|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)鑰冭│澶х侗
鏈€冭│澶х侗閬╃敤浜庡牨(b脿o)鑰冮伡瀵уぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍖栧(xu茅)灏堟キ(y猫)鐨勭ⅸ澹爺绌剁敓鎷涚敓鑰冭│銆傜墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)
鏄ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鏈鍖栧(xu茅)灏堟キ(y猫)鐨勪竴闁€(m茅n)閲嶈鍩虹(ch菙)鐞嗚珫瑾层€傚畠鏄緸鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勭墿鐞嗙従(xi脿n)璞″拰鍖栧(xu茅)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�
鐨勮伅(li谩n)绯诲叆鎵嬫帰姹傚寲瀛�(xu茅)璁婂寲鍩烘湰瑕�(gu墨)寰嬬殑涓€闁€(m茅n)绉戝(xu茅)銆傜墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)瑾茬▼鐨勪富瑕佸収(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷寲
瀛�(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)銆侀浕鍖栧(xu茅)銆佺晫闈㈠寲瀛�(xu茅)鑸囪啝楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)绛�銆傝姹傝€冪敓鐔熺反鎺屾彙鐗�
鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�銆佸熀鏈師鐞嗗強瑷�(j矛)绠楁柟娉曪紝骞跺叿鏈夌稖鍚堥亱(y霉n)鐢ㄦ墍瀛�(xu茅)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鍒嗘瀽鍜岃В姹�
瀵�(sh铆)闅涘晱(w猫n)椤岀殑鑳藉姏銆�
鑰冩牳鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)榛�(di菐n)鍙婅姹傦細
涓€銆佹埃楂�
1. 浜嗚В鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鐨勫井瑙€妯″瀷锛岀啛绶翠娇鐢ㄧ悊鎯虫埃楂旂媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼
2. 浜嗚В鍒嗗瓙閫熷害鍜岃兘閲忓垎甯冨叕寮忕殑鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)鍙婄墿鐞嗘剰缇�
3. 浜嗚В瀵�(sh铆)闅涙埃楂旂媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼鍙婂皪(du矛)瀵�(sh铆)闅涙埃楂旂殑瑷�(j矛)绠�
浜�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥
1. 浜嗚В鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勪竴浜涘熀鏈蹇�锛屽绯荤当(t菕ng)锛岀挵(hu谩n)澧�锛屽姛锛岀啽锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛岃畩鍖栭亷(gu貌)绋嬪拰閫�
寰戠瓑
2. 鏄庣⒑婧�(zh菙n)闈滄厠(t脿i)閬�(gu貌)绋嬪拰鍙€嗛亷(gu貌)绋嬬殑鎰忕京
3. 鏄庣⒑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥鍜岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)鑳界殑姒傚康锛岀啛鐭ョ啽鍜屽姛鐨勬剰缇╁拰绗﹁櫉(h脿o)
4. 鐔熺反鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥瑷�(j矛)绠楃悊鎯虫埃楂斿湪绨�(ji菐n)鍠亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐨� 螖U锛屛擧锛孮锛學
5. 鐞嗚В鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛夊鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囩瓑瀹圭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴︾瓑鍩烘湰姒傚康
6. 鎺屾彙鍖栧悎鐗╂(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�锛岄洟瀛愮敓鎴愮創锛岄嵉鐒撳拰鐕冪噿鐒撶瓑姒傚康锛屽苟鐔熺反鍏剁浉闂�(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)
绠�
7. 鏈�(hu矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢� Hess 瀹氬緥鍜� Kirchhoff 瀹氬緥
涓�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
1. 鏄庣⒑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬剰缇╋紝鎺屾彙鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鑸囧崱璜惧畾鐞嗙殑鑱�(li谩n)绯�锛岀悊瑙ｅ厠鍕�
淇柉涓嶇瓑寮忚垏鐔靛鍔犲師鐞�
2. 鎺屾彙鐔电殑姒傚康锛屽強浜ュ闇嶈尣鑷敱鑳藉拰鍚夊竷鏂嚜鐢辫兘鐨勫畾缇�锛屼簡瑙ｅ叾鐗╃悊鎰忕京
3. 浜嗚В鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬湰璩�(zh矛)鍜岀喌鐨勭当(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鎰忕京
4. 鐔熺反瑷�(j矛)绠椾竴浜涚啊(ji菐n)鍠亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐨� 螖S锛屛擧锛屛擜锛屛擥, 鏈�(hu矛)瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鍙€嗛亷(gu貌)绋�
5. 鏈�(hu矛)閬�(y霉n)鐢� Gibbs-Helmholtz 鍏紡
6. 鎺屾彙骞惧€�(g猫)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�
7. 鎺屾彙鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥鑸囪(gu墨)瀹氱喌
鍥�銆佸绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍙婂叾鍦ㄦ憾娑蹭腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 鎺屾彙鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺鍜屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)瀹氱京锛屼簡瑙ｅ绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)涓紩鍏ュ畠鍊戠殑鎰忕京
2. 鐔熸倝澶氱祫鍒嗘憾娑茬祫鎴愮殑琛ㄧず娉曞強鍏剁浉浜掗棞(gu膩n)绯�
3. 鎺屾彙绋€婧舵恫涓殑鍏╁€�(g猫)缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)瀹氬緥鐨勪娇鐢�
4. 鎺屾彙娣峰悎姘ｉ珨锛堢悊鎯冲拰闈炵悊鎯虫埃楂旓級涓悇绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃绀烘硶锛屽強閫稿害鐨勬蹇�
5. 鎺屾彙鐞嗘兂娑叉厠(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╃殑閫氭€у拰鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃绀烘硶
6. 鐔熸倝鐞嗘兂绋€婧舵恫鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鍙婄█婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬э紝鍙婂叾鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
7. 浜嗚В鍚夊竷鏂�-鏉滀亥濮嗗叕寮忓拰鏉滀亥濮�-棣眳鐖惧叕寮�
8. 浜嗚В闈炵悊鎯虫憾娑蹭腑鍚勭祫鍒嗙殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃绀烘硶锛屽強鐩稿皪(du矛)娲诲害鐨勬蹇�
浜�銆佺浉骞宠
1. 浜嗚В鐩�銆佺祫鍒�?j菒n)?sh霉)鍜岃嚜鐢卞害绛夊熀鏈蹇�锛屾帉鎻＄浉寰嬬殑鏈夐棞(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
2. 浜嗚В鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦�
3. 鎺屾彙 Clapeyron 鏂圭▼鍜� Clausius-Clapeyron 鏂圭▼鐨勬剰缇╁強鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
4. 浜嗚В浜岀祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
5. 鎺屾彙鏉犳】瑕�(gu墨)鍓囩殑閬╃敤鑼冨湇锛屽強鍏剁浉闂�(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
6. 浜嗚В涓夌祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
鍏�銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠
1. 浜嗚В鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛℃浠跺拰鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勮Κ鍜屽嫝(sh矛)
2. 浜嗚В鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鍜岀瓑婧柟绋嬪紡
3. 鎺屾彙骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勮〃绀哄紡鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
4. 鎺屾彙骞宠 杞�(zhu菐n)鍖栫巼鐨勮▓(j矛)绠�
5. 鐞嗚В妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐢熸垚鍚夊竷鏂嚜鐢辫兘鐨勬剰缇�锛屾帉鎻″叾鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
6. 鎺屾彙婧害銆佸鍔涘強鎯版€ф埃楂斿皪(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�
7. 浜嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勮€﹀悎鍜屽悓鏅�(sh铆)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠
涓�銆侀浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫
1. 鎺屾彙闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇靛拰娉曟媺绗畾寰�
2. 鎺屾彙闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鍜岄伔绉绘暩(sh霉)鐨勫畾缇�锛屽強鐩搁棞(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
3. 鎺屾彙闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勯浕灏�(d菐o)鐜囥€佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜囨剰缇╁強瀹冨€戣垏婧舵恫婵冨害闂�(gu膩n)绯�
4. 鎺屾彙闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀拰骞冲潎娲诲害鍥犲瓙鐨勬剰缇╁強瑷�(j矛)绠楁柟娉�
5. 鎺屾彙闆㈠瓙寮�(qi谩ng)搴﹀拰寰锋嫓-浼戝厠鐖炬サ闄愬叕寮�锛屽苟鏈�(hu矛)瑷�(j矛)绠楅洟瀛愬挤(qi谩ng)搴�
6. 浜嗚В寮�(qi谩ng)闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勯洟瀛愪簰鍚哥悊璜栧熀鏈収(n猫i)瀹瑰強浣跨敤鑼冨湇
鍏�銆佸彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 鎺屾彙褰㈡垚鍙€嗛浕姹犵殑蹇呰姊濅欢鍙婂彲閫嗛浕妤电殑椤炲瀷
2. 浜嗚В闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹氬師鐞嗗拰鏂规硶
3. 鎺屾彙鍙€嗛浕姹犵殑鏇�(sh奴)瀵�(xi臎)鏂规硶鍙婇浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勫彇铏�(h脿o)锛岃兘鐔熺反瀵�(xi臎)鍑洪浕妤靛弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜岄浕姹犲弽鎳�(y墨ng)
4. 鎺屾彙鍙€嗛浕姹�?z茅)宕冾洷W(xu茅)鐨勭浉闂�(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
5. 浜嗚В闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姗�(j墨)鐞�
6. 鐔熸倝闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓昏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屾渻(hu矛)寰炲彲閫嗛浕姹犳脯(c猫)瀹氭暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)瑷�(j矛)绠楀钩鍧囨椿搴﹀洜瀛�锛岃В闆㈠钩琛�
甯告暩(sh霉)绛�
7. 鎺屾彙婵冨樊闆绘睜鍜屾恫楂旀帴鐣岄浕鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楀叕寮�
涔�銆侀浕瑙ｈ垏妤靛寲浣滅敤
1. 鎺屾彙鍒嗚В闆诲鐨勬剰缇╁強鏈夐棞(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
2. 鎺屾彙妤靛寲浣滅敤鐨勬剰缇�锛岃秴闆诲嫝(sh矛)鍜屾サ鍖栨洸绶�
3. 鎺屾彙闆昏В鏅�(sh铆)闆绘サ涓婄櫦(f膩)鐢熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭浉闂�(gu膩n)瑷�(j矛)绠�
4. 浜嗚В閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧(xu茅)鑵愯潟銆侀槻鑵愯垏閲戝爆鐨勯垗鍖�
5. 浜嗚В鍖栧(xu茅)闆绘簮
鍗�銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)锛堜竴锛�
1. 鎺屾彙瀹忚鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)涓殑涓€浜涘熀鏈蹇碉紝濡傚寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼琛ㄧず娉�锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)绱�(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)锛�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍒嗗瓙鏁�(sh霉)绛�
2. 鎺屾彙鍏锋湁绨�(ji菐n)鍠礆(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堥浂绱�(j铆)锛屼竴绱�(j铆)鍜屼簩绱�(j铆)锛夌殑鐗归粸(di菐n)锛屽強瑷�(j矛)绠楅€熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)銆佸崐琛版湡绛�
3. 浜嗚В灏�(du矛)宄欏弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽钩琛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜岄€ｇ簩(x霉)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)
4. 鎺屾彙 Arrhenius 缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)寮忕殑鍚勭ó琛ㄧず褰㈠紡锛屽強娲诲寲鑳界殑姹傜畻鏂规硶
5. 鎺屾彙娲诲寲鑳� Ea 灏�(du矛)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勫奖闊�
6. 浜嗚В閺堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼簡瑙ｇ┅(w臎n)鎱�(t脿i)杩戜技锛屽钩琛″亣瑷�(sh猫)鍜岄€熸帶姝ョ瓑杩戜技鏂规硶銆�
鍗佷竴銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)锛堜簩锛�
1. 浜嗚В纰版挒鐞嗚珫銆侀亷(gu貌)娓℃厠(t脿i)鐞嗚珫鍜屽柈鍒嗗瓙鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐞嗚珫閲囩敤鐨勬ā鍨�锛屽垵姝ヤ簡瑙ｆ帹灏�(d菐o)閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑寮�
閫�(j矛n)鐨勫亣瀹氾紝鍙婄悊璜栫殑鍎�(y艒u)缂洪粸(di菐n)銆�
2. 鎺屾彙纰版挒鐞嗚珫鍜岄亷(gu貌)娓℃厠(t脿i)鐞嗚珫瑷�(j矛)绠楅€熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)鐨勫叕寮�銆�
3. 浜嗚В婧舵恫涓弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)鍜屾憾鍔戝皪(du矛)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫奖闊�
4. 浜嗚В鍏夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫熀鏈畾寰�锛屽厜鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 锛屼簡瑙ｉ噺瀛愮敘(ch菐n)鐜囩殑瑷�(j矛)绠�
5. 浜嗚В鍌寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)
6. 浜嗚В蹇€熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)鎵€甯哥敤鐨勬脯(c猫)瑭︽柟娉曞強棣宠鲍鏅�(sh铆)闁撴蹇�
鍗佷簩銆佺晫闈㈢従(xi脿n)璞�
1. 浜嗚В琛ㄩ潰鍚夊竷鏂嚜鐢辫兘銆佽〃闈㈠嫉鍔涚殑姒傚康锛屼簡瑙ｅ綆鏇茶〃闈㈢殑闄勫姞澹撳姏鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鍘熷洜鍙�
鑸囨洸鐜囧崐寰戠殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝鍗� Young-Laplace 鍏紡
2. 浜嗚В褰庢洸琛ㄩ潰涓婄殑钂告埃澹撹垏骞抽潰鐩告瘮鏈変綍涓嶅悓锛屽嵆 Kelvin 鍏紡锛屼簡瑙� Gibbs 鍚搁檮绛�
婧紡鐨勮〃绀哄舰寮�锛屽悇闋�(xi脿ng)鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇�
3. 浜嗚В娑�-娑层€佹恫-鍥虹晫闈㈢殑閶睍鑸囨饯(r霉n)婵曟儏娉�锛屼簡瑙ｆ埃-鍥鸿〃闈㈢殑鍚搁檮绛夋韩绶氱殑涓昏椤炲瀷
4. 浜嗚В琛ㄦ槑娲绘€у姂鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
鍗佷笁銆佽啝楂斿垎鏁ｇ郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜屽ぇ鍒嗗瓙婧舵恫
1. 浜嗚В鑶犻珨鍒嗘暎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫熀鏈壒鎬�
2. 浜嗚В鑶犻珨鍒嗘暎绯荤当(t菕ng)鍦ㄥ嫊(d貌ng)鍔涙€ц唱(zh矛)銆佸厜瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆侀浕瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)绛夋柟闈㈢殑鐗归粸(di菐n)
3. 浜嗚В婧惰啝鍦ㄧ┅(w臎n)瀹氭€ф柟闈㈢殑鐗归粸(di菐n)鍙婇浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)灏�(du矛)婧惰啝绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€у奖闊�
4. 浜嗚В涔崇媭娑茬殑鍩烘湰姒傚康鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢�
5. 浜嗚В澶у垎瀛愭憾娑茬殑鐣屽畾
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
