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1.鍛藉悕鑸囧(xi臎)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寮�
锛�1锛夊懡鍚�
鍖呮嫭锛氳剛鑲兇銆佽姵棣欑兇銆佺兇鐨勮鐢熺墿銆侀洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛�
鍚嶏紝浠ュ強 Z锛孍 鍜� R锛孲
鍚嶇殑鍛藉悕銆�
锛�2锛夌祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
鑳藉鏍规摎(j霉)绲﹀嚭鏈夋(j墨)鐗╃殑鍚嶇ū(ch膿ng)瀵�(xi臎)鍑虹祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寮�(鍖呮嫭绔嬮珨绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u))銆�
锛�3锛夌啛鎮夊父瑕�(ji脿n)鍩哄湗(tu谩n)鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧悕绋�(ch膿ng)銆�
2. 鍩烘湰姒傚康
锛�1锛夐洔鍖栬粚閬擄細sp3銆乻p2銆乻p 闆滃寲杌岄亾鐗瑰緛銆�
锛�2锛夊叡鍍�(ji脿)閸碉細蟽 閸�銆佅€ 閸�锛岄嵉鐨勬サ鎬�锛屾サ鍖栧害銆�
锛�3锛夎唱(zh矛)瀛愰吀鍫�銆丩ewis 閰稿牽銆佸叡杌涢吀鍫垮皪(du矛)銆�
锛�4锛夎獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺┖闁撴晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涢珨绯伙紙蟺 -蟺 鍏辫粵銆�
p-蟺 鍏辫粵銆佅� -蟺 瓒�
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鏃嬪寲銆佹(g貌u)鍨嬭綁(zhu菐n)鍖�銆�
锛�6锛夋(g貌u)閫犵暟妲�(g貌u)銆佹(g貌u)鍨嬬暟妲�(g貌u)銆佷簰璁婄暟妲�(g貌u)銆佹(g貌u)璞＄暟妲�(g貌u)銆佸皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)銆�
锛�7锛夎Κ闆昏│鍔�銆佽Κ鏍歌│鍔�銆佽Κ闆绘€�銆佽Κ鏍告€с€�
锛�8锛夋椿鎬т腑闁撻珨锛氳嚜鐢卞熀銆佺⒊姝ｉ洟瀛�銆佺⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佽嫰鐐�銆�
锛�9锛夊畾鍩熻粚閬撱€侀洟鍩熻粚閬�銆佹垚閸佃粚閬撱€佸弽閸佃粚閬�銆�
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3.鍩烘湰瑕�(gu墨)寰�
锛�1锛夌祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙細娌搁粸(di菐n)銆佺啍榛�(di菐n)銆佹憾瑙ｅ害鐨勮畩鍖栬(gu墨)
寰�锛屾矮閸佃垏鍒嗗瓙闁撲綔鐢ㄥ姏銆�
锛�2锛夋搴忚(gu墨)鍓囷紝鑺崇兇瑕浕鍙栦唬瀹氫綅瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛岄Μ姘忚(gu墨)鍓�锛岄亷(gu貌)姘у寲
鐗╂晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛屾煡琛ｉ噰澶(gu墨)鍓�锛�
闇嶅か鏇艰(gu墨)鍓�锛屼紤鍏嬬埦瑕�(gu墨)鍓�銆�
4.鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫
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锛�2锛夐浕瀛愮悊璜�锛屽埄鐢ㄩ浕瀛愭晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛堝叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佽秴鍏�
杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)绛夛級鍜岀┖闁撴晥鎳�(y墨ng)鍒�
鏋愬拰姣旇純鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)娲绘€э紙瑕浕鍔犳垚銆佽Κ闆诲彇浠�銆佽Κ鏍稿姞鎴�銆�
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涓枔楂旂殑绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€э紙鑷敱鍩�銆佺⒊姝ｉ洟瀛�銆佺⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙锛�銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)
姗�(j墨)鐞嗐€佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙栧悜銆佸彇浠�
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灏�(du矛)鍖栧悎鐗╂€ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊匡紝
濡傞爢?l猫)涓叉偐?g貌u)鍙� a銆乪 閸电暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑鐩稿皪(du矛)绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€�锛屽皪(du矛)瑕牳鍙栦唬
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鍖呮嫭锛氳嚜鐢卞熀鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涜Κ闆诲姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涜Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
瑕牳鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀啗閰殑瑕牳鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸垎瀛愰噸鎺掑弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀叝
鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜屾按瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞�銆�
瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆佸奖闊垮洜绱犲拰鐢�(ch菐n)鐗�銆�
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锛�1锛夌兎鐑达細楣典唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀兎鐑寸殑鍒舵硶銆�
锛�2锛夌儻鐑达細鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堝姞 H2锛屽姞 X2銆丠X銆丠2SO4銆丠2O銆丠OX锛夛紝
纭兼矮鍖�-姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃嚟
姘у寲-閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛孠MnO4 姘у寲锛岀挵(hu谩n)姘у寲锛屛� -H 楣典唬銆侀亷(gu貌)姘�
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鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
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姘у寲锛岄噾灞倲鍖栫墿
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锛圖iels-Alder 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�銆�
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鍒舵硶锛氶洐鐑悎鎴�锛浳� -浜�
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鍜屽倕-鍏嬮叞鍩哄寲銆佹隘鐢插熀
鍖栵級锛屾哀鍖栵紙鍋�(c猫)閺堟哀鍖�锛岀挵(hu谩n)鐨勭牬瑁傦級锛涚兎鍩鸿嫰伪 -H 鐨勯沟浠�锛�
鐑峰熀鑻埗娉�銆�
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鑸� AgNO3 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀沟
绱犵疆鎻涳級锛孲N1銆丼N2锛涙秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛圗1銆丒2锛夛紱鑸囬噾灞殑鍙�
鎳�(y墨ng)锛堟牸姘忚│鍔戝強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
姝︽厛鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽垏閶扮殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�锛涢沟浠ｇ兇鍒舵硶锛氱敱鐑兇鍒跺倷锛岀敱
閱囧埗鍌�銆�
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鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽垎瀛愬収(n猫i)鑴按锛屽垎瀛愰枔
鑴按锛岄叝鐨勭敓鎴�锛屾哀鍖栧拰鑴矮锛屛� -浜屽厓閱囩殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛圚IO4
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鍚堟垚锛岄啗閰�銆佺晶閰搞€�
閰殑閭勫師銆�
锛�9锛夐厷锛氶吀鎬э紝姘у寲锛岄厷閱氥€侀厷閰殑鐢熸垚锛岀挵(hu谩n)涓婂彇浠ｏ紝鑸�
涓夋隘鍖栭惖鐨勯’鑹插弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
閰氱殑鍒舵硶锛氱暟涓欒嫰姘у寲娉�锛岀：鍖栧牽鐔旀硶锛岄噸姘菇姘磋В銆�
锛�10锛夐啔锛氶拝缇婇菇鐨勭敓鎴�锛岄啔閸电殑鏂疯锛涚挵(hu谩n)姘т箼鐑峰埗娉曞強鎬�
璩�(zh矛)锛涢啔鐨勫埗娉曪細閱囧垎瀛愰枔鑴�
姘�锛學iliammson 鍚堟垚娉�銆�
锛�11锛夐啗銆侀叜锛氳Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛堝姞 HCN銆丯aHSO3銆丷OH銆丷MgX銆�
姘ㄥ強鍏惰鐢熺墿锛�锛學ittig
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屛� -H 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛堥沟浠�銆侀沟浠垮弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺茎閱涚府鍚堬級锛�
姘у寲锛圞2Cr2O7 鎴� KMnO4 姘�
鍖�銆侀妧閺″弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀妳閺″弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�锛岄倓鍘燂紙閲戝爆姘寲鐗╅倓鍘�銆�
Clemmensen 閭勫師銆�
Wolf-Kishner-榛冮炒榫嶅弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�锛孋annizzaro 姝у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
锛堝寘鎷氦鍙夋鍖栧強鍒嗗瓙鍏�(n猫i)
姝у寲锛夛紱閱�銆侀叜鍒舵硶锛氱倲鐑存按鍚�锛岄唶姘у寲锛屽倕-鍏嬮叞
鍩哄寲锛孯osenmund 閭勫師锛屼箼
閰颁箼閰镐箼閰強涓欎簩閰搁叝鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ瓑銆�
锛�12锛夌晶閰革細閰告€э紝琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鐢熸垚锛岃劔缇у弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屛� -H 鐨勯沟浠�锛�
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鏍兼皬瑭﹀姂鑸� CO2 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
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