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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
鏆ㄥ崡澶у鏉愭枡缍滃悎鑰冭│澶х侗锛�2018 骞达級
銆婃潗鏂欑稖鍚堛€嬫豢鍒� 150 鍒�锛岃€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷€婂熀绀�(ch菙)鍖栧銆嬨€併€婃潗鏂欑瀛稿熀绀�(ch菙)銆嬪叐
闁€瑾茬▼鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆傝€冪敓鏍规摎(j霉)鑷繁鐨勫皥妤�(y猫)鑳屾櫙鍜屾湭渚嗘摤寰炰簨鐨勫皥妤�(y猫)鐮旂┒鏂瑰悜锛屽緸涓换閬�
鍏朵腑涓€闁€瑾茬▼鍏�(n猫i)瀹归€茶浣滅瓟銆�
涓€銆佸熀绀�(ch菙)鍖栧鑰冭│澶х侗
I 鑰冨療鐩
鍩虹(ch菙)鍖栧鑰冭│娑佃搵鍖栧鐔卞姏瀛搞€佸寲瀛稿嫊鍔涘銆佸師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佽啝楂斿拰婧舵恫鍙婃淮瀹�
鍒嗘瀽绛夊咕鍊嬫柟闈㈢殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆傝姹傝€冪敓姣旇純绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勬帉鎻″熀绀�(ch菙)鍖栧涓婅堪鏂归潰鐨勬蹇点€佸熀
鏈師鐞嗗拰鏂规硶锛岃兘澶犻亱鐢ㄦ墍瀛哥殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鍜屽熀鏈柟娉曞垎鏋愩€佸垽鏂峰拰瑙ｆ焙鏈夐棞(gu膩n)鐞嗚珫
鍜屽闅涘晱椤�銆�
II 鑰冭│褰㈠紡鍜岃│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
1.瑭﹀嵎婊垮垎鍙婅€冭│鏅傞枔
鏈│鍗锋豢鍒嗙偤 150 鍒�锛岃€冭│鏅傞枔鐐� 180 鍒嗛悩銆�
2.绛旈鏂瑰紡
鏈│鍗风瓟椤屾柟寮忕偤闁夊嵎銆佺瓎瑭�銆�
3.瑭﹀嵎椤屽瀷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
姒傚康椤� 15 鍒�
濉┖椤� 20 鍒�
閬告搰椤� 30 鍒�
绨＄瓟椤� 20 鍒�
缍滃悎椤� 65 鍒�
III 鑰冨療鑼冨湇
姘ｉ珨鑸囨憾娑�
1.鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨
鍒嗗瓙鏈韩涓嶅崰楂旂⿳锛屽垎瀛愰枔娌掓湁鐩镐簰浣滅敤鍔涚殑姘ｉ珨銆�
2.鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鏂圭▼
pV = nRT
3.閬撶埦闋撳垎澹撳畾寰�
娣峰悎姘ｉ珨鐨勭附澹撳姏绛変簬鍚勭祫鍒嗗垎澹撲箣鍜屻€�
4.鐩革紙姒傚康锛�
楂旂郴涓墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鍜屽寲瀛告€ц唱(zh矛)瀹屽叏鐩稿悓鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎绋辩偤鐩�銆�
5.绋€婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬�
钂告苯澹�-> 椋藉拰钂告苯澹撹垏闆ｆ憾闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勮捀姹藉 p=pB
*
xB锛�
娌� 榛�-> 娌搁粸銆佹甯告哺榛炪€佸嚌鍥洪粸鐨勬蹇�锛�
婧惰唱(zh矛)灏嶄簬婧舵恫娌搁粸鍜屽嚌鍥洪粸鐨勫奖闊� 鈻砊b=Kbb锛屸柍Tf=Kfb
婊查€忓-> 婊查€忚垏婊查€忓鐨勬蹇�锛�
袩V=nRT锛� 袩=cRT銆�
6.鑶犻珨婧舵恫
鍕曞姏鎬ц唱(zh矛)-> 甯冩湕閬嬪嫊鐨勬蹇佃垏瀵﹁唱(zh矛)锛�
鍏夊鎬ц唱(zh矛)-> 涓侀仈鐖剧従(xi脿n)璞＄殑姒傚康鑸囧璩�(zh矛)锛�
闆诲鎬ц唱(zh矛)-> 闆绘吵鐝�(xi脿n)璞＄殑瀵﹁唱(zh矛)锛岃啝鍦橀洐闆诲堡绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
Zeta 闆讳綅鐨勫畾缇�锛�
褰遍熆婧惰啝绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€у拰灏庤嚧鑱氭矇鐨勫洜绱�锛�
鑶犲湗绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛�
楂樺垎瀛愭憾娑茶垏鍑濊啝鐨勭壒榛�銆�
鍖栧鐔卞姏瀛稿熀绀�(ch菙)
1.鍩烘湰姒傚康
绯荤当(t菕ng)銆佺挵(hu谩n)澧�銆佺媭鎱�(t脿i)銆佺媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)銆侀亷绋�銆侀€斿緫锛�
2.鐔卞姏瀛哥涓€瀹氬緥
鑳介噺鍦ㄨ綁(zhu菐n)鍖栫殑閬庣▼涓附鍊间笉璁婏紙鑳介噺瀹堟亽瀹氬緥锛�锛屸柍U=Q-W
3.绛夊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鑸囩瓑澹撳弽鎳�(y墨ng)
绛夊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)->楂旂⿳淇濇寔涓嶈畩锛岄珨绯讳笉浣滈珨绌嶅姛锛學=0锛屸柍U=QV
绛夊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)->澹撳姏淇濇寔涓嶈畩锛孮p=H2-H1=鈻矵
4.鐔卞寲瀛告柟绋嬪紡
瀹氱京锛氳〃绀哄寲瀛稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囧叾鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑鍖栧鏂圭▼寮忥紱
鐔卞姏瀛告婧栫媭鎱�(t脿i)锛氭績搴�銆佸鍔�銆佹韩搴︼紱
妯欐簴鐒撹畩
5.钃嬫柉瀹氬緥
瀹氱京锛氫笉璜栧寲瀛稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鏄竴姝ュ畬鎴愰倓鏄垎姝ュ畬鎴�锛屽叾鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)绺芥槸鐩稿悓鐨�銆�
6.鐢熸垚鐒�
鐢熸垚鐒撹垏妯欐簴鐢熸垚鐒撶殑瀹氱京鑸囪▓绠�锛�
鍖栧閸甸嵉鑳借垏鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐒撹畩鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛�
7.鐔卞姏瀛哥浜屽畾寰�
瀛ょ珛楂旂郴鐨勪换浣曡嚜鐧�(f膩)閬庣▼锛岄珨绯荤殑鐔电附鏄鍔犵殑銆�
8.鐔佃垏妯欐簴鎽╃埦鐔�
鐔�->楂旂郴娣蜂簜搴︾殑琛￠噺鍙冩暩(sh霉)锛�
鐔卞姏瀛哥涓夊畾寰�->0K 鏅�锛屼换浣曠磾鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勫畬鏁存櫠楂旂殑鐔靛€肩偤闆讹紱
妯欐簴鎽╃埦鐔�->妯欐簴鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓� 1mol 鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勭喌鍊�锛�
鐔靛€煎ぇ灏忚垏鑱氶泦鎱�(t脿i)銆佸垎瀛愬京闆滅▼搴�銆佸垎瀛愰噺鍜屽垎瀛愭(g貌u)鍨嬬殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�
9.鍚夊竷鏂嚜鐢辫兘
鍚夊竷鏂嚜鐢辫兘涔熺ū鐐鸿嚜鐢辩創锛孏=H-TS
鍚夊竷鏂�-璧闇嶈尣鏂圭▼寮忥細灏嶄簬绛夋韩绛夊閬庣▼锛屸柍G=鈻矵-T鈻砈
10. 妯欐簴骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)
妯欐簴骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勫畾缇�锛�
姘ｉ珨鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹憾娑插弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜屽京鐩稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬婧栧钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鐨勮〃閬斿紡锛�
11.鍖栧骞宠
鐢ㄦ婧栧钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鍒ゆ柗鑷櫦(f膩)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏂瑰悜锛�
鍖栧骞宠 鐨勭Щ鍕曪紙婵冨害銆佸鍔涘拰婧害灏嶅钩琛＄殑褰遍熆锛�
鍖栧鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼
1.鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勮〃绀烘柟寮忥細
ttt
j
?
?
?
?
?
?
???
12
12
锛�
2.鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鑸囬潪鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐗╁垎瀛愬湪纰版挒涓竴姝ョ洿鎺ヨ綁(zhu菐n)鍖栫偤鐢熸垚鐗╁垎瀛愮殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绋辩偤鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
3.璩�(zh矛)閲忎綔鐢ㄥ畾寰�
鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗╂績搴︿互鏂圭▼寮忎腑鍖栧瑷堥噺鏁�(sh霉)鐨勭禃灏嶅€肩偤涔�
鍐殑涔樼⿳鎴愭姣�锛�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗╂績搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�-> b
B
a
A
ckcv ??
4.鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熷害鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�
RT
Ea
Aek
?
?
5.鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熷害鐞嗚珫
纰版挒鐞嗚珫->瀹氱京銆佹椿鍖栬兘锛堟蹇碉級锛�
閬庢浮鎱�(t脿i)鐞嗚珫->瀹氱京锛�
6.绱氭暩(sh霉)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鐗归粸
涓€绱氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)
浜岀礆鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
瑙ｉ洟骞宠
1.瑙ｉ洟骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)
灏嶄簬涓€鍏冨急閰�->
? ?? ? ? ?? ?
? ? ?
??
?
cHBc
cBccHc
K a
/
//
??
?
灏嶄簬涓€鍏冨急鍫�->
? ?? ? ? ?? ?
? ? ?
??
?
cMOHc
cOHccMc
K b
/
//
??
?
绋€閲嬪畾寰�->婧舵恫鐨勮В闆㈠害鑸囨績搴︾殑骞虫柟鏍规垚鍙嶆瘮锛� ? ???
ccKa a
/?
鍚岄洟瀛愭晥鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囬菇鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛�
2.澶氬厓寮遍吀鐨勮В闆㈠钩琛�
3.姘寸殑瑙ｉ洟鑸� pH 妯欏害
姘寸殑闆㈠瓙绌嶅父鏁�(sh霉)->涓€瀹氭韩搴︿笅姘翠腑姘洟瀛愯垏姘哀鏍归洟瀛愭績搴︿箻绌嶇偤甯告暩(sh霉)
pH= ? ??
? H?lg 锛宲H= ? ? ?
cHc /lg
?
