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1. Introduction
Definition of language; properties and design features of language; definition of
linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics: traditional
vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole;
competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; speech vs writing;
functions of language(s).
2. Phonetics and Phonology
Definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation;
broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants;
definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast,
complementary distribution, distinctive features; minimal pair and sets; some rules in
phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental
features.
3. Morphology
Definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and
inflectional morphones; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; ways of
word-formation.
4. Syntax
Word classes; paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation; immediate
constituent analysis; endocentric construction and exocentric construction;
transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and
bracketed sentences; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and
parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; recursiveness; labeled
tree diagrams.
5. Semantics
Definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; semantic
triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense
relations of words; major sense relations of sentences; componential analysis;
predication analysis.
6. Pragmatics
Definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning;
speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims;
conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; conversational analysis.
7. Socio-linguistics / Language and Society
Speech community and speech variety; regional and social dialects; idiolect;
register; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles;
diglossia and bilingualism; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.
8. Language and Culture
Relationship of language and culture; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the
relationship between language and thought.
9. Historical Linguistics
The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of
language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English;
language family
10. First and Second Language Acquisition
Language learning and language acquisition; the stages of first language
acquisition; language transfer; interlanguage and fossilization; contrastive analysis,
error analysis; comprehensive input; critical period hypothesis; individual learner
factors
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Britain
Section One The Country and the People
1. Full name and four countries of Britain.
2. Topography of Britain: highland zone and lowland zone
2.1 The highest point: Ben Nevis
2.2 The Backbone of England: The Pennines
3. Climate and Weather
3.1 Mild and changeable
3.2 Factors influencing climate and weather
4. Inland Water
4.1 Thames River
4.2 Lake District
5. People and languages:
5.1 the native Celts, Celtic language
5.2 Anglo-Saxons, English.
5.3 The development of English: three major periods (Old English, Middle English,
Modern English)
6. Religion
6.1 The Holy Bible: Old Testament, New Testament
6.2 Established churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) and Church of
Scotland (Presbyterian)
