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢厷閰殑褰㈡垚鍜� Fries 閲嶆帓锛涢厷閱氱殑
褰㈡垚鍜� Claisen 閲嶆帓锛涳紙9锛夐厷鐨勫埗娉曪紱锛�10锛夌～閱囩殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
绗崄閮ㄥ垎 閱氬拰鐠�(hu谩n)姘у寲鐗�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱～閱囧拰纭啔鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岄啔鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛汣laisen 閲嶆帓姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涘洓姘悺鍠冮啔鐨勫舰鎴愬拰鏂疯銆侀啔閸电殑淇濊(h霉)閱�
鐨勮嚜鍕曟哀鍖�锛涘啝閱氱殑鍛藉悕銆佸悎鎴愬強鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涚浉杞�(zhu菐n)绉诲偓鍖栥€�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐啔鐨勫懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夐拝缇� 楣界殑褰㈡垚鍜岄啔閸电殑鏂疯锛�
鍙斾竵鍩洪啔鐨勬柗瑁�銆佺兎鍩猴紞鑺冲熀閱氱殑鏂疯銆佷箼鐑熀鍨嬮啔鐨勬柗瑁�锛涳紙3锛塁laisen 閲嶆帓
鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�4锛夌挵(hu谩n)姘у寲鍚堢墿鐨勯枊鐠�(hu谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆侀枊鐠�(hu谩n)鏂瑰悜鍙婄珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)锛涳紙5锛�
閱囪劔姘村埗鍌欓啔銆佸▉寤夊閬滈啔鍚堟垚娉�銆佺兎姘ф睘鍖栵紞鑴睘鍒跺倷閱�銆佷箼鐑熀閱氱殑鍒舵硶锛�
5
锛�6锛夌挵(hu谩n)姘у寲鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒跺倷銆�
绗崄涓€閮ㄥ垎 閱涘拰閰�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氶啗銆侀叜鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛岄啗銆侀叜鑸囨按鐨勫姞鎴�锛岀茎閱涚府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯吀鍌寲
姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岄唽鐨� 1锛�6 鍔犳垚锛涜仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
鎺屾彙锛氬牽鍌寲楣典豢鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涚府閱涘舰鎴愮殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涜垏姘ㄨ鐢熺墿鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紱缇�
鍩哄姞鎴愮殑绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)锛涢唽鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚儻閰殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢唽鐨勫懡鍚�銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夐啗銆侀叜鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶈垏娉㈣瓬鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夎垏 HCN銆丯aHSO3銆丷OH銆佺～
閱�銆佹按銆侀噾灞湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╁強缇ヨ兒銆佽偧銆佽嫰鑲笺€佸彇浠ｈ嫰鑲�銆佹皑鍩鸿劜绛夋皑琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍔�
鎴愮敘(ch菐n)鐗╄垏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛岀景鍩虹殑淇濊(h霉)锛岀景鍩轰笂鐨勮Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗗強鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€�锛涳紙3锛壩� 姘�
鐨勬椿娼戞€�锛岄叜寮忥紞鐑唶寮忓钩琛�锛屛� 楣典唬銆侀沟浠垮弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙4锛夌茎閱涚府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)
锛堝垎瀛愰枔锛屽垎瀛愬収(n猫i)鍙婁氦鍙夌茎閱涚府鍚堬級鍙婂叾鍚堟垚姘寸殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽牽鍌寲姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涳紙5锛夋哀鍖�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛孠MnO4/H
+
銆並2Cr2O7-H2SO4銆乀ollens 瑭﹀姂銆丗ehling 瑭﹀姂銆佹嫓鑰剁埦锛嶇董绔嬫牸
锛� Baeyer 锛� Villiger 锛� 姘� 鍖� 鍙� 鎳�(y墨ng) 锛涳紙 6 锛� 閭� 鍘� 鍙� 鎳�(y墨ng) 锛� Clemmensen 閭� 鍘� 銆�
Wolff-Kishner-榛冮炒榫嶉倓鍘熴€佸偓鍖栨矮鍖�銆丮eerwein-Ponndorf 閭勫師銆丩iAlH4銆丯aBH4
閲戝爆姘寲鐗╅倓鍘熷強绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)銆侀噾灞倓鍘�銆侀叜鐨勯洐鍒嗗瓙閭勫師銆佸悍灏兼墡缇咃紙Cannizzaro锛�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙7锛夊叾瀹冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀董鐙勫笇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛圵itting锛夊強鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆佸畨鎭绺悎銆佽垏 PCl5 浣�
鐢�銆佽矟鍏嬫浖锛圔eckman锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙8锛夐啗閰殑鍒跺倷鏂规硶锛岀敱鐐旂兇姘村悎鎴栬優浜岄沟浠ｇ墿
姘磋В銆佺敱鐑兇鍒跺倷銆佺敱鑺宠剛鐑存哀鍖�銆佺敱閱囨哀鍖栨垨鑴矮銆佸倕锛嶅厠閰板熀鍖�銆佽搵寰锋浖锛�
