|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
1
涓叡涓ぎ榛ㄦ牎鍦ㄨ伔鐮旂┒鐢�
2015 绱�(j铆)鍦嬮殯鏀挎不灏堟キ(y猫)鍖椾含锛堝湅闂�(gu膩n)锛夌彮
銆婅繎鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｄ腑鍦嬪浜ゃ€嬫暀瀛�(xu茅)澶х侗
涓昏瑳浜猴細宸﹂吵姒暀鎺�
鏈涓昏璎涜堪寰� 1840 骞村埌 1949 骞寸殑鏅氭竻鍜屾皯鍦嬫檪(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓湅灏�(du矛)澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯�銆備富瑕佸収(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷細
榇夌墖鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)浠ヤ締涓闂�(gu膩n)绯讳腑鐨勬瘡涓€閲嶅ぇ澶栦氦浜嬩欢锛屼腑鍦嬭垏鑻辩編娉曟棩淇勫痉澶у湅锛屼互鍙婂叾浠栨澅瑗挎柟
鍦嬪鐨勯洐閭婇棞(gu膩n)绯诲拰澶氶倞闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岄噸瑕佹斂娌讳汉鐗╃殑澶栦氦鎬濇兂锛屾竻鏀垮簻鍜屼腑鑿皯鍦嬫斂搴滅殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥
鍒嗘瀽锛岃繎鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｄ腑鍦嬪浜ゆ(j墨)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬紨璁�銆傞€氶亷灏�(du矛)閫欓杸瑾茬殑瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)锛岃姹傚(xu茅)鍝¤兘澶犲叏闈簡瑙ｄ腑鍦嬪浜�
鍙茬殑鐧�(f膩)灞曢亷绋�锛屽苟鑳芥帉鎻″皪(du矛)澶栦氦浜嬩欢鍜屽皪(du矛)澶栨斂绛栭€�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋愮爺绌剁殑鍩烘湰鏂规硶銆�
杩戜唬涓湅澶栦氦鐧�(f膩)鐢熶簡寰堝ぇ璁婂寲锛屼富瑕佽〃鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄤ互涓嬫柟闈細寰炲皪(du矛)璞′笂鐪�锛岃タ鏂瑰湅瀹朵唬鏇夸簡浜�
娲插湅瀹舵垚鐐轰腑鍦嬪皪(du矛)澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑涓昏灏�(du矛)璞�锛涘緸浜ゅ線鏂瑰紡涓婄湅锛岀敱涓湅涓诲皫(d菐o)鍨嬭畩鎴愪簡瑗挎柟涓诲皫(d菐o)鍨嬶紱
寰炲収(n猫i)瀹逛笂鐪�锛岃タ鏂硅硣鏈富缇╁皪(du矛)涓湅鐨勬斂娌�銆佺稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)銆佹枃鍖栫殑渚电暐娲诲嫊(d貌ng)浠ｆ浛浜嗕腑鍦嬪拰浜炴床鍦嬪闁�
鍜屽钩鐨勫晢妤�(y猫)鍜屾枃鍖栦氦娴侊紝鑸囪タ鏂瑰湅瀹剁殑闂�(gu膩n)绯绘垚鐐轰腑鍦嬪皪(du矛)澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑涓昏鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
