|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
绗� 1 闋�(y猫)锛屽叡 3 闋�(y猫)
娴� 姹� 鐞� 宸� 澶� 瀛�(xu茅)
2018 骞寸ⅸ澹(xu茅)浣嶇爺绌剁敓鎷涚敓鑰冭│妤�(y猫)鍕�(w霉)瑾茶€冭│澶х侗
鑰冭│绉戠洰锛氱墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅) B 浠ｇ⒓锛�979
涓€銆佹杩�
鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)瑾茬▼涓昏鍖呮嫭鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍘熺悊鍜屾噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)銆侀浕鍖栧(xu茅)銆佺浉骞宠 鍩虹(ch菙)銆佽〃
闈㈣啝鍖栧拰绲�(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)閮ㄥ垎銆傚叾涓墠涓夐儴鍒嗙偤涓昏鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
鑰冪敓鎳�(y墨ng)姣旇純鐗㈠浐鍦版帉鎻＄墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰姒傚康鍙婅▓(j矛)绠楁柟娉�锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)閭勬噳(y墨ng)鎺屾彙鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)涓€鑸柟娉�锛屽苟
绲�(ji茅)鍚堝叿楂旀浠舵噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ悊璜栬В姹哄(sh铆)闅涘晱(w猫n)椤岀殑鑳藉姏銆�
浜�銆佽绋嬭€冭│鐨勫熀鏈姹�
涓嬮潰鎸夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)銆佺当(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍒濇銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)銆侀浕鍖栧(xu茅)銆佺晫闈㈢従(xi脿n)璞″拰鑶犻珨鍖栧(xu茅)鍏€�(g猫)
閮ㄥ垎鍒楀嚭鍩烘湰瑕佹眰?锛涱姠鐤筋€﹁焵鐡烽拪姘ゆ江纭抚鍌茬鐙昏杽鈪拌鏂嫽?鎴栤€滄槑浜嗏€�)鍜屸€滄帉鎻♀€�(鎴栤€滄渻(hu矛)
鐢ㄢ€�)涓夊€�(g猫)灞ゆ銆�
锛�1锛夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)锛堢稖鍚堥鍜岀啊(ji菐n)杩伴 60 鍒嗭級
1锛庣啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)
鐞嗚В涓嬪垪鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰姒傚康锛氬钩琛＄媭鎱�(t脿i)锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛屽彲閫嗛亷(gu貌)绋�锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎱�(t脿i)銆�
鐞嗚В鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴銆佺浜�銆佺涓夊畾寰嬬殑鏁樿堪鍙婃暩(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)琛ㄩ仈(d谩)寮�
鏄庝簡鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳�銆佺創銆佺喌銆丠elmholtz 鍑芥暩(sh霉)鍜� Gibbs 鏁�(sh霉)鏁�(sh霉)绛夌啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)浠ュ強妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐕冪噿鐒撱€佹(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)
鐢熸垚鐒�銆佹(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐔�銆佹(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐢熸垚 Gibbs 鍑芥暩(sh霉)绛夋蹇点€�
鎺屾彙鍦ㄧ墿璩�(zh矛)鐨� P銆乂銆乀 璁婂寲銆佺浉璁婂寲鍜屽寲瀛�(xu茅)璁婂寲閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑瑷�(j矛)绠楃啽銆佸姛鍜屽悇绋媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)璁婂寲鍊�
鐨勫師鐞嗗拰鏂规硶銆傚湪灏囩啽鍔涘(xu茅)涓€鑸棞(gu膩n)绯诲紡鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ簬鐗瑰畾绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊�锛屾渻(hu矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼(涓昏鏄悊
鎯虫埃楂旂媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼锛屽叾娆℃槸 Van der Waals 鏂圭▼)鍜岀墿鎬ф暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)(鐔卞銆佺浉璁婄啽銆佽捀姹藉绛�)銆�
鎺屾彙鐔靛鍘熺悊鍜屽悇绋钩琛″垽鎿�(j霉)銆傛槑浜嗙啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍏紡鐨勯仼鐢ㄦ浠�銆�
鐞嗚В鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰鏂圭▼鍜� Maxwell 闂�(gu膩n)绯诲紡銆�
浜嗚В鐢ㄧ啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍩烘湰鏂圭▼鍜� Maxwell 闂�(gu膩n)绯诲紡鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)閲嶈鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍏紡鐨勬紨绻规柟娉�銆�
2锛庣浉骞宠
鐞嗚В鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺鍜屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勬蹇�銆�
鏈�(hu矛)寰炵浉骞宠 姊濅欢鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o) Clapeyron 鍜� Clapeyron Clausius 鏂圭▼锛屽苟鑳芥噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ€欎簺鏂圭▼浜庢湁闂�(gu膩n)鐨勮▓(j矛)
绠�銆�
鎺屾彙 Raoult 瀹氬緥鍜� Henry 瀹氬緥浠ュ強瀹冨€戠殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆傜悊瑙ｇ悊鎯崇郴绲�(t菕ng)(鐞嗘兂婧舵恫鍙婄悊鎯崇█婧舵恫)涓悇
绲勫垎鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃閬�(d谩)寮�銆�
鐞嗚В閫稿害鍜屾椿搴︾殑姒傚康銆備簡瑙ｉ€稿害鍜屾椿搴︾殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎱�(t脿i)銆�
鐞嗚В鐩稿緥鐨勬剰缇�銆�
鎺屾彙鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜屼簩绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鍏稿瀷鐩稿湒鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)鍜屾噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
绗� 2 闋�(y猫)锛屽叡 3 闋�(y猫)
鑳界敤鏉犳】瑕�(gu墨)鍓囬€�(j矛n)琛岃▓(j矛)绠�銆傝兘鐢ㄧ浉寰嬪垎鏋愮浉鍦栥€�
3锛庡寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠
鏄庝簡妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勫畾缇�銆備簡瑙ｇ瓑婧柟绋嬬殑鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)銆傛帉鎻＄敤绛夋韩鏂圭▼鍒ゆ柗鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬柟鍚戝拰闄�
搴︾殑鏂规硶銆�
鏈�(hu矛)鐢ㄧ啽鍔涘(xu茅)鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)瑷�(j矛)绠楁(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)銆備簡瑙ｇ瓑澹撴柟绋嬬殑鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)銆傜悊瑙ｆ韩搴﹀皪(du矛)妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勫奖闊�銆�
鏈�(hu矛)鐢ㄧ瓑澹撴柟绋嬭▓(j矛)绠椾笉鍚屾韩搴︿笅鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)銆�
浜嗚В澹撳姏鍜屾儼鎬ф埃楂斿皪(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)骞宠 绲勬垚鐨勫奖闊�銆備簡瑙ｅ悓鏅�(sh铆)骞宠 鍘熺悊銆�
(2)绲�(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍒濇 锛堢啊(ji菐n)杩伴 10 鍒嗭級
浜嗚В鐛�(d煤)绔嬪瓙绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫井瑙€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛岃兘閲忓垎甯冨拰瀹忚鐙€鎱�(t脿i)闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�
鏄庝簡绲�(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈亣瑷�(sh猫)銆�
鐞嗚В Boltzmann 鑳介噺鍒嗗竷鍙婂叾閬╃敤姊濅欢銆�
鐞嗚В閰嶅垎鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勫畾缇�銆佺墿鐞嗘剰缇╁拰鏋愬洜瀛愭€ц唱(zh矛)銆傛帉鎻￠洐鍘熷瓙鍒嗗瓙绉诲嫊(d貌ng)銆佽綁(zhu菐n)鍕�(d貌ng)鍜屾尟鍕�(d貌ng)閰嶅垎鍑芥暩(sh霉)
鐨勮▓(j矛)绠�銆�
鐞嗚В鐛�(d煤)绔嬪瓙绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勮兘閲忋€佺喌鑸囬厤鍒嗗嚱鏁�(sh霉)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�
(3)鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅) 锛堢稖鍚堥鍜岀啊(ji菐n)杩伴 30 鍒嗭級
鏄庝簡鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)鍙婂弽鎳�(y墨ng)绱�(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)鐨勬蹇点€傛帉鎻￠€氶亷(gu貌)瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)寤虹珛閫熺巼鏂圭▼鐨勬柟娉曘€�
鎺屾彙涓€绱�(j铆)鍜屼簩绱�(j铆)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勯€熺巼鏂圭▼鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
鐞嗚В灏�(du矛)琛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀€ｄ覆鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜屽钩琛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)鐗瑰緛銆�
鐞嗚В鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婂弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍒嗗瓙鏁�(sh霉)鐨勬蹇�銆傛帉鎻＄敱鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗗缓绔嬮€熺巼鏂圭▼鐨勮繎浼兼柟娉�(绌�(w臎n)瀹氭厠(t脿i)杩戜技
娉�銆佸钩琛℃厠(t脿i)杩戜技娉�)銆備簡瑙ｉ張鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗙殑鐗归粸(di菐n)鍙婃敮閺堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囩垎鐐哥殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�
浜嗚В澶氱浉鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬椹燂紝浜嗚В鍌寲浣滅敤銆佸厜鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹憾娑蹭腑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭壒寰�銆�
鎺屾彙 Arrhennius 鏂圭▼鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆傛槑浜嗘椿鍖栬兘鍙婃寚鍓嶅洜瀛愮殑瀹氱京鍜岀墿鐞嗘剰缇┿€�
浜嗚В绨�(ji菐n)鍠鎾炵悊璜栫殑鍩烘湰鎬濇兂鍜岀祼(ji茅)鏋�銆傜悊瑙ｇ稉(j墨ng)鍏搁亷(gu貌)娓＄媭鎱�(t脿i)鐞嗚珫鐨勫熀鏈€濇兂銆佸熀鏈叕寮忓強鏈夐棞(gu膩n)
姒傚康銆�
(4)闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅) 锛堢稖鍚堥鍜岀啊(ji菐n)杩伴 30 鍒嗭級
浜嗚В闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勫皫(d菐o)闆绘(j墨)鐞�銆傜悊瑙ｉ洟瀛愰伔绉绘暩(sh霉)銆�
鐞嗚В琛ㄥ緛闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫灏�(d菐o)闆昏兘鍔涚殑鐗╃悊閲�(闆诲皫(d菐o)鐜囥€佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�)銆�
鐞嗚В闆昏В璩�(zh矛)娲诲害鍜岄洟瀛愬钩鍧囨椿搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐨勬蹇�銆�
浜嗚В闆㈠瓙姘涚殑姒傚康锛屾帉鎻� Debye Hueckel 妤甸檺鍏紡銆�
鐞嗚В鍘熼浕姹犻浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鑸囩啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯汇€傛帉鎻� Nernst 鏂圭▼鍙婂叾瑷�(j矛)绠�銆�
鎺屾彙鍚勭ó椤�(l猫i)鍨嬮浕妤电殑鐗瑰緛鍜岄浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓昏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
鐞嗚В鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熼浕妤垫サ鍖栫殑鍘熷洜鍜岃秴闆诲嫝(sh矛)鐨勬蹇�銆�
(5)鐣岄潰鐝�(xi脿n)璞� 锛堢啊(ji菐n)杩伴 10 鍒嗭級
鐞嗚В琛ㄩ潰寮靛姏鍜岃〃闈� Gibbs 鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勬蹇�銆�
鐞嗚В褰庢洸鐣岄潰鐨勯檮鍔犲鍔涙蹇靛拰 Laplace 鍏紡銆�
鐞嗚В Kelvin 鍏紡鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
浜嗚В閶睍鍜岄嫪灞曠郴鏁�(sh霉)銆備簡瑙ｆ饯(r霉n)婵�銆佹帴瑙歌鍜� Young 鏂圭▼銆�
浜嗚В婧舵恫鐣岄潰鐨勫惛闄勫強琛ㄩ潰娲绘€х墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勪綔鐢�銆傜悊瑙� Gibbs 鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮忋€�
绗� 3 闋�(y猫)锛屽叡 3 闋�(y猫)
浜嗚В鐗╃悊鍚搁檮鑸囧寲瀛�(xu茅)鍚搁檮鐨勫惈缇╁拰鍗€(q奴)鍒ャ€傛帉鎻� Langmuir 鍠垎瀛愬堡鍚搁檮妯″瀷鍜屽惛闄勭瓑婧紡銆�
(6)鑶犻珨鍖栧(xu茅)锛堢啊(ji菐n)杩伴 10 鍒嗭級
浜嗚В鑶犻珨鐨勫埗鍌欐柟娉�銆�
浜嗚В鑶犻珨鐨勮嫢骞查噸瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)(Tyndall 鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆丅rown 閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)銆佹矇闄嶅钩琛�銆侀浕娉冲拰闆绘徊)銆�
鏄庝簡鑶犲湗(tu谩n)鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾摯(ku貌)鏁ｉ洐闆诲堡姒傚康銆�
浜嗚В鎲庢恫婧惰啝鐨� DLVO 鐞嗚珫銆傜悊瑙ｉ浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)灏�(du矛)婧惰啝鍜岄珮鍒嗗瓙婧舵恫绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€х殑浣滅敤銆�
浜嗚В涔崇媭娑茬殑椤�(l猫i)鍨嬪強绌�(w臎n)瀹氬拰鐮村鐨勬柟娉�銆�
鍙冭€冩浉(sh奴)
銆婄墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)锛堢 5 鐗堬級銆�, 澶╂触澶у(xu茅)鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)鏁欑爺瀹ょ法, 楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀�锛屽嚭鐗�
鏅�(sh铆)闁擄細2009銆侷SBN:978-7-04-026279-7
椤屽瀷鍙婂垎甯�
绨�(ji菐n)绛旈 绱� 40%
缍滃悎瑷�(j矛)绠楅 绱� 60%
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘紝璜�(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