鏌但锛圙attermann锛岾och锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀厷閱涘痉鍒跺倷绛�锛涳紙9锛壩� 锛屛� 涓嶉＝鍜岄啗閰殑鍒跺倷銆�
1锛�2 鍜� 1锛�4 鍔犳垚锛氳垏 HCN銆佹牸寮忚│鍔戙€佺兇鍩洪嫲銆佷簩鐑村熀閰嫲銆佹矮楣甸吀銆侀沟绱犵瓑
寰峰姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岄倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂叾閬告搰鎬�锛岄亥鍏嬬埦鍔犳垚锛孌-A 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
绗崄浜岄儴鍒� 鏍哥鍏辨尟鍜岃唱(zh矛)璀�
浜嗚В锛氭牳纾佸叡鎸拰璩�(zh矛)璀滅殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊銆�
鎺屾彙锛氬奖闊垮寲瀛�(xu茅)浣嶇Щ鐨勫洜绱犵瓑锛岄洟瀛愬垎瑁傜殑涓€鑸(gu墨)寰嬬瓑銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氭牳纾佸叡鎸拰璩�(zh矛)璀滆瓬鍦栧垎鏋�锛屽(xu茅)鏈冩摎(j霉)姝ゆ帹鏂风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
绗崄涓夐儴鍒� 绱呭鑸囩传澶栧厜璀�
浜嗚В锛氱磪澶栬垏绱鍏夎瓬鐨勫熀鏈師鐞�銆�
鎺屾彙锛氶嵉鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鑸囩磪澶栧惛鏀剁殑闂�(gu膩n)绯诲強鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩传澶栧惛鏀剁殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氫笉鍚屽畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍦ㄧ磪澶栭牷鍗€(q奴)鐨勭壒寰佸惛鏀�锛屾渻鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ磪澶栬垏绱鍏夎瓬閫�(j矛n)琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
6
纰鸿瓑銆�
绗崄鍥涢儴鍒� 缇ч吀
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛欿olbe 闆昏В锛屛� -H 琚沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛涙皑鍩洪吀鐨勯’鑹插弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屾皑鍩洪吀
鐨勪締婧愬拰鍚堟垚锛屽鑲姐€佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)銆侀叾鍙婃牳閰�
鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽彇浠ｈ姵閰搁吀鎬х殑瑙ｉ噵锛屾补鑴傜殑姘磋В銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌晶閰�銆佸彇浠ｇ晶閰哥殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夐吀鎬�銆佸奖闊跨晶閰�
閰告€х殑鍥犵礌銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺珛楂旀晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙3锛夌晶閰哥殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃垏鍫跨殑浣�
鐢�銆侀叝鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃(j墨)鐞嗐€侀叞姘殑褰㈡垚銆侀叞鑳虹殑褰㈡垚銆侀吀閰愮殑褰㈡垚銆佷集閰拌兒鑴按褰㈡垚
鑵�銆佺晶閰哥殑閭勫師銆佄� 楣典唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹饥鏂媱鍏嬶紙Hunsdiecker锛夈€佺瑗匡紙Kochi锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
锛�4锛変簩鍏冭劔缇х殑閰告€у拰鐔卞垎瑙ｅ弽銆佄� -缇у熀閰哥殑鑴晶鎳�(y墨ng)銆佄� -閰吀鐨勮劔缇ф噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙5锛�
缇ч吀鐨勫埗鍌欐柟娉�锛岀兇鐨勬哀鍖栥€侀唶鍜岄啗鐨勬哀鍖�銆佽厛鐨勬按瑙�銆佺敱鏍煎紡瑭﹀姂鍒跺倷銆�
Kolbe-Schmitt 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夐沟浠ｉ吀銆佺茎鍩洪吀鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
绗崄浜旈儴鍒� 缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氭补鑴�銆佸師閰搁叝銆侀叝鐨勯倓鍘熺府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛坅cyloin锛�銆侀叝鐨勭啽娑堝幓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚⒊閰歌鐢熺墿锛涢叝鐨勯吀鎬ф按瑙ｆ(j墨)鐞�銆佺⒊閰歌鐢熺墿
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶈垏鍏夎瓬鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛夌晶閰歌鐢熺墿姘磋В銆侀唶
瑙�銆佹皑瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岀晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勭浉浜掕綁(zhu菐n)鍖�锛涳紙3锛夐叝鍫挎€ф按瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岀晶閰歌鐢熺墿
鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)娲绘€�锛涳紙4锛夎垏閲戝爆瑭﹀姂鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氶叞姘垏浜岀兇鍩洪叜閶般€佷簩鐑村熀閹樼殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄叝
鑸囨牸姘忚│鍔戠殑鍔犳垚锛岃厛鑸囨牸姘忚│鍔戠殑鍔犳垚锛涳紙5锛夌晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勯倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氭矮鍖栭嫲
閶侀倓鍘�锛孯osenmund 閭勫師锛孊ouveault-Blanc 閭勫師锛涳紙6锛夐叞鑳虹殑閰稿牽鎬�銆佽搵甯冪憺
鐖撅紙Gabriel锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆丠ofmann 闄嶈В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