? 锛宲OH= ? ??
? OH?lg 锛宲H+pOH=14
4.楣介姘磋В
涓€鍏冨挤鍫垮急閰搁菇鐨勬按瑙�-> ? ? ?
?
c
c
K
K
cOHc
a
w
???
?
涓€鍏冨挤閰稿急鍫块菇鐨勬按瑙�-> ? ? ??
?
?
c
c
K
K
cHc
b
W
???
?
涓€鍏冨急閰稿急鍫块菇鐨勬按瑙�-> ? ? ?
??
?
b
aW
K
KK
cHc ?
?
澶氬厓寮遍吀寮峰牽楣界殑姘磋В-> ? ? ?
?
?
c
c
K
K
cOHc
a
W
??
?
2
鍙€冩叜涓€绱氭按瑙�
褰遍熆楣介姘磋В鐨勫洜绱�
5.绶╂矕婧舵恫
绶╂矕婧舵恫鐨勫師鐞�
绶╂矕婧舵恫閰稿害瑷堢畻鍏紡->
? ?
? ?閰�
楣�
c
c
pKpH a
lg??
?
6.閰稿牽鐞嗚珫
閰稿牽鐨勮唱(zh矛)瀛愯珫
閰稿牽鐨勯浕瀛愯珫
鍏辫粵閰稿牽
7.娌夋穩鐨勭敓鎴愬拰婧惰В
婧跺害绌嶅父鏁�(sh霉)鐨勫畾缇╁拰瑷堢畻
濡備綍鍒ゆ柗娌夋穩鏄惁鐢熸垚锛孮i 鍜� ?
sp
K 鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯诲皪娌夋穩鐨勫奖闊垮強鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻
姘у寲閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
1.姘у寲鏁�(sh霉)
姘у寲鏁�(sh霉)鐨勫畾缇�
2.姘у寲閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忕殑閰嶅钩
3.鍘熼浕姹�
鍘熼浕姹犵殑绲勬垚鑸囩铏熻〃绀烘硶
妯欐簴闆绘サ闆诲嫝
妯欐簴闆绘サ闆诲嫝鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
4.鑳芥柉鐗规柟绋�
闆绘サ闆讳綅鐨勮兘鏂壒鏂圭▼琛ㄧず娉�
婧舵恫婵冨害灏嶉浕妤甸浕浣嶇殑褰遍熆锛堣兘澶犻€茶鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻锛�
5.鍚夊竷鏂嚜鐢辫兘鑸囬浕鍕曞嫝鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�
GrE
??W 锛� nFEGr
??? 鑳藉閫茶鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷堢畻
6.闆绘サ闆诲嫊鍕㈢殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
闆绘サ闆诲嫊鍕㈢殑瑷堢畻
鍒╃敤闆绘サ闆诲嫊鍕㈠垽鏂锋哀鍖栭倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬柟鍚�
妯欐簴闆绘サ闆诲嫊鍕㈠拰骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)
鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
1.姘厜璀滆垏鐜荤埦鐞嗚珫
姘厜璀滈€氬紡-> ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?? ? 2
2
2
1
111
nn
R
?
鐜荤埦鐞嗚珫鐨勫熀鏈亣瑷�(sh猫)
鑷櫦(f膩)韬嶉伔鐨勮蓟灏勯牷鐜� ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?? 2
2
2
1
11
nnh
A
v
2.娉㈢矑浜岃薄鎬�
mv
h
??
3.娓笉婧栧師鐞� hPx x
????
4.钖涘畾璜ゆ柟绋�
钖涘畾璜ゆ柟绋嬬殑瀵硶-> ? ? 0
8
22
2
2
2
2
2
???
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
????
VE
h
m
zyx
钖涘畾璜ゆ柟绋嬬殑鐗╃悊鎰忕京
娉㈠嚱鏁�(sh霉)? 鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇�
5锛庨噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)
涓婚噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)
瑙掗噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)
纾侀噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)
鑷棆閲忓瓙鏁�(sh霉)
6.娉㈠嚱鏁�(sh霉)鑸囬浕瀛愪簯鍦栧舰
娉㈠嚱鏁�(sh霉)瑙掑害鍒嗗竷鍦� ?
?