锛堥噸榛�(di菐n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹规敞鏈夆槄锛�
绗竴璎� 灏�(d菐o)瑷€锛氳繎浠ｄ互鍓嶄腑鍦嬪浜ょ壒榛�(di菐n)姒傝堪
鏈瑳瑕佹眰瀛�(xu茅)鍝′簡瑙ｈ繎浠ｄ互鍓嶄腑鍦嬪皪(du矛)澶栦氦寰€鐨勫叏璨岃垏鐗归粸(di菐n)锛岄噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙娓呮斂搴滃(sh铆)琛岄枆闂�(gu膩n)鑷畧
鏀跨瓥鐨勫師鍥犺垏鍚庢灉銆�
涓€銆佽繎浠ｄ互鍓嶄腑澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑鐧�(f膩)灞曟娉�
浜�銆佷腑鍦嬪皪(du矛)澶栦氦寰€鐨勮矾绶�
锛堜竴锛夊皪(du矛)瑗匡紝鍖呮嫭灏�(du矛)瑗夸簽銆佷腑浜炪€佹瓙娲茬瓑鍦�
锛堜簩锛夊悜鍖�銆佹澅銆佹澅鍗楁柟鍚戯紝涓昏鏄簽娲茶繎閯�
涓�銆佷腑鍦嬪壍(chu脿ng)閫犵殑浜炴床鍦嬮殯闂�(gu膩n)绯婚珨绯伙細瑕垰鍨嬫湞璨㈠浜�
鍥�銆佷腑鍦嬪偝绲�(t菕ng)鐨勫浜よ蹇�
锛堜竴锛夊拰骞虫€濇兂
锛堜簩锛夆€滄煍閬�(yu菐n)鎳峰痉鈥濆拰鈥滃帤寰€钖勪締鈥�
锛堜笁锛夎彲澶疯珫鑸団€滀互澶峰埗澶封€�
浜�銆佹竻鏀垮簻鐨勯枆闂�(gu膩n)鑷畧鏀跨瓥鈽�
锛堜竴锛夋竻鏀垮簻瀵�(sh铆)琛岄枆闂�(gu膩n)鑷畧鏀跨瓥鐨勮儗鏅垏鍘熷洜
锛堜簩锛夋斂绛栫殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
锛堜笁锛夊悗鏋�
鍏�銆佸咕榛�(di菐n)瑾槑
锛堜竴锛変腑鍦嬪浜ょ殑鐮旂┒鐝�(xi脿n)鐙€
锛堜簩锛変腑鍦嬪浜ょ殑鐗归粸(di菐n)
锛堜笁锛夊(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐨勪富瑕佸収(n猫i)瀹�
锛堝洓锛夊(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓噳(y墨ng)瑭叉敞鎰忕殑鍟忛
鎬濊€冮锛�
鍒嗘瀽娓呮斂搴滃(sh铆)琛岄枆闂�(gu膩n)鑷畧鏀跨瓥鐨勫師鍥犺垏鍚庢灉銆�
绗簩璎� 鍏╂榇夌墖鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓湅澶栦氦鑸囪繎浠ｄ腑鍦嬪浜ゆ牸灞€鐨勫舰鎴�
鑻卞湅鏄镜鐣ヤ腑鍦嬬殑鎬ュ厛閶�锛屾槸棣栧厛鎵撻枊涓湅澶ч杸鐨勮タ鏂硅硣鏈富缇╁湅瀹�銆傚湪 19 涓栫磤(j矛) 70
2
骞翠唬浠ュ墠锛岃嫳鍦嬩篃鏄镜鐣ヤ腑鍦嬬殑涓诲姏锛岃タ鏂硅硣鏈富缇╁湅瀹剁殑浠ｈ█浜�銆傛湰璎涜姹傚(xu茅)鍝℃帉鎻＄殑閲�
榛�(di菐n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸绗竴娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鐨勫師鍥犲拰鍏╂榇夌墖鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅澶栦氦鐨勫奖闊�銆�
涓€銆佺涓€娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鐨勮儗鏅垏鍘熷洜鈽�
锛堜竴锛変腑鑻辨棭鏈熶氦寰€
锛堜簩锛夋竻鏀垮簻闁夐棞(gu膩n)鏀跨瓥鑸囪嫳甯濆湅鎿�(ku貌)澶ц部(m脿o)鏄撶殑鐭涚浘
锛堜笁锛夋埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勭洿鎺ュ師鍥狅細榇夌墖璨�(m脿o)鏄撳晱椤�
浜�銆佺涓€娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熶腑鍦嬫斂搴滅殑澶栦氦鈽�
锛堜竴锛夋竻鏀垮簻鈥滃拰鎴�(zh脿n)涓嶅畾鈥濈殑鏀跨瓥
锛堜簩锛変腑鍦嬭杩敖瑷傘€婂崡浜绱勩€�
锛堜笁锛夌編鍦嬭垏娉曞湅鐨勫皪(du矛)鑿斂绛栬垏涓嶅钩绛夋绱勭殑绨借▊
涓�銆佺涓€娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅澶栦氦鐨勫奖闊�
鍥�銆佺浜屾榇夌墖鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勮捣鍥�
锛堜竴锛変腑澶栫煕鐩惧姞娣�
锛堜簩锛夊皫(d菐o)鐏窔锛氫簽缇呰櫉(h脿o)浜嬩欢鑸囪タ鏋楁暀妗�
浜斻€佺浜屾榇夌墖鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勯€�(j矛n)绋嬭垏娓呮斂搴滅殑鏀跨瓥鈽�
锛堜竴锛夈€婂ぉ娲ユ绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊
锛堜簩锛夎嫳娉曚镜鐣ヨ€呬镜鍏ュ寳浜垏銆婂寳浜绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊
锛堜笁锛夋矙淇勫姞鍏ヤ镜鐣ヤ腑鍦嬬殑琛屽垪
鍏�銆佽繎浠ｄ腑鍦嬪浜ょ殑鏍煎眬鍩烘湰褰㈡垚鈽�
锛堜竴锛夋磱鍕�(w霉)娲鹃€愭几寰楀嫝(sh矛)
锛堜簩锛夎ō(sh猫)绔嬪皥闁€鐨勫浜ゆ(j墨)妲�(g貌u)
锛堜笁锛夐仯浣垮嚭娲�
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佸垎鏋愮涓€娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鐨勫師鍥犺垏鍚庢灉锛�
2銆佸垎鏋愮涓€娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏈熼枔娓呮斂搴滅殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥锛�
3銆佸垎鏋愮浜屾榇夌墖鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勮捣鍥犲拰娓呮斂搴滃湪鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏈熼枔鐨勫皪(du矛)澶栨斂绛栵紱
4銆佽│鏋愬叐娆￠磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅杩戜唬澶栦氦鐨勫奖闊匡紱
5銆佺附鐞嗗悇鍦嬩簨鍕�(w霉)琛欓杸瑷�(sh猫)绔嬬殑鑳屾櫙鑸囧姛鑳�銆�
绗笁璎� 鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅閭婄枂鐨勪镜鐣ヨ垏涓湅鐨勯倞鐤嗗嵄姗�(j墨)
寰炲崄涔濅笘绱€(j矛)涓冨崄骞翠唬璧�锛岃硣鏈富缇╁湅瀹堕枊濮嬪緸鑷敱璩囨湰涓荤京鍚戝笣鍦嬩富缇╅亷娓�锛屼腑鍦嬫垚鐐�
鍚勫笣鍦嬩富缇╁湅瀹剁埈(zh膿ng)濂殑閲嶈鍫�(ch菐ng)鎵€銆傞€欎竴鏅�(sh铆)鏈熸渶閲嶈鐨勫洜绱犳槸鏃ユ湰闁嬪鍔犲叆鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)渚电暐涓湅鐨勮
鍒�銆傞€欎竴鏅�(sh铆)鏈熷垪寮�(qi谩ng)鍔犵穵浜嗗皪(du矛)涓湅鍛ㄩ倞閯板湅鐨勪镜鐣�锛屼娇涓湅婕稿け灞忛殰锛屼娇涓湅鐨勯倞鐤嗛潰鑷ㄨ憲鍤�(y谩n)
閲嶇殑鍗辨(j墨)銆傛湰璎涜姹傚(xu茅)鍝℃帉鎻＄殑閲嶉粸(di菐n)鏄垪寮�(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅閭婄枂渚电暐鐨勬娉�锛屼互涓硶鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐐轰緥鍒嗘瀽娓�
鏀垮簻灏�(du矛)澶栨斂绛栫殑澶辫銆�
涓€銆佸鍦嬪嫝(sh矛)鍔涚殑鍏ヤ镜鑸囦腑鍦嬬ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鐨勭煕鐩�
锛堜竴锛夎硣鏈富缇╁垪寮�(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)鑿殑渚电暐鏀跨瓥
锛堜簩锛夋暀妗堥牷鐧�(f膩)鐨勫師鍥犺垏褰遍熆
浜�銆佹矙淇勫皪(du矛)涓湅閭婄枂鐨勪镜鐣モ槄
锛堜竴锛夋矙淇勫皪(du矛)涓湅鏉卞寳閭婄枂鐨勪镜鐣�
锛堜簩锛夋矙淇勫皪(du矛)涓湅瑗垮寳閭婄枂鐨勪镜鐣�
涓夈€佹棩鏈枊濮嬪皪(du矛)涓湅鍜屾湞楫殑渚电暐
锛堜竴锛夋棩鏈姹傝垏涓湅瑷傜磩鐨勪氦娑�
3
锛堜簩锛夋棩鏈瑁濅镜鐣ヨ嚭(t谩i)鐏�
锛堜笁锛夋棩鏈镜鐣ュ拰鍚炲苟鐞夌悆鑸囦腑鏃ヤ氦娑�
锛堝洓锛夋棩鏈镜鐣ユ湞楫垏娓呮斂搴滅殑灏�(du矛)绛�
鍥�銆佽嫳鍦嬪皪(du矛)涓湅瑗垮崡鍜岃タ鍖楅倞鐤嗙殑渚电暐
锛堜竴锛夐Μ鍢夌悊浜嬩欢鑸囥€婄厵鑷�(t谩i)姊濈磩銆�
1銆侀Μ鍢夌悊浜嬩欢鐨勮捣鍥�
2銆併€婄厵鑷�(t谩i)姊濈磩銆嬬殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅垏褰遍熆
锛堜簩锛夎嫳鍦嬫敮鎸侀樋鍙ゆ煆浣滀簜鏂扮枂
锛堜笁锛夎嫳鍦嬪皪(du矛)涓湅瑗胯棌鐨勪镜鐣�
浜�銆佹硶鍦嬪皪(du矛)瓒婂崡鐨勪镜鐣ヨ垏涓硶鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鈽�
锛堜竴锛夐枊鎴�(zh脿n)鍓嶇殑澶栦氦
1銆佹硶鍦嬪皪(du矛)瓒婂崡鐨勪镜鐣�
2銆佹竻鏀垮簻鈥滃拰鎴�(zh脿n)涓嶅畾鈥濈殑鏀跨瓥
锛堜簩锛夐Μ灏炬捣鎴�(zh脿n)鑸囦腑鍦嬪皪(du矛)娉曞鎴�(zh脿n)
锛堜笁锛夐幃(zh猫n)鍗楅棞(gu膩n)澶ф嵎鑸囦腑娉曟绱勭殑绨借▊
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佺啊(ji菐n)杩颁腑淇勬澅娈甸倞鐣岀殑褰㈡垚锛�
2銆佸垎鏋愭矙淇勫皪(du矛)涓湅瑗垮寳閭婄枂鐨勪镜鐣ュ強涓縿浼婄妬浜ゆ秹锛�
3銆佸垎鏋愪腑娉曟埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏈熼枔娓呮斂搴滅殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥銆�
4銆佸崄涔濅笘绱€(j矛)涓�銆佸叓鍗佸勾浠ｅ垪寮�(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅閭婄枂渚电暐鐨勬娉併€�
绗洓璎� 鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅渚电暐鐨勬摯(ku貌)澶ц垏涓棩鐢插崍鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)
涓硶鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍚�锛屼腑鍦嬮倞鐤嗙殑褰㈠嫝(sh矛)鏇村姞闅�(xi菐n)鎯★紝涓湅鏈€鍚庝竴鍊�(g猫)钘╁爆鍦嬧€旀湞楫潰鑷ㄨ憲鏃ユ湰鐨勫▉鑴�锛�
鏃ユ湰瑾樹娇娓呮斂搴滀粙鍏ユ湞楫収(n猫i)閮ㄦ矕绐佸苟鍊熸(j墨)鑸囦腑鍦嬮枊鎴�(zh脿n)锛屼腑鍦嬫埌(zh脿n)鏁楁眰鍜�锛岃垏鏃ユ湰绨借▊浜嗙┖鍓嶅眻
杈辩殑銆婇Μ闂�(gu膩n)姊濈磩銆�銆傛湰璎涚殑閲嶉粸(di菐n)鏄畵瀛�(xu茅)鍝′簡瑙ｆ棩鏈镜鐣ヤ腑鍦嬫埌(zh脿n)鐣ョ殑纰哄畾鑸囩敳鍗堟埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅鐨�
閲嶈褰遍熆銆�
涓€銆佸垪寮�(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅閭婄枂銆侀劙鍦嬩镜鐣ョ殑鎿�(ku貌)澶�
锛堜竴锛変腑娉曡秺鍗楅倞鐣岄€氬晢绔犵▼鐨勭敖瑷�
锛堜簩锛夋竻鏀垮簻灏�(du矛)钁¤悇鐗欏崰闋�(l菒ng)婢抽杸鐨勬壙瑾�(r猫n)
锛堜笁锛夎嫳鍦嬪皪(du矛)绶敻鍜岃タ钘忕殑渚电暐
锛堝洓锛夊垪寮�(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)鏈濋鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)濂拰娓呮斂搴滅殑灏�(du矛)鏈濇斂绛�
浜屻€佺敳鍗堟埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鍓嶇殑褰㈠嫝(sh矛)鍜屾竻鏀垮簻鐨勫浜�
锛堜竴锛夋棩鏈殑閲庡績鐢变締宸蹭箙
锛堜簩锛夋竻鏀垮簻渚濊炒鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)骞叉秹鐨勬斂绛栫牬鐢�(ch菐n)
涓�銆佷腑鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏈熼枔娓呮斂搴滅殑澶栦氦锛嶁€斺€滀互澶峰埗澶封€濇斂绛栫殑澶辨晽鈽�
锛堜竴锛夌敳鍗堟埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勯€�(j矛n)绋嬭垏涓湅鍖楁磱鑹﹂殜(du矛)鐨勮婊�
锛堜簩锛変腑鍦嬬殑鎴�(zh脿n)鏁楁眰鍜岃垏鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)鐨勬厠(t脿i)搴�
鍥�銆佷腑鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勫毚(y谩n)閲嶅悗鏋溾槄
锛堜竴锛変腑鏃ヨ鍜岃垏銆婇Μ闂�(gu膩n)姊濈磩銆嬬殑绨借▊
锛堜簩锛夊湅鍏�(n猫i)澶栧皪(du矛)銆婇Μ闂�(gu膩n)姊濈磩銆嬬殑鍙嶉熆
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佽│鏋愭竻鏀垮簻鍦ㄧ敳鍗堜腑鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏈熼枔鈥滀互澶峰埗澶封€濈殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥锛�
4
2銆佸垎鏋愯嚭(t谩i)鐏ｅ晱椤岀殑鐢变締锛�
3銆佸垎鏋愩€婇Μ闂�(gu膩n)姊濈磩銆嬬殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰強鍏跺皪(du矛)涓湅鐨勫奖闊�銆�
绗簲璎� 甯濆湅涓荤京鐡滃垎涓湅鐨勭媯娼垏娓呮斂搴滄湯鏈熺殑澶栦氦
鍗佷節涓栫磤(j矛)鏈紝璩囨湰涓荤京鍦嬪瀹屾垚浜嗗悜甯濆湅涓荤京闅庢鐨勯亷娓�锛岀稉(j墨ng)姝烽亷涓棩鐢插崍鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鎽ф畼鐨�
涓湅鏇村姞璨у急锛屾垚鐐哄笣鍦嬩富缇╃摐鍒嗙殑灏�(du矛)璞�銆傞€欎竴鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑閲嶈鍥犵礌鏄編鍦嬮枊濮嬪湪鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)渚佃彲涓壆
婕旈噸瑕佽鑹�銆傛湰璎涜姹傚(xu茅)鍝℃帉鎻＄殑閲嶉粸(di菐n)鏄細娓呮斂搴滆伅(li谩n)淇勬斂绛栫殑鍒惰▊鑸囧け鏁�锛涘垪寮�(qi谩ng)鍦ㄤ腑鍦嬪妰鍒�
鍕�(sh矛)鍔涜寖鍦嶇殑鎯呮硜锛涖€婅緵涓戞绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊鑸囧奖闊�銆�
涓€銆佹竻鏀垮簻鑸囨矙淇勭殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�
锛堜竴锛夋竻鏀垮簻鐨勮伅(li谩n)淇勬斂绛栧強鍏跺け鏁�
1銆佲€滆伅(li谩n)淇勨€濇斂绛栨彁鍑虹殑鑳屾櫙
2銆併€婁腑淇勫瘑绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊鑸囧悗鏋�
锛堜簩锛夋棩淇勬埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鑸囨竻鏀垮簻鐨勫浜も槄
1銆佹棩淇勫湪涓湅鏉卞寳鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)濂強鐭涚浘鐨勫皷閵冲寲
2銆佹棩淇勬埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鍙婁腑鍦嬫斂搴滅殑鈥滀腑绔嬧€濇斂绛�
3銆佹棩淇勫鍓蹭腑鍦嬫澅鍖楃殑銆婃ǜ娆¤寘鏂拰绱勩€嬬敖瑷�
浜�銆佸笣鍦嬩富缇╁垪寮�(qi谩ng)鍦ㄨ彲鍔冨垎鍕�(sh矛)鍔涜寖鍦嶁槄
锛堜竴锛夊痉鍦嬪姞鍏ヤ镜鐣ヤ腑鍦嬬殑琛屽垪鈥斿挤(qi谩ng)绉熻啝宸炵仯
锛堜簩锛夎嫳淇勫皪(du矛)鑿寳鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)濂€旀矙淇勫挤(qi谩ng)绉熸梾澶у拰鑻卞湅寮�(qi谩ng)绉熷▉娴疯(w猫i)
锛堜笁锛夎嫳娉曞皪(du矛)鑿崡鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)濂€旀硶鍦嬪挤(qi谩ng)绉熷唬宸炵仯鍜岃嫳鍦嬪挤(qi谩ng)绉熶節榫嶅崐宄�
锛堝洓锛夊悇鍦嬪皪(du矛)闀锋睙娴佸煙鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)濂€旇嫳鍦嬩粛淇濇寔鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)
涓夈€佺編鍦嬧€滈杸鎴堕枊鏀锯€濇斂绛栫殑鎻愬嚭鍜屼腑缇庨棞(gu膩n)绯�
锛堜竴锛夐杸鎴堕枊鏀炬斂绛栨彁鍑虹殑鑳屾櫙
锛堜簩锛夐杸鎴堕枊鏀炬斂绛栨彁鍑虹殑鐩殑
锛堜笁锛夐杸鎴堕枊鏀炬斂绛栫殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅垏褰遍熆
锛堝洓锛夋竻鏀垮簻鍦ㄦ澅鍖楃殑鈥滆伅(li谩n)缇庢嫆鏃モ€濇斂绛栬垏缇庡湅鐨勬枃鍖栧浜�
鍥�銆佺京鍜屽湗(tu谩n)閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鑸囥€婅緵涓戞绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊鈽�
锛堜竴锛夌京鍜屽湗(tu谩n)閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勭垎鐧�(f膩)鑸囨竻鏀垮簻鐨勫叐闈㈡斂绛�
锛堜簩锛夊叓鍦嬭伅(li谩n)杌嶅叆渚典腑鍦嬭垏銆婅緵涓戞绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊
锛堜笁锛夊笣鍦嬩富缇┾€滀繚鍏ㄢ€濅腑鍦�銆佺董璀�(h霉)娓呮斂搴滅殑鏀跨瓥
浜�銆佽嫳淇勫皪(du矛)涓湅瑗胯棌鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)濂�
锛堜竴锛夎嫳鍦嬪皪(du矛)瑗胯棌鐨勬瑁濅镜鐣ヨ垏銆婃媺钖╂绱勩€嬬殑绨借▊
锛堜簩锛変腑鑻遍棞(gu膩n)浜庤タ钘忓晱椤岀殑浜ゆ秹
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佸垎鏋愭竻鏀垮簻鐨勮伅(li谩n)淇勬斂绛栧強鍏跺け鏁楃殑鍘熷洜锛�
2銆佸垪寮�(qi谩ng)鍦ㄤ腑鍦嬪妰鍒嗗嫝(sh矛)鍔涜寖鍦嶇殑姒傛硜锛�
3銆佺啊(ji菐n)杩拌嫳甯濆湅涓荤京鏄€庢ǎ渚靛崰棣欐腐鐨�锛�
4銆併€婅緵涓戞绱勩€嬬殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅垏褰遍熆锛�
5銆佺祼(ji茅)鍚堝(sh铆)渚嬭鏄庢櫄娓呮湞寤峰湪铏曠悊灏�(du矛)澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯讳腑鐨勬暀瑷�(x霉n)銆�
绗叚璎� 涓彲姘戝湅鍖椾含鏀垮簻鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓湅澶栦氦
涓彲姘戝湅骞舵矑鏈夊彇寰楀畬鍏ㄨ嚜涓诲钩绛夌殑鐛�(d煤)绔嬪湴浣�锛屽畠绻兼壙浜嗘竻鏈濈殑涓嶅钩绛夋绱�锛屾皯鍦嬩腑澶�
鏀垮簻鎯虫摵鑴€欎簺涓嶅钩绛夋绱勭殑鏉熺笡锛岃姹傛敼绱勬槸閫欎竴鏅�(sh铆)鏈熷浜ょ殑閲嶈鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛箣涓€銆傛湰璎涜姹傚(xu茅)
5
鍝℃帉鎻＄殑閲嶉粸(di菐n)鍟忛涓湅鎻愬嚭淇敼涓嶅钩绛夋绱勭殑鑳屾櫙銆佸収(n猫i)瀹硅垏褰遍熆銆�
涓€銆佹杩�
浜�銆佹皯鍦嬪垵骞寸殑澶栦氦锛�1912鈥�1916锛�
锛堜竴锛夐棞(gu膩n)浜庘€滃杽鍚庡€熸鈥濈殑浜ゆ秹
锛堜簩锛変腑鑻遍棞(gu膩n)浜庤タ钘忓晱椤岀殑浜ゆ秹
锛堜笁锛変腑淇勯棞(gu膩n)浜庡钂欏晱椤岀殑浜ゆ秹
锛堝洓锛夋棩鏈叆渚靛北鏉卞拰涓棩闂�(gu膩n)浜庝簩鍗佷竴姊濈殑浜ゆ秹
涓�銆佹皯鍦嬪寳浜斂搴滃悗鏈熺殑澶栦氦锛�1916鈥�1928锛夆槄
锛堜竴锛変腑鍦嬪弮鍔犵涓€娆′笘鐣屽ぇ鎴�(zh脿n)鍜屽寳浜斂搴滃湪宸撮粠鍜屾渻(hu矛)涓婄殑澶栦氦
1銆佷腑鍦嬪弮鍔犱笘鐣屽ぇ鎴�(zh脿n)锛氶€欐槸杩戜唬涓湅棣栨涓诲嫊(d貌ng)鍙冭垏鍦嬮殯浜嬪嫏(w霉)
2銆佷腑鍦嬩唬琛ㄥ湗(tu谩n)鍦ㄥ反榛庡拰鏈�(hu矛)涓婄殑澶栦氦鏂楃埈(zh膿ng)
3銆佷腑鍦嬬殑澶栦氦鎴愭灉
锛堜簩锛夎彲鐩涢爴鏈�(hu矛)璀拌垏涓湅澶栦氦
1銆佽彲鐩涢爴鏈�(hu矛)璀扮殑鍙枊鑸囦腑鍦嬫斂搴滅殑瑕佹眰
2銆佷腑鏃ラ棞(gu膩n)浜庡北鏉卞晱椤岀殑浜ゆ秹
锛堜笁锛夊寳浜斂搴滅殑淇磩澶栦氦
1銆佷慨绱勮儗鏅�
2銆佷慨绱勭殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅垏鍘熷墖
3銆佷慨绱勫浜ゆ垚鏁堟湁闄�
锛堝洓锛夊寳浜斂搴滆垏铇囦縿鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�
1銆佽槆淇勬斂搴滀笁娆″皪(du矛)鑿瑷€
2銆佷腑铇囪珖鍒わ細铇囪伅(li谩n)浠ｈ〃绔嬪牬(ch菐ng)寮�(qi谩ng)纭�
3銆併€婁腑铇囪В姹烘嚫妗堝ぇ缍卞崝(xi茅)瀹氥€嬪強鍏堕檮浠剁殑绨借▊
锛堜簲锛夊寳浜斂搴滃浜ょ殑绲傛洸锛氱殗濮戝悲浜嬩欢
1銆佹棩鏈镜鐣ヤ腑鍦嬫澅鍖�銆佸収(n猫i)钂欑殑娲诲嫊(d貌ng)鑸囦腑鏃ラ棞(gu膩n)绯�
2銆佺殗濮戝悲浜嬩欢鑸囧寳浜斂搴滅殑绲�(ji茅)鏉�
锛堝叚锛夊崡鏂瑰湅姘戞斂搴滅殑澶栦氦
1銆佸涓北鐨勫浜ゆ€濇兂
2銆佸唬宸炴斂搴滅殑闈╁懡鍙嶅笣澶栦氦
3銆佸寳浼愭檪(sh铆)鏈熺殑澶栦氦
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佽│鏋愬反榛庡拰鏈�(hu矛)鑸囦簲鍥涢亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)灏�(du矛)涓湅杩戜唬澶栦氦鐨勬剰缇�锛�
2銆佽鏄庤彲鐩涢爴鏈�(hu矛)璀板皪(du矛)涓湅澶栦氦鐨勫奖闊�锛�
3銆佸浣曡⿻(p铆ng)鍍�(ji脿)铇囪伅(li谩n)灏�(du矛)鑿瑷€锛熶腑铇囧缓绔嬪浜ら棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑鎰忕京浣曞湪锛�
4銆佽⿻(p铆ng)鍖椾含鏀垮簻淇磩澶栦氦锛屽叾澶辨晽鐨勫師鍥犱綍鍦�锛�
5銆佽鏄庡崡鏂瑰湅姘戞斂搴滃浜ょ殑鐗归粸(di菐n)鏄粈涔�锛�
绗竷璎� 涓冧竷浜嬭畩鍓嶅崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滅殑澶栦氦
钄ｄ粙鐭宠儗闆簡瀛腑灞辫伅(li谩n)淇勮伅(li谩n)鍏辨壎鍔╄静(n贸ng)宸ョ殑璺窔锛屼粬鐨勬斂娆�(qu谩n)鎴愪簡浠ｈ〃鏂拌垔杌嶉枼銆佸ぇ鍦颁富銆�
澶ц硣鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆(j铆)鐨勬斂娆�(qu谩n)锛屽叾灏�(du矛)鍏�(n猫i)灏�(du矛)澶栨斂绛栧付鏈夋槑椤殑鍙嶈槆鍙嶅叡鐨勮壊