绗崄鍏儴鍒� 缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╂秹鍙婄⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛� Darzen 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛岀晶閰�銆侀叝銆佽厛伪 纰宠矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勭敓鎴�銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃噳(y墨ng)
鐢�
鎺屾彙锛氱墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涚⒊閰歌鐢熺墿锛涢叝鐨勯吀鎬ф按瑙ｆ(j墨)鐞�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛壩� 姘殑閰告€у拰浜掕畩鐣版(g貌u)锛岋紙2锛夐叝绺悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀仼鐢ㄨ寖鍦�銆佺敘(ch菐n)鐗╃壒寰�
鍙婂弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗐€丏ieckmann 閰府鍚�銆侀叝绺悎鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�3锛変箼閰颁箼閰镐箼閰殑
鐑村寲銆侀叞鍩哄寲銆侀吀寮忓垎瑙�銆侀叜寮忓垎瑙ｅ強鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙4锛変笝浜岄吀浜屼箼閰殑鍒�
鍌�銆佺兇鍖�銆侀叞鍩哄寲銆佽劔缇у弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�5锛夌府鍚堢敘(ch菐n)鐗╁拰鍏跺畠闆欓噸伪 姘�
7
鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鐑村熀鍖栧強鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙6锛夋秹鍙娢� 纰宠矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勫叾瀹冭Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙�
鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢紝Knoevenagel 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丮ichael 鍔犳垚銆丷eformatsky 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丏arzen
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丳erkin 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
绗崄涓冮儴鍒� 鏈夋(j墨)鍚爱鍖栧悎鐗�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氱鍩虹殑闆欏垎瀛愰倓鍘�銆佸伓姘寲鍚堢墿鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涜兒灏嶆槧楂旂殑鑹茶瓬鎶€琛�(sh霉)鎷嗗垎锛�
Bucherer 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆丮annich 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鎺屾彙锛氱鍩虹殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛涚鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鍙婅兒鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛涢噸姘菇鐨勯倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夌鍩哄皪鑻挵(hu谩n)涓婇劙銆佸皪浣嶄笂鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鎬х殑褰遍熆锛岃姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕牳鍙�
浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃(j墨)鐞�锛岀鍩虹殑閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃伅(li谩n)鑻兒閲嶆帓鍙婂湪鍚堟垚涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�2锛夎兒鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
鍒嗛銆佸懡鍚�銆佽兒鐨勭珛楂旂暟妲�(g貌u)鍙婅兒鐨勬尝璀滄€ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙3锛夎兒鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氬牽鎬у強鎴愰菇锛�
鐑峰熀鍖栧拰瀛ｉ姩鍖�锛�?锛涱嚡绐侀厠锛�?锛岃垏浜炵閰哥殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀儻鑳虹殑
鐢熸垚鍙婂湪鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛涘彅鑳烘哀鍖栧拰绉戞郸锛圕ope锛夋秷鍘诲弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夊閵ㄩ菇鐨勫舰
鎴�锛岀浉杞�(zhu菐n)绉诲偓鍖栵紝瀛ｉ姩鍫跨殑褰㈡垚锛孒ofmamn 娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)瑕�(gu墨)寰嬨€佺珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙婂湪鑳虹祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
娓畾涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛涳紙5锛夐噸姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜岄噸姘菇锛岄噸姘熀鐨勭疆鎻涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)琚紙F銆丆l銆丅r銆両銆�
CN銆丱H銆丠銆佽姵鍩虹瓑鍙栦唬锛夊強鍏跺湪鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢紱锛�6锛夊伓鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂伓姘煋鏂�锛涳紙7锛�
閲嶆爱鐢茬兎绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽崱璩撶殑鐢熸垚锛涳紙8锛夎兒鐨勫埗娉曪細楣典唬鐑存皑瑙�锛孏abriel 鍚堟垚