cos
4
3
?zp
Y
闆诲瓙浜戣搴﹀垎甯冨湒
闆诲瓙浜戝緫鍚戝垎甯冨湒->r
2
R
2
鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇�锛沺=R
2
r
2
dr锛�
7.鍘熷瓙鏍稿闆诲瓙鎺掑竷
灞忚斀鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鍜岀┛閫忔晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛堟蹇碉級
闆诲瓙鎺掑竷涓夎(gu墨)鍓囷細淇濆埄涓嶇浉瀹瑰師鐞�銆佽兘閲忔渶浣庡師鐞嗐€佹椽鐗硅(gu墨)鍓囷紱
8.鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧厓绱犲懆鏈熷緥
鍘熷瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧厓绱犳€ц唱(zh矛)闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�
闆婚洟鑳斤紙姒傚康锛�
闆诲瓙瑕悎鑳斤紙姒傚康锛�
鍏卞児閸佃垏鍒嗗瓙闁撳姏
1.鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｅ児閸电悊璜�
2.鍏卞児閸电殑鐗规€�
椋藉拰鎬�銆佹柟鍚戞€�銆佸叡鍍归嵉鐨勯鍨�
3.闆滃寲杌岄亾鐞嗚珫
闆滃寲銆侀洔鍖栬粚閬撶殑姒傚康锛�
闆滃寲杌岄亾鐨勭壒鎬�锛�
闆滃寲杌岄亾鐨勯鍨�
4.鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫
鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫鐨勫熀鏈榛�锛�
鍘熷瓙杌岄亾绲勫悎鎴愬垎瀛愯粚閬撶殑涓夋鍘熷墖锛�
鑳界礆鍦�锛�
鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫鐨勭啊鍠噳(y墨ng)鐢�
5.鍒嗗瓙鐨勬サ鎬у拰鍒嗗瓙闁撲綔鐢ㄥ姏
鍒嗗瓙闁撲綔鐢ㄥ姏->鑼冨痉鑿姏锛堥潨闆诲姏銆佽獦灏庡姏銆佽壊鏁ｅ姏锛�
鑼冨痉鑿姏鐨勭壒榛�
6.姘嵉
姘嵉鐨勫舰鎴�
鍒嗗瓙鍏�(n猫i)姘嵉鑸囧垎瀛愰枔姘嵉
姘嵉鐨勫叐鍊嬬壒鎬�
閰嶄綅鍖栧悎鐗�
1.閰嶄綅鍖栧悎鐗�
閰嶄綅鍖栧悎鐗╃殑瀹氱京
閰嶄綅鍘熷瓙锛堟蹇碉級銆侀厤浣嶆暩(sh霉)锛堟蹇碉級
閰嶅悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕
2.閰嶅悎鐗╃殑鍖栧閸垫湰璩�(zh矛)
鍍归嵉鐞嗚珫->伪 閰嶉嵉鑸囅€ 閰嶉嵉锛屽収(n猫i)杌岃垏澶栬粚閰嶅悎鐗�
婊村畾鍒嗘瀽
1. 妯欐簴婧舵恫鐨勯厤鍒�
2. 婊村畾鍒嗘瀽鐨勮▓绠�
3. 鍒嗘瀽绲�(ji茅)鏋滅殑瑾ゅ樊
鍋剁劧瑾ゅ樊
绯荤当(t菕ng)瑾ゅ樊
鍋忓樊
婧栫⒑搴�
绮惧瘑搴�
4. 閰稿牽婊村畾
甯歌閰稿牽鎸囩ず鍔戝強鍏惰畩鑹茶寖鍦�
閰稿牽妯欐簴婧舵恫鐨勯厤鍒跺拰妯欏畾
5. 姘у寲閭勫師婊村畾
楂橀尦閰搁墍娉曠殑鍘熺悊
楂橀尦閰搁墍妯欐簴婧舵恫鐨勯厤鍒跺拰妯欏畾
纰橀噺娉�
纰橀噺娉曟婧栨憾娑茬殑閰嶅埗鍜屾瀹�
纰橀噺娉曠殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
IV 瑭﹂绀轰緥
濡傛灉楂旂郴缍�(j墨ng)閬庝竴绯诲垪璁婂寲锛屾渶鍚庡張璁婂洖鍒濆鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛屽墖楂旂郴鐨�
A. Q=0,W=0,鈻砋=0,鈻矵=0; B. Q鈮�0,W鈮�0,鈻砋=0,鈻矵=Q;
C. Q=-W,鈻砋=Q+W,鈻矵=0; D. Q鈮燱,鈻砋=Q+W,鈻矵=0;
涓嬪垪鐗╄唱(zh矛)涓�锛屼笉灞簬鍏跺叡杌涢吀鍫跨殑鏄�
A. NH
4+
,NH3; B. HF,H2F
+
; C. NH3,NH
2-
; D. H3O
+
,OH
-
涓嬪垪鍒嗗瓙涓紝鍋舵サ鐭╃偤闆剁殑鏄�
A. NF3; B. NO2; C. PCl3; D. BCl3
涓嬪垪姘寲鐗╀腑锛岀啍榛炴渶浣庣殑鏄�
A. HgCl2; B. FeCl3; C. FeCl2; D. ZnCl2
涓嬪垪鍒嗗瓙鍜岄洟瀛愪腑锛岄嵉鑳芥渶澶х殑鏄�
A. N2; B. O
2+
; C. NO; D. CN
-
涓嬪垪鍒嗗瓙鍜岄洟瀛愪腑锛屽叿鏈夐爢纾佹€х殑鏄�
A. NO
+
; B. [Fe(CN)6]
4-
; C. B2; D. CO
涓嬪垪鐗╄唱(zh矛)涓�锛岄倓鍘熸€ф渶寮风殑鏄�
A. HF; B. PH3; C. NH3; D. H2S
鍚岀墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勯噺婵冨害鐨勪笅鍒楅洟瀛愬湪閰告€т粙璩�(zh矛)涓�锛屾哀鍖栨€ф渶寮风殑鏄�
A. SO4
2-
; B. ClO
-
; C. ClO4
-
; D. H3IO6
2-
纭吀浜炵閰告牴浜旀皑鍚堥埛(III)鐨勫寲瀛稿紡鏄痏______
(NH4)3[CrCl(SCN)4]鐨勫鍚嶆槸____________;
鑷� 鐒� 鐣� 涓� 纭� 搴� 鏈€ 澶� 鐨� 鍠� 璩�(zh矛) 鏄� _______________; 鐔� 榛� 鏈€ 楂� 鐨� 閲� 灞� 鍏� 绱� 鏄�
____________.
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夐€氶亷闆滃寲杌岄亾鐞嗚珫瑾槑 SiCl4銆丳Cl3銆丱F2 鐨勫垎瀛愬咕浣曟(g貌u)鍨嬪苟瑙ｉ噵鍏朵腑
閸佃鐨勮畩鍖�銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夊皣鐒¤壊纭濋吀楣� A 鍔犲叆姘翠腑锛岀敓鎴愮櫧鑹叉矇娣€ B 鍜屾緞娓呮憾娑� C銆傚悜 C 涓€�
鍏� H2S 鐢熸垚榛戣壊娌夋穩 D锛孌 涓嶆憾浜� NaOH 婧舵恫锛屼絾鍙互婧朵簬楣介吀銆傚悜 C 涓淮鍔� NaOH
婧舵恫鐢熸垚鐧借壊娌夋穩 E锛孍 涓嶆憾浜庨亷閲� NaOH 婧舵恫锛岃│瀵嚭 A銆丅銆丆銆丏銆丒 鐨勫寲瀛稿紡銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夌従(xi脿n)浠ｅ児閸电悊璜栧拰鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫鍦ㄨ◣璜栧叡鍍瑰垎瀛愭垚閸垫檪锛屾渶涓昏鐨勫崁(q奴)鍒�
鏄粈涔堬紵鍒嗘瀽姘ф埃鍏锋湁闋嗙鎬ф檪鍝ó鐞嗚珫鏇村悎鐞�锛�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛塁HCl3 鍦� 40 鏀濇皬搴︾殑钂告苯澹撶偤 49.3kPa锛屽湪姝ゆ韩搴︿笅 98.6kPa 澹撳姏涓�锛�
4 鍗囩┖姘ｏ紙缍滃悎椤岋級閫氶亷 CHCl3锛屾眰锛�1锛夌┖姘ｅ拰 CHCl3 娣峰悎姘ｉ珨鐨勯珨绌嶆槸澶氬皯锛�
锛�2锛夎绌烘埃甯惰蛋鐨� CHCl3 璩�(zh矛)閲忔槸澶氬皯锛�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夊湪 250ml 瀹瑰櫒涓鍏ユ湭鐭ユ埃楂� 101.3kPa锛屾姘ｉ珨鐨勮唱(zh矛)閲忕偤 0.164 鍏�锛�
瑭﹂婧害鐐� 25 鏀濇皬搴�锛屾眰瑭叉埃楂旂殑鐩稿皪鍒嗗瓙璩�(zh矛)閲�銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛�450 鍏嬫按钂告埃鍦� 101.3kPa 鍜� 100 鏀濇皬搴︿笅鍑濈祼(ji茅)鎴愭按锛屽凡鐭ユ按鐨勮捀鐧�(f膩)
鐔辩偤 2.26kJg-1锛岃▓绠楁閬庣▼鐨� W銆佲柍H 鍜屸柍U銆�
锛堢啊绛旈锛変笅鍒楄娉曟槸鍚︽纰�锛岀偤浠€涔堬紵锛�1锛夋斁鐔卞弽鎳�(y墨ng)閮借兘鑷櫦(f膩)閫茶锛涳紙2锛夌喌
鍊艰畩澶х殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閮借兘鑷櫦(f膩)閫茶锛涳紙3锛� 0??
?
mr
G 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)閮借兘鑷櫦(f膩)閫茶锛涳紙4锛夌┅(w臎n)瀹氬柈璩�(zh矛)
瑕�(gu墨)瀹氬畠鐨� 0,0,0 ?????
???
mmfmf
SGH 锛涳紙5锛夌敓鎴愮墿鐨勫垎瀛愭暩(sh霉)姣斿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗╁锛岃┎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鐨� 0??
?
mf
G
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夊皪浜庡弽鎳�(y墨ng) 4HBr(g)+O2(g)->2H2O(g)+2Br2(g)锛岋紙1锛夊湪涓€瀹氭韩搴︿笅娓� HBr
璧峰婵冨害鐐� 0.0100M锛�10s 鍚� HBr 鐨勬績搴︾偤 0.0082M锛岃▓绠楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍦� 10s 鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫钩鍧�
閫熺巼锛涳紙2锛夊鏋滀笂杩版暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鏄� O2 鐨勬績搴�锛屽墖瑭插弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫钩鍧囬€熺巼鍙堟槸澶氬皯锛�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛�301K 鏅傜墰濂惰畩閰搁渶瑕� 4h锛屼絾鏄湪 278K 鐨勫啺绠变腑鍓囬渶瑕� 48h锛屽槈瀹氬弽
鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囦究绠楁檪闁撴垚鍙嶆瘮锛岃│瑷堢畻鐗涘ザ璁婇吀鐨勬椿鍖栬兘銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛塒Cl5 鍔犵啽鍚庯紝鍒嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)寮忕偤 PCl5(g)=PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)锛屽湪 10L 瀵嗛枆瀹�
鍣ㄤ腑瑁濇湁 2mol PCl5锛屾煇婧害鏅傛湁 1.5mol PCl5 鍒嗚В锛屾眰瑭叉韩搴︿笅鐨� K螛銆傝嫢鍦ㄨ┎
瀵嗛枆瀹瑰櫒涓€氬叆 1mol Cl2锛孭Cl5 鐨勫垎瑙ｇ櫨鍒嗘暩(sh霉)鐐哄灏�锛�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夐叝鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng) C2H5OH(l)+CH3COOH(l)=CH3COOC2H5(l)+H2O(l)鍙繎浼肩湅鍋氱悊鎯�
婧舵恫鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆傚湪 298K 鏅傦紝鑻ュ皣 2mol C2H5OH 鑸� 2mol CH3COOH 娣峰悎锛屽钩琛℃檪鍚勭ó鐗�
璩�(zh矛)鏈� 2/3 璁�?y艒u)妯寕鏅岄摡锛濋Д?138 鍏� C2H5OH 鑸� 120 鍏� CH3COOH 鍦� 298K 娣峰悎锛屾眰骞�
琛℃贩鍚堢墿涓湁澶氬皯 CH3COOC2H5 鐢熸垚锛�
锛堢啊绛旈锛変笅鍒楄娉曟槸鍚︽纰�锛岀偤浠€涔�锛燂紙1锛夊嚒鏄菇閮芥槸寮烽浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)锛涳紙2锛塀aSO4锛�
AgCl 闆ｅ浜庢按锛屾按婧舵恫灏庨浕涓嶉’钁�锛屾晠鐐哄急闆昏В璩�(zh矛)锛涳紙3锛夎В闆綔鐢ㄦ槸鍏堥€氶浕锛�
鐒跺悗瑙ｉ洟锛屾憾娑插氨鑳藉皫闆讳簡锛涳紙4锛夋皑姘寸█閲嬩竴鍊�锛屾憾娑蹭腑鐨� c(OH
-
)灏辨笡灏戠偤鍘熶締
鐨勪竴鍗�锛涳紙5锛塇Cl 婧舵恫鐨勬績搴︾偤 HAc 婧舵恫婵冨害鐨勪竴鍊嶏紝鍓囧墠鑰呯殑 c(H
+
)涔熸槸鍚庤€�
鐨勪竴鍊�銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夎閰嶇疆 250mL锛宲H 鍊肩瓑浜� 5 鐨勭珐娌栨憾娑诧紝闇€瑕佸湪 125mL 1M 鐨� NaAc
婧舵恫涓姞澶氬皯 6M 鐨� HAc 鍜屾按锛�
锛堢啊绛旈锛夌敤璩�(zh矛)瀛愯珫鍒ゆ柗涓嬪垪鐗╄唱(zh矛)閭ｄ簺鏄吀锛屽摢浜涙槸鍫匡紝鍝簺鍗充娇閰稿張鏄牽锛�
(1)[Al(H2O)6]
3+
;(2)HS
-
;(3)CO3
2-
;(4)H2PO4
-
;(5)NH3;(6)HSO4
-
;(7)NO3
-
;(8)HCl;(9)A
c
-
;(10)OH
-
;(11)H2O
锛堢稖鍚堥锛�0.01M鐨凚aCl2婧舵恫5mL锛岀█閲嬪埌1000mL锛屽姞鍏�0.01M鐨凨2SO4婧舵恫0.5mL锛�
鏈夌劇娌夋穩鏋愬嚭锛�
锛堢啊绛旈锛夐厤骞充笅鍒楀寲瀛稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忥細
(1)As2O3+HNO3+H2O->H3AsO4+NO;(2)K2Cr2O7+H2S+H2SO4->K2SO4+Cr2(SO4)3+S+H2O;
(3)K2MnO4+H2O->KmnO4+MnO2+KOH;(4)KOH+Br2->KBrO3+KBr+H2O
(5)Zn+HNO3->Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+H2O;(6)I2+Cl2+H2O->HCl+HIO3
(7)MnO4
-
+H2O2+H
+
->Mn2
+
+O2+H2O
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夊涓嬪弽鎳�(y墨ng) H2+
2
1
O2=H2O锛屛� rG
螛
=-237kJ路mol
-1
鍜� C+O2=CO2, 螖 rG
螛
=-394kJ路mol
-1
;閮借兘瑷�(sh猫)瑷堟垚鍘熼浕姹�锛岃▓绠楀畠鍊戠殑闆诲嫊鍕� E
螛
銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夊埄鐢ㄧ幓鐖剧悊璜栫殑杌岄亾鑳介噺鍏紡锛岃▓绠楁矮鍘熷瓙鐨勯浕瀛愬緸绗簲鑳界礆韬嶉伔鍒�
绗簩鑳界礆鎵€閲嬫斁鐨勮兘閲忓強璀滅窔鐨勬尝闀�銆�
锛堢啊绛旈锛夌啊杩板洓鍊嬮噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇╁拰閲忓瓙鍖栨浠躲€�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛塊I 鐨勬櫠鏍艰兘锛圲锛夌偤-631.9kJmol
-1
锛岄墍鐨勫崌鑿啽 S锛圞锛夌偤 90.0 kJmol
-1
锛�
閴€鐨勯浕闆㈣兘锛圛锛夌偤 418.9 kJmol
-1
锛岀鐨勫崌鑿啽 S锛圛2锛夌偤 62.4 kJmol
-1
锛岀鐨勯洟
瑙ｈ兘锛圖锛夌偤 151 kJmol
-1
锛岀鐨勯浕瀛愯Κ鍚堣兘锛圗锛夌偤 310.5 kJmol
-1
锛屾眰纰樺寲閴€鐨�
鐢熸垚鐔憋紙螖 fH锛�銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夎│鐢ㄩ洔鍖栬粚閬撶悊璜栬鏄� BF3 鏄钩闈笁瑙掑舰鑰� NF3 鍗绘槸涓夎閷愬舰銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛夋牴鎿�(j霉)鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾鐞嗚珫鍒ゆ柗 O2
+
銆丱2銆丱2
-
銆丱2
2-
鐨勯嵉绱氬拰鍠浕瀛愭暩(sh霉)銆�
锛堢啊绛旈锛変笅鍒楄娉曟槸鍚︽纰�锛岀偤浠€涔�锛燂紙1锛夊垎瀛愪腑鐨勫寲瀛搁嵉鐐烘サ鎬ч嵉锛屽墖鍒�
瀛愪篃鏄サ鎬у垎瀛愶紱锛�2锛夎壊鏁ｅ姏鍍呭瓨鍦ㄤ簬闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愪箣闁�锛涳紙3锛�3 闆诲瓙蟺 閸垫瘮 2 闆�
瀛愊€ 閸电殑閸佃兘澶�銆�
锛堢稖鍚堥锛塁N
-
浜� Ag
+
銆丯i
2+
銆丗e
3+
鍜� Zn
2+
褰㈡垚閰嶉洟瀛�锛岃│鏍规摎(j霉)鍍归嵉鐞嗚珫瑷庤珫鍏堕洔鍖�
椤炲瀷銆佸咕浣曟(g貌u)鍨嬪拰纾佹€�銆�
V 鍩虹(ch菙)鍖栧涓昏鍙冭€冩浉
1. 榄忕鏈�锛屽熀绀�(ch菙)鍖栧锛屼汉姘戣(w猫i)鐢熷嚭鐗堢ぞ
2. 钁ｅ厓褰�锛岀劇姗熷強鍒嗘瀽鍖栧锛堢浜岀増锛夛紝绉戝鍑虹増绀�
浜�銆佹潗鏂欑瀛稿熀绀�(ch菙)鑰冭│澶х侗
I 鑰冨療鐩
鏉愭枡绉戝鍩虹(ch菙)鏄潗鏂欑瀛歌垏宸ョ▼銆侀噾灞潗鏂�銆佹潗鏂欑墿鐞�銆佹潗鏂欏寲瀛搞€佺劇姗熼潪
閲戝爆鏉愭枡鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)灏堟キ(y猫)鐨勯噸瑕佸绉戝熀绀�(ch菙)瑾�锛屾兜钃嬩簡鍥洪珨鏉愭枡寰祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹櫠楂旂己闄�銆佹摯
鏁ｇ悊璜�銆佸舰璁婅(gu墨)寰嬨€佺浉鍦栫瓑鏂归潰鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨銆傛湰瑾茬▼鑰冭│鏃ㄥ湪鑰冩煡鑰冪敓鏄惁浜嗚В
鏉愭枡绉戝涓殑鍏辨€ц(gu墨)寰�,鍗虫潗鏂欑殑绲勬垚-褰㈡垚(宸ヨ棟)姊濅欢-绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)-鎬ц兘-鏉愭枡鐢ㄩ€斾箣
闁撶浉浜掗棞(gu膩n)绯诲強鍒剁磩瑕�(gu墨)寰�,鑰冩煡瀛哥敓鏄惁鑳藉閬嬬敤鏉愭枡绉戝鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗚В姹哄闅涘晱
椤屻€�
II 鑰冭│褰㈠紡鍜岃│鍗风祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
1.瑭﹀嵎婊垮垎鍙婅€冭│鏅傞枔
鏈│鍗锋豢鍒嗙偤 150 鍒�锛岃€冭│鏅傞枔鐐� 180 鍒嗛悩銆�
2.绛旈鏂瑰紡
鏈│鍗风瓟椤屾柟寮忕偤闁夊嵎銆佺瓎瑭︺€�
III 鑰冨療鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰拰鑼冨湇
涓€銆侀噾灞強鍚堥噾鐨勬櫠楂旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
1銆佸師瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧師瀛愰嵉鍚堛€�
2銆侀噾灞嵉鑸囬噾灞殑鐗规€с€�
3銆佹櫠楂斿鍩虹(ch菙)锛氭櫠楂旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺┖闁撻粸闄�銆佹櫠鏍煎父鏁�(sh霉)銆佹櫠鍚戞寚鏁�(sh霉)鍜屾櫠闈㈡寚鏁�(sh霉)銆�
鏅堕潰闁撹窛銆佷笁绋吀鍨嬮噾灞櫠楂旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
4銆佸悎閲戠浉鍒嗛鍙婂奖闊垮悎閲戠浉绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勪富瑕佸洜绱�銆佸浐婧堕珨鑸囧浐婧跺挤鍖�(缃彌寮忓浐
婧堕珨銆侀枔闅欏紡鍥烘憾楂�銆佹湁搴忓浐婧堕珨)銆佷腑闁撶浉鍙婂垎椤�銆�
浜屻€佹櫠楂斾腑鐨勭己闄�
1銆侀粸缂洪櫡銆�
2銆佷綅閷殑姒傚康鍙婂熀鏈€ц唱(zh矛)銆佸熀鏈鍨嬨€佸咕浣曟€ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂叾閬嬪嫊鐗归粸锛涢潰蹇冪珛鏂�
鏅堕珨涓殑浣嶉尟鑸囦綅閷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涗綅閷垏閲戝爆鐨勫挤鍖栨鍒�銆�
3銆侀潰缂洪櫡锛氭櫠鐣�锛屽鏅剁晫锛岀浉鐣�锛屽琛ㄩ潰銆�
涓�銆佸浐楂旈噾灞腑鐨勬摯鏁�
1銆佹摯鏁ｇ従(xi脿n)璞″強琛ㄨ薄鐞嗚珫銆�
2銆佹摯鏁ｇ啽鍔涘鍒嗘瀽銆�
3銆佹摯鏁ｇ殑寰鐞嗚珫鍙婂井瑙€姗熷埗锛屾摯鏁ｆ縺娲昏兘銆�
4銆佸奖闊挎摯鏁ｇ殑鍥犵礌銆�
鍥�銆侀噾灞殑濉戞€ц畩褰㈣垏鍐嶇祼(ji茅)鏅�
1銆佸綀鎬ц垏绮樺綀鎬�銆�
2銆佸柈鏅堕珨濉戞€ц畩褰㈢殑鍩烘湰鏂瑰紡锛涘鏅堕珨鐨勫鎬ц畩褰�锛涘悎閲戠殑濉戞€ц畩褰�锛涘
鎬ц畩褰㈠悗閲戝爆鍜屽悎閲戦’寰祫绻斿強鎬ц兘璁婂寲銆�
3銆佸喎璁婂舰閲戝爆鍦ㄥ姞鐔遍亷绋嬩腑鐨勭祫绻旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婃€ц兘璁婂寲锛屽洖寰�銆佸啀绲�(ji茅)鏅�銆佹櫠绮�
闀峰ぇ锛涘啀绲�(ji茅)鏅堕€€鐏悗鐨勭祫绻�銆�
4銆佺啽璁婂舰鑸囧嫊鎱�(t脿i)鍥炲京銆佸啀绲�(ji茅)鏅躲€�
浜斻€佸柈绲勫厓鐩稿湒鑸囩磾閲戝爆鐨勫嚌鍥�
1銆佸柈鍏冪郴鐩歌畩鐨勭啽鍔涘鍙婄浉骞宠 銆�
2銆佺磾閲戝爆鐨勫嚌鍥恒€�
鍏�銆佷簩鍏冨悎閲戠浉鍦栧強浜屽厓鍚堥噾鐨勫嚌鍥�
1銆佺浉鍦栫殑琛ㄧず鍜屾脯瀹氭柟娉�銆�
2銆佺浉鍦栫殑鐔卞姏瀛哥殑鍩烘湰瑕侀粸銆�
3銆佷簩鍏冪浉鍦栧垎鏋愶細鍕绘櫠銆佸叡鏅�銆佸寘鏅剁浉鍦栧強鍥烘憾楂斾簩鍏冨悎閲戠殑鍑濆浐锛汧e-C
鍚堥噾鐩稿湒鍙婂吀鍨嬫垚鍒� Fe-C 鍚堥噾鍑濆浐閬庣▼鍙婂嚌鍥虹祫绻斿垎鏋�銆�
4銆佷簩鍏冪浉鍦栫殑鍑濆浐鐞嗚珫銆�
涓�銆佷笁鍏冪浉鍦�
1銆佺洿绶氭硶鍓囥€佹潬鏉犲畾寰�銆侀噸蹇冩硶鍓囥€�
2銆佷笁鍏冨嫽鏅剁浉鍦栧強鍚堥噾鍑濆浐閬庣▼鍒嗘瀽銆�
3銆佷笁鍏冨叡鏅剁浉鍦栧強鍏稿瀷鍚堥噾鍑濆浐閬庣▼鍒嗘瀽鑸囧嚌鍥虹祫绻旓紝鍥涚浉骞宠 杞�(zhu菐n)璁婂強涓�
鍏冪浉鍦栨墍閬靛惊鐨勪竴鑸(gu墨)寰�銆�
鍏€佹潗鏂欑殑浜炵┅(w臎n)鎱�(t脿i)
1銆佺磵绫虫櫠鏉愭枡銆�
2銆佸浐鎱�(t脿i)鐩歌畩褰㈡垚鐨勪簽绌�(w臎n)鐩革細鍥烘厠(t脿i)鐩歌畩姒傝堪銆佸浐婧堕珨鑴憾鍒嗚В鐢�(ch菐n)鐗�銆侀Μ姘忛珨
鐩歌畩鐨勫熀鏈壒寰�銆�
IV 瑭﹀嵎绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
1銆佸熀鏈煡璀樿垏鍩烘湰姒傚康椤� (绱� 50 鍒�)銆�
2銆佺悊璜栧垎鏋愯珫杩伴 (绱� 50 鍒�)銆�
3銆佽▓绠楄垏浣滃湒椤�(绱� 50 鍒�)銆�
V 鏉愭枡绉戝鍩虹(ch菙)涓昏鍙冭€冩浉
1. 鑳¤场绁ョ瓑锛屾潗鏂欑瀛稿熀绀�(ch菙)(绗笁鐗�)锛屼笂娴蜂氦閫氬ぇ瀛稿嚭鐗堢ぞ銆�
2. 鐭冲痉鐝傜瓑锛屾潗鏂欑瀛稿熀绀�(ch菙)(绗簩鐗�)锛屾姊板伐妤�(y猫)鍑虹増绀�銆�
鍏嶈铂鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛烇紝鑸囨湰缍�(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜嬭嚜琛屾牳瀵︾浉闂�(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
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鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
