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鐔卞姏瀛哥殑鍩烘湰鍏у锛岀啽鍔涘鐨勬柟娉曪紝鐔卞姏瀛告柟娉曠殑鍎�(y艒u)榛炲拰灞€闄愭€�锛涚郴绲�(t菕ng)鑸囩挵(hu谩n)
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2. 鐔卞姏瀛哥涓€瀹氬緥鍙婃噳鐢�
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3. 鐔卞寲瀛�
鍖栧鍙嶆噳鐨勭啽鏁堟噳鈥旂瓑澹撶啽鏁堟噳鑸囩瓑瀹圭啽鏁堟噳锛涘弽鎳夐€插害锛涙婧栨懇鐖剧創璁�锛�
Hess 瀹氬緥锛涙婧栨懇鐖剧敓鎴愮創锛涙婧栨懇鐖鹃洟瀛愮敓鎴愮創锛涙婧栨懇鐖剧噧鐕掔創锛涙憾瑙ｇ啽
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锛堜簩锛�銆佺啽鍔涘绗簩瀹氬緥
1. 鐔卞姏瀛哥浜屽畾寰�
鑷櫦(f膩)璁婂寲鐨勫叡鍚岀壒寰佲€斾笉鍙€嗘€э紝Carnot 瀹氱悊锛岀喌鐨勬蹇�锛孋1ausius 涓嶇瓑寮�
鑸囩喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬暩瀛歌〃閬斿紡锛岀喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘绗簩瀹氬緥鐨�
鏈唱鍜岀喌鐨勭当(t菕ng)瑷堟剰缇�锛岀瓑婧亷绋嬪拰闈炵瓑婧亷绋嬩腑鐔电殑璁婂寲鍊肩殑瑷堢畻銆�
2. 鐔卞姏瀛稿熀鏈柟绋�
Helmholtz 鑷敱鑳�锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳斤紱鐔卞姏瀛哥殑鍩烘湰鏂圭▼锛孧axwell 闂滅郴寮忓強鍏�
鎳夌敤锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳借垏婧害鐨勯棞绯�锛孏ibbs-Helmholtz 鏂圭▼锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳借垏澹撳姏
鐨勯棞绯�锛汫ibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖栫殑瑷堢畻锛屽寲瀛稿弽鎳変腑鐨� Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖�锛屽寲瀛稿弽鎳�
绛夋韩寮�锛岃畩鍖栫殑鏂瑰悜鑸囧钩琛℃浠�銆�
3. 鐔卞姏瀛哥涓夊畾寰�
鐔卞姏瀛哥涓夊畾寰�锛岃(gu墨)瀹氱喌鍊�锛屽寲瀛稿弽鎳夐亷绋嬬殑鐔佃畩瑷堢畻銆�
锛堜笁锛�銆佸绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛稿強鍏跺湪婧舵恫涓殑鎳夌敤
1. 澶氱祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭祫鎴愯〃绀�
2. 鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺
鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺鐨勫畾缇╋紝鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺鐨勫姞鍜屽叕寮�锛屽亸鎽╃埦閲忕殑姹傛硶锛孏ibbs-Duhem 鍏�
寮忊€旂郴绲�(t菕ng)涓亸鎽╃埦閲忎箣闁撶殑闂滅郴銆�
3. 鍖栧鍕�
鍖栧鍕㈢殑瀹氱京锛屽寲瀛稿嫝鍦ㄧ浉骞宠 涓殑鎳夌敤锛屽寲瀛稿嫝鑸囨韩搴︺€佸鍔涚殑闂滅郴锛�
鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鍙婂叾娣峰悎鐗╃殑鍖栧鍕�锛岄潪鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨娣峰悎鐗╃殑鍖栧鍕�锛岄€稿害锛岄€稿害绯�
鏁�銆�
4. 绋€婧舵恫
Raoult 瀹氬緥鍜� Henry 瀹氬緥锛岀█婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁告€�銆�
5. 鐞嗘兂婧舵恫
鐞嗘兂婧舵恫锛岀悊鎯虫憾娑蹭腑浠讳竴绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛稿嫝锛岀悊鎯虫憾娑茬殑閫氭€�銆�
6. 娲诲害鍜屾椿搴︾郴鏁�
闈炵悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╀腑鍚勭祫鍒嗙殑鍖栧鍕�锛岄潪鐞嗘兂绋€婧舵恫锛屾椿搴﹀拰娲诲害绯绘暩锛岄洐
娑茬郴涓椿搴︾郴鏁镐箣闁撶殑闂滅郴銆�
7. 鍒嗛厤瀹氬緥
婧惰唱鍦ㄥ叐浜掍笉鐩告憾娑茬浉涓殑鍒嗛厤銆�
锛堝洓锛�銆佺浉骞宠
1. 鐩稿緥
鐩稿緥鐨勬帹灏庯紝鐩稿緥鐨勫熀鏈噳鐢�
2. 鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉骞宠
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3. 浜岀祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳鐢�
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闈炵悊鎯崇殑浜岀祫鍒嗘恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗�锛岄儴鍒嗕簰婧剁殑闆欐恫绯伙紝涓嶄簰婧剁殑闆欐恫绯�锛屾按钂告苯