娉�锛岀鍩洪倓鍘燂紝鑵�銆侀叞鑳�銆佽偀鐨勯倓鍘�锛岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勯倓鍘熻兒鍖�銆佷集閰拌兒鐨� Hofmann
閲嶆帓銆�
绗崄鍏儴鍒� 鍗�(xi茅)鍚屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)
涓€鑸簡瑙ｏ細闆荤挵(hu谩n)鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗归粸鍜屽叾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍘熺悊銆�
鎺屾彙锛氱挵(hu谩n)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜屜� -閬风Щ
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛歔4+2]鐠�(hu谩n)鍔犳垚銆�
绗崄涔濋儴鍒� 纰虫按鍖栧悎鐗�
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氬绯栵紙娣€绮�銆佺簴缍礌锛�锛涚挵(hu谩n)绯婄簿
鎺屾彙锛氬绯栵紙钄楃硸銆佷钩绯�銆佺簴缍簩绯栥€侀亥鑺界硸锛夌殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氬柈绯栵紙浠ヨ憽钀勭硸鐐轰緥锛夌殑闁嬮張绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀挵(hu谩n)鐙€绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勮〃绀烘硶鍜屽懡鍚�锛汧ischer
鎶曞奖寮忓拰 Haworth 閫忚寮忎箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛涘柈绯栫殑鍎�(y艒u)鍕㈡(g貌u)璞�锛涘柈绯栫殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝樊鍚�
鐣版(g貌u)鍖�銆佹垚鑻峰弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏鍚爱瑭﹀姂鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺硸鑴庣殑鐢熸垚绛夛級銆�
绗簩鍗侀儴鍒� 闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�
8
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氬槍鍟夌殑姣嶆牳鍙婄法铏�銆侀洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍚堟垚銆佺敓鐗╁牽鐨勯憭瀹氬拰鎻愬彇銆�
骞剧ó閲嶈鐨勭敓鐗╁牽
鎺屾彙锛氱劇鐗瑰畾鍚嶇ū绋犻洔鐠�(hu谩n)鐨勬瘝鏍稿懡鍚�锛涘悺鍠冮叜鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛涘悺鍡�銆佸櫊鍡殑鍛藉悕锛屽槯鍟�
鐨勮Κ闆诲強瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涘槯鍟堕鐨勫悎鎴�銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氾紙1锛夊憢鍠�銆佸櫥鍚�銆佸悺鍜殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佽姵棣欐€�銆侀吀鍫挎€�銆佽Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙2锛�
鍛嬪杻鐢查啗鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙3锛夊悺鍜殑鐗规畩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙4锛夊挭鍞�銆佸悺鍞�銆佸櫥鍞戠殑鍛藉悕锛屼簰璁婄暟
妲�(g貌u)鍙婁富瑕佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙5锛夊惒鍝氱殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婅Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夊悺鍟剁殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
鍛藉悕鍙婂寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涳紙7锛夊柟鍟�銆佺暟鍠瑰晧鐨勫懡鍚嶅強鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涘柟鍟夌殑 Skraup 鍚堟垚娉曪紱
锛�8锛夊槯鍟剁殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶅強姘存憾鎬с€佸牽鎬�銆�
绗簩鍗佷竴閮ㄥ垎 姘ㄥ熀閰�銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍜屾牳閰�
浜嗚В锛氳泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勫垎椤炪€佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆佷唬璎�锛涢叾鐨勫偓鍖栫壒鎬�锛涙牳閰哥殑绲勬垚銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
鍔熻兘銆�
鎺屾彙锛氬鑲界殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懡鍚�锛涘鑲界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬脯瀹氬拰澶氳偨鍚堟垚銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氭皑鍩洪吀绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸垎椤炲拰鍛藉悕锛屾皑鍩洪吀鐨勫熀鏈悊鍖栨€ц唱(zh矛)锛屾皑鍩洪吀鐨勪締婧愯垏
鍚堟垚銆�
绗簩鍗佷簩閮ㄥ垎 鑴傝偑銆佽悳銆佺斁鏃忓寲鍚堢墿
浜嗚В锛堢悊瑙ｏ級锛氶洐鐠�(hu谩n)鍠悳椤炪€佺⒊鏋跺拰鍛藉悕锛涚斁鏃忓寲鍚堢墿鐨勬(g貌u)璞″垎鏋�
鎺屾彙锛氬柈鐠�(hu谩n)鍠悳銆侀洐鐠�(hu谩n)鍠悳涓殑鑻х儻銆佹鑵�锛岄緧鑵�銆佺暟榫嶈叇鐨勫懡鍚�銆�
閲嶉粸鎺屾彙锛氳悳椤炵殑鐣版垔浜岀儻瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛涚斁楂斿寲鍚堢墿鐨勫熀鏈⒊鏋�銆佺法铏燂紙瑷樹綇骞惧€嬪熀鏈�
姣嶆牳鍚嶇ū锛�锛涚斁楂斿寲鍚堢墿鐨勬(g貌u)鍨嬪拰妲�(g貌u)璞★紙姝ｇ郴锛屽垾绯伙級銆�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘紝璜嬭伅(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛烇紝鑸囨湰缍�(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬с€佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜嬭嚜琛屾牳瀵︾浉闂�(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