Section Two The British Government
1. Constitutional monarchy: the monarch reigns, but does not rule.
2. The Monarch
2.1 Function of the monarch
2.2 Significance of the monarch
2.3 Royal palaces
3. Parliament: legislative branch
3.1 The structure of the Parliament
The House of Lords and noble titles
The House of Commons
3.2 The function of the Parliament
4. The government: executive branch
4.1 Parliamentary government
4.2 Three-tier system of the British government
Section Three Politics and Law
1. Two-party system
1.1 Conservative party
1.2 Labor party
2. Elections: parliamentary election
3. Elements of the British law
4. Legal profession: barristers and solicitors
Section Four National economy and Cities
1. Economic system and structure
2. British Disease and Thatcher鈥檚 prescription
3. Main industries in Britain
4. The capital city of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Section Five cultural and Social Life
1. Class structure: upper, middle and working class
2. Newspaper in Britain: quality paper and tabloid paper
3. Education:
3.1 Compulsory education
3.2 Secondary education: public schools, grammar schools, secondary modern schools
and comprehensive secondary schools
3.3 GCSE and A Level
3.4 Higher education: Oxbridge, Open University
4. Britain as a welfare state (from-cradle-to-grave social welfare program)
4.1 NHS
4.2 Social security program
4.3 Personal social service
History
1. Origin of the English Nation
1.1 The native Celts: Stonehenge & Celtic language
1.2 The Roman invasion
1.3 The Anglo-Saxons Conquest: Heptarchy
1.4 The Norman Conquest (1066)
2. The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament
2.1 Henry II鈥檚 Reforms: The Reform of Administration and Justice
2.2 King John and the Great Charter
2.3 Beginning of Parliament
3. Decline of Feudalism in England
3.1 The Hundred Years鈥� War.
3.2 The Black Death
3.3 The peasant uprising
3.4 The Wars of the Roses
4. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie
4.1 Henry VIII and reform of the church
4.2 Golden age of Elizabeth I
4.3 Renaissance
5锛嶣ourgeois Revolution
5.1 James I: Gunpowder plot, King James Bible, Jamestown, Mayflower Journey
5.2 Charles I: the short Parliament and the long Parliament
5.3 Cromwell: New Model Army, Lord Protector
5.4 Glorious Revolution in 1688
6. The Industrial Revolution and Chartist Movement
6.1 Background of the Industrial Revolution:
6.2 Process of the Industrial Revolution
6.3 Influence of the Industrial Revolution
6.4 The Chartist Movement
6.5 Victoria Age
7. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
7.1 Foreign expansion
7.2 British empire
7.3 British Commonwealth
America
Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions
1. Names and position
2. Topography: the Appalachians & the Rockies
3. Rivers and lakes
Mississippi River
Rio Grande River
Potomac River
The Great Lakes
Section Two American People
1. The composition of the population
2. The Indians
3. Immigration into America
4. Melting pot & Mosaic
Section Three Government and Politics
1. Three government principles
2. Separation of power
2.1 The legislative branch
Main functions of Congress
The Senate
The House of Representatives
2.2. The executive branch
Powers of the U.S. president
General election: the winner-gets-all policy
2.3. The judicial branch
3. comment on check and balance system
Section Four National Economy
1. Factors contributing to the development of American industries
2. Economic system
3. Types of businesses
4. Main industries
Section Five Culture and Holidays
1. Traditional American values and beliefs
2. Holidays and Festivals
3. American education
4. Social welfare
History
Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies
1. Contribution of Christopher Columbus
2. Founding of colonies
three kinds of colonies
Jamestown in 1607
Plymouth in 1620
Mayflower Compact
Section Two The War of Independence
1. Causes and consequences of the French and Indian War
2. The First Continental Congress
3. The Second Continental Congress
4. Contents and significance of the Declaration of Independence
Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington
Administration
1. The Constitutional Convention
2. The American Constitution
3. The Bill of Rights
Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th
Century----an Era of
Expansion
1.Contributions made by Thomas Jefferson
2.Causes and effects of the Second War with England
3.Causes and effects of the Mexican War
Section Five The Civil War
1. Conflicts arising from the slavery
2. Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation
3. Effects of the Civil War
Section Six The United States After the Civil War
1. Situation after the Civil War
2. Monopoly businesses
3. Social Reforms
4. The war with Spain
Section Seven America During and After World War I
1. America鈥檚 entry into the First World War
2. New Culture
3. The Lost Generation
4. The Great Depression
5. New Deal
Section Eight America During andAfter World War II
1. America鈥檚 entry into the War
2. Cold War
3. Beat Generation
4. Vietnam War
5. War against terrorism
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鑰冭│椤屽瀷锛氬瑙€瑭﹂鑸囦富瑙€瑭﹂鐩哥祼(ji茅)鍚�锛屽寘鎷(sh霉)瑾炴蹇佃В閲�銆佸～绌恒€侀伕鎿�銆�
绨＄瓟鍟忛銆佸皥椤岃⿻璜�銆佸渚嬪垎鏋愮瓑銆�
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹癸細锛堜緵鍙冭€冿級
鑻辩編鏂囧(xu茅)鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)鍜岀編鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)鍏╅儴鍒嗭細
1锛庤嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)閮ㄥ垎锛�
锛�1锛夋棭鏈熷拰涓彜鏅傛湡鑻卞湅鏂囧(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｅ彜鑻辫獮鏅傛湡銆佺泿鏍奸-钖╁厠閬滄檪鏈熷拰璜炬浖搴�
渚电暐鍚庣殑鑻卞湅鏂囧(xu茅)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝峰彶銆佹枃鍖栬儗鏅�锛岀悊瑙ｈ┎鏅傛湡鏂囧(xu茅)鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅殑鍩烘湰鐗�
寰�锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡閲嶈鐨勬枃瀛�(xu茅)浣滃搧鍙婂柆鍙熺殑鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍜屼唬琛ㄤ綔鍝�銆�
锛�2锛夋枃钘濆京(f霉)鑸堟檪鏈熻嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｆ枃钘濆京(f霉)鑸堥亱鍕曞拰浜烘枃涓荤京鎬濇疆鍙婂叾鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝�
鍙�銆佹枃鍖栬儗鏅紝鐞嗚В瑭叉檪鏈熸枃瀛�(xu茅)鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅殑鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛鍜屽熀鏈富寮�锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡
閲嶈浣滃鑾庡＋姣斾簽銆佸煿鏍广€侀Μ娲�銆佹柉璩撳绛夌殑鏂囧(xu茅)鐢熸动銆佸壍(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)
鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝併€�
锛�3锛夊崄涓冧笘绱€(j矛)鑻卞湅鏂囧(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙�?锛涢€濆嫼楠�?銆佺巹瀛�(xu茅)娲惧拰娓呮暀寰掍綔瀹剁殑姝峰彶鑳屾櫙銆�
鍩烘湰涓诲嫉锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡閲嶈浣滃褰岀埦闋�銆佺彮鎻�銆佺磩缈�?閯ф仼绛夌殑鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅敓娑�銆�
钘濊(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝併€�
锛�4锛夊暉钂欓亱鍕曟檪鏈熻嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｅ暉钂欓亱鍕�銆佺従(xi脿n)瀵︿富缇╁皬瑾€佹劅鍌蜂富缇╁拰鏂板彜
鍏镐富缇╂枃瀛�(xu茅)娴佹淳鍙婂叾鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝峰彶鑳屾櫙銆佷富瑕佺壒寰佸拰鍩烘湰涓诲嫉锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡
閲嶈浣滃鏂▉澶壒銆佺瑳绂忋€佽挷鏌�銆佽彶鐖句竵绛夌殑鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅敓娑�銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛�
浣滃搧銆�
锛�5锛夋氮婕富缇╂檪鏈熻嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｆ氮婕富缇╂枃瀛�(xu茅)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝峰彶銆佹枃鍖栬儗鏅�锛岀悊瑙�
瑭叉檪鏈熸枃瀛�(xu茅)鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅殑鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛鍜屽熀鏈富寮�锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡閲嶈瑭╀汉褰柉銆佸竷鑿�
鍏�銆佽彲婊嬭彲鏂�銆佺鍕掑緥娌�銆佹嫓鍊�銆侀洩鑿溿€佹繜(j矛)鎱堢瓑鐨勮┅姝屽壍(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)棰�(f膿ng)
鏍煎強浠ｈ〃瑭╀綔锛屽皬瑾鏂悇鐗�銆佸ェ鏂眬绛夌殑瀵綔鐗归粸锛岃棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔
鍝�銆�
锛�6锛夌董澶氬埄浜炴檪鏈熻嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙� 19 涓栫磤(j矛)鑻卞湅鐨勬斂娌�銆佺稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)銆佹鍙�銆佹枃鍖栬儗鏅紝
鐞嗚В 19 涓栫磤(j矛)鎵瑰垽鐝�(xi脿n)瀵︿富缇╁皬瑾湪鎬濇兂涓婄殑閫�(j矛n)姝ュ拰鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滄妧宸т笂鐨勬敼闈�锛屾帉鎻�
瑭叉檪浠ｄ富瑕佷綔瀹剁媱鏇存柉銆佽柀鍏嬮浄銆佸媰鏈楃壒濮愬绛夌殑钘濊(sh霉)鐗硅壊銆佸壍(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂鍙�
浠ｈ〃浣滃搧銆�
锛�7锛変簩鍗佷笘绱€(j矛)鑻卞湅鏂囧(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙� 20 涓栫磤(j矛)鑻卞湅鐨勬斂娌�銆佺稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)銆佹鍙�銆佹枃鍖栬儗鏅強鍏�
灏嶇従(xi脿n)浠ｄ富缇╂枃瀛�(xu茅)浣滃搧鐨勫奖闊�锛岀悊瑙ｇ従(xi脿n)浠ｄ富缇╂枃瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭壒鑹诧紝鎺屾彙瑭叉檪鏈熶富瑕佷唬
琛ㄤ綔瀹跺搱浠�銆佽暛浼磵銆侀珮鐖炬柉鑿稄銆佸嫗鍊柉銆佸柆浼婃柉銆佷紞鐖惧か绛夌殑钘濊(sh霉)鐗硅壊銆�
鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝併€�
2锛庣編鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)閮ㄥ垎锛�
锛�1锛夋畺姘戞檪鏈熺編鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｇ編鍦嬫畺姘戞檪鏈熸枃瀛�(xu茅)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝峰彶銆佹枃鍖栬儗鏅�锛岀悊瑙�
瑭叉檪鏈熸枃瀛�(xu茅)鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅殑鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡浠ｈ〃浣滃瀹夊Ξ?甯冩媺寰锋柉鐗归噷鐗广€�
鎰涘痉鑿�?娉板嫆銆佹墭棣柉?娼樻仼銆佹湰鏉版槑?瀵岃槶鍏嬫灄銆佸柆绱嶆．?鎰涘痉鑿尣绛夌殑鍓�(chu脿ng)
浣滄€濇兂銆佸浣滈ⅷ(f膿ng)鏍煎強浠ｈ〃浣滃搧銆�
锛�2锛夋氮婕富缇╂檪鏈熺編鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｇ編鍦嬫氮婕富缇╂檪鏈熸枃瀛�(xu茅)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝峰彶銆佹枃鍖栬儗
鏅�锛岀悊瑙ｇ編鍦嬫氮婕富缇╃殑瀹氱京銆佺壒榛炲強鍏惰垏鑻卞湅銆佹瓙娲叉氮婕富缇╅亱鍕曠殑鐣�
鍚岋紝鎺屾彙瑭叉檪鏈熶富瑕佷綔瀹舵瓙鏂�銆佹剾榛樼敓銆侀湇妗�銆佹儬鐗规浖銆佹鐖剧董鐖剧瓑鐨勬枃
瀛�(xu茅)鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滅敓娑�銆佸壍(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝�銆�
锛�3锛夌従(xi脿n)瀵︿富缇╂檪鏈熺編鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙ｇ編鍦嬬従(xi脿n)瀵︿富缇╂枃瀛�(xu茅)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑绀炬渻鍜屾枃鍖栬儗鏅�锛�
鐞嗚В鍦版柟鐗硅壊涓荤京鍜岀編鍦嬭嚜鐒朵富缇╃殑鐗归粸锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡閲嶈浣滃棣厠?鍚�
婧�銆佷酣鍒�?瑭瑰鏂€佹澃鍏�?鍊暒銆佽タ濂у?寰疯悐濉炵瓑鐨勬枃瀛�(xu茅)鐢熸动銆佸壍(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆�
钘濊(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婂叾浠ｈ〃浣滃搧銆�
锛�4锛�20 涓栫磤(j矛) 20 骞翠唬缇庡湅鏂囧(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙� 20 涓栫磤(j矛) 20 骞翠唬缇庡湅鐨勬鍙茶儗鏅拰绀炬渻鎬�
娼�锛屾帉鎻℃剰璞′富缇╁強浠ラ緪寰风偤浠ｈ〃鐨勬剰璞℃淳瑭╀汉鐨勫壍(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂鍜岃┅姝岀壒榛烇紝
鎺屾彙鈥滆糠鎯樼殑涓€浠ｂ€濇檪鏈熺壒榛�锛屼互鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔瀹惰彶鑼ㄦ澃鎷夊痉銆佹捣鏄庡▉銆佽壘鐣�
鐗圭瓑鐨勫壍(chu脿ng)浣滅敓娑�銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝佸垎鏋愶紝鎺屾彙鍗楁柟鏂囪棟寰�(f霉)鑸堟檪鏈熺壒榛�锛�
鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔瀹�?锛熸€漿鐨勫壍(chu脿ng)浣滅壒榛炪€佸浣滈ⅷ(f膿ng)鏍煎強浠ｈ〃浣滃搧銆�
锛�5锛�20 涓栫磤(j矛) 30 骞翠唬缇庡湅鏂囧(xu茅)锛氫簡瑙� 20 涓栫磤(j矛) 30 骞翠唬缇庡湅鐨勬鍙茶儗鏅拰绀炬渻鎬�
娼紝鎺屾彙閫欎竴鏅傛湡涓昏浠ｈ〃浣滃甯曠储鏂�銆佹柉鍧﹁矟鍏嬨€佹尝鐗瑰強涓昏鍔囦綔瀹跺ェ
灏肩埦銆佺背鍕�銆佸▉寤夋柉绛夌殑鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝�銆�
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浠ｄ富缇�銆佸厓灏忚銆佽嚜鐧芥淳瑭╀汉銆佺磹绱勬淳瑭╀汉銆佸灝鎺夌殑涓€浠�銆佽崚璎淳绛夐噸瑕�
鏂囧(xu茅)娴佹淳鍜岃(sh霉)瑾�锛屾帉鎻¤┎鏅傛湡閲嶈浣滃娴峰嫆銆侀Ξ鍏�(n猫i)鍙ょ壒銆佸巹鏅唬鍏�銆佽矟濠�銆�
鑹鹃噷妫�銆佽帿閲屾．銆佽瓪鎭╃編绛夌殑鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滄€濇兂銆佽棟琛�(sh霉)鐗硅壊鍙婁唬琛ㄤ綔鍝�銆�
鍥�銆佸弮鑰冩浉鐩�:
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銆婅嫳鍦嬫枃瀛�(xu茅)绨″彶銆� 鍔夌偝鍠� 涓婃捣澶栬獮鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛�锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰冿紝骞惰珛鑷鏍稿鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
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鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