钂搁ぞ锛�
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4. 涓夌祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳鐢�
绛夐倞涓夎褰㈠潗妯欒〃绀烘硶锛岄儴鍒嗕簰婧剁殑涓夋恫楂旂郴绲�(t菕ng)锛屼簩鍥洪珨鍜屼竴娑查珨鐨勬按楣界郴
绲�(t菕ng)锛屼笁绲勫垎浣庡叡鐔旂郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦�銆�
锛堜簲锛�銆佸寲瀛稿钩琛�
1. 鍖栧鍙嶆噳鐨勫钩琛℃浠�
鍖栧鍙嶆噳鐨勫钩琛℃浠跺拰鍙嶆噳閫插害鐨勯棞绯�锛屽寲瀛稿弽鎳夌殑瑕拰鍕€€�
2. 鍖栧鍙嶆噳鐨勫钩琛″父鏁稿拰绛夋韩鏂圭▼寮�
姘ｇ浉鍙嶆噳鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�锛屾憾娑蹭腑鍙嶆噳鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�锛屽寲瀛稿弽鎳夌殑绛夋韩鏂圭▼寮�锛涘钩
琛″父鏁哥殑琛ㄧず寮�锛屽京鐩稿寲瀛稿钩琛�銆�
3. 妯欐簴鎽╃埦鐢熸垚 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�
妯欐簴鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓嬪弽鎳夌殑 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖栧€�锛屾婧栨懇鐖剧敓鎴� Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�锛岃繎浼�
瑷堢畻銆�
4. 婧害銆佸鍔涘強鎯版€ф埃楂斿皪鍖栧骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�
婧害灏嶅寲瀛稿钩琛＄殑褰遍熆锛屽鍔涘皪鍖栧骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�锛屾儼鎬ф埃楂斿皪鍖栧骞宠 鐨勫奖
闊�銆�
5. 鍖栧骞宠 鐨勬噳鐢�
鍚屾檪鍖栧骞宠 锛屽弽鎳夌殑鑰﹀悎銆�
锛堝叚锛�銆侀浕瑙ｈ唱婧舵恫
1. 闆诲寲瀛镐腑鐨勫熀鏈蹇靛拰闆昏В瀹氬緥
鍘熼浕姹犲拰闆昏В姹�锛孎araday 闆昏В瀹氬緥銆�
2. 闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐜囧拰閬风Щ鏁�
闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐝捐薄锛岄洟瀛愮殑闆婚伔绉荤巼鍜岄伔绉绘暩锛岄洟瀛愰伔绉绘暩鐨勬脯瀹�銆�
3. 闆昏В璩憾娑茬殑闆诲皫
闆诲皫銆侀浕灏庣巼銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏庣巼锛岄浕灏庣殑娓畾锛岄浕灏庣巼銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏庣巼鑸囨績搴︾殑闂�
绯�锛岄洟瀛愮崹绔嬬Щ鍕曞畾寰嬪拰闆㈠瓙鐨勬懇鐖鹃浕灏庣巼锛岄浕灏庢脯瀹氱殑涓€浜涙噳鐢�銆�
4. 闆昏В璩殑骞冲潎娲诲害鍜屽钩鍧囨椿搴︾郴鏁�
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锛堜竷锛�銆佸彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊鍕㈠強鍏舵噳鐢�
1. 鍙€嗛浕姹犲拰鍙€嗛浕妤�
鍙€嗛浕姹狅紝鍙€嗛浕妤靛拰闆绘サ鍙嶆噳锛岄浕鍕曞嫝鐨勬脯瀹�锛屽皪娑堟硶娓浕鍕曞嫝锛屾婧栭浕
姹狅紝鍙€嗛浕姹犵殑鏇稿鏂规硶锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犻浕鍕曞嫝鐨勫彇铏�銆�
2. 鍙€嗛浕姹犵殑鐔卞姏瀛�
Nernst 鏂圭▼锛岀敱妯欐簴闆诲嫊鍕� E 姹傞浕姹犲弽鎳夌殑骞宠 甯告暩锛岀敱闆诲嫊鍕㈠強鍏舵韩搴︾郴
鏁告眰鍙嶆噳鐨勭創璁婂拰鐔佃畩銆�
3. 闆绘サ闆诲嫝鍜岄浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊鍕�
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鍕�锛涢浕妤佃垏闆昏В璩憾娑茬晫闈㈤枔闆诲嫝宸紝鎺ヨЦ闆诲嫝锛屾恫楂旀帴鐣岄浕鍕�锛屾恫鎺ラ浕鍕㈢殑瑷�
绠楀叕寮�锛岄浕姹犻浕鍕曞嫝鐨勭敘鐢�銆�
4. 闆诲嫊鍕㈡脯瀹氱殑鎳夌敤
姹傞浕瑙ｈ唱婧舵恫鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀洜瀛�锛屾眰闆ｆ憾楣界殑娲诲害绌�锛宲H 鐨勬脯瀹�锛岄浕鍕�-pH
鍦栧強鍏舵噳鐢�銆�
5. 鍖栧闆绘簮
鐕冩枡闆绘睜锛岃搫闆绘睜銆�
锛堝叓锛�銆侀浕瑙ｈ垏妤靛寲浣滅敤
1. 鍒嗚В闆诲鍜屾サ鍖栦綔鐢�
婵冨樊妤靛寲锛岄浕鍖栧妤靛寲锛屾サ鍖栨洸绶�锛岃秴闆诲嫝鐨勬脯瀹�锛屾矮瓒呴浕鍕�銆�
2. 闆昏В鏅傞浕妤典笂鐨勭鐖弽鎳�
閲戝爆鐨勬瀽鍑鸿垏姘殑瓒呴浕鍕�锛岄噾灞洟瀛愮殑鍒嗛洟銆�
3. 閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧鑵愯潟銆侀槻鑵愯垏閲戝爆鐨勯垗鍖�
閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧鑵愯潟锛岄噾灞殑闃茶厫锛岄噾灞殑閳嶅寲銆�
锛堜節锛夊寲瀛稿嫊鍔涘
1. 鍖栧鍙嶆噳鐨勯€熺巼鏂圭▼
鍖栧鍙嶆噳閫熺巼鐨勮〃绀烘硶锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳夊拰闈炲熀鍏冨弽鎳�锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳夌殑寰鍙€嗘€у師
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2. 鍏锋湁绨″柈绱氭暩鐨勫弽鎳�
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3. 骞剧ó鍏稿瀷鐨勫京闆滃弽鎳�
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4. 婧害灏嶅弽鎳夐€熺巼鐨勫奖闊�
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绠椼€�
5. 鍙嶆噳鐨勬绋�
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6. 鍖栧鍕曞姏瀛稿熀绀庣悊璜�
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鍙嶆噳閫熺巼甯告暩锛屾椿鍖栫怠鍚堢墿鐨勬椿鍖栬兘 E 鍜屾寚鍓嶅洜瀛� A 鑸囪鐔卞姏瀛稿嚱鏁镐箣闁撶殑闂�
绯�銆�
7. 鍌寲鍙嶆噳鍕曞姏瀛稿熀绀�
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鍖栧鎸暕锛涘寲瀛稿惛闄勮垏鍌寲鍙嶆噳銆�
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2. 婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠惛闄�
婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠惛闄勶紝Gibbs 鍚搁檮鍏紡锛孏ibbs 鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮忕殑鎺ㄥ皫銆�
3. 鐣岄潰鐨勬€ц唱
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4. 琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鍙婂叾浣滅敤
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5. 鍥洪珨琛ㄩ潰鐨勫惛闄�
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绛夋韩寮�锛孊ET 澶氬堡鍚搁檮鍏紡锛屼簲绋鍨嬪惛闄勭瓑婧窔鐨勭壒榛�?锛涚槣W鍚搁檮鍜岀墿鐞嗗惛
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锛堝崄涓€锛�銆佽啝楂斿垎鏁ｇ郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜屽ぇ鍒嗗瓙婧舵恫
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鍒嗘暎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫垎椤�锛岃啝鍦樼殑绲愭锛屾憾鑶犵殑鍒跺倷锛屾憾鑶犵殑鍑堝寲锛屾憾鑶犵殑褰㈡垚姗熺悊
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2. 鑶犻珨鐨勬€ц唱鍜岀悊璜�
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4. 涔崇媭娑插拰鍑濊啝
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浜�銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰
锛堜竴锛夌啽鍔涘绗竴瀹氬緥
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3.鎺屾彙鐔电殑绲�(t菕ng)瑷堟剰缇�銆備簡瑙ｇ啽鍔涘绗笁瀹氬緥锛屾槑纰鸿(gu墨)瀹氱喌鐨勬剰缇�銆佽▓绠楀強鍏�
鎳夌敤銆�
锛堜笁锛夊绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�
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锛堝洓锛夊寲瀛稿钩琛�
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螖 rGm
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2.鐔熸倝 K?
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锛堜簲锛夌浉骞宠
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锛堝叚锛夐浕瑙ｈ唱婧舵恫
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锛堜竷锛�銆佸彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊鍕㈠強鍏舵噳鐢�
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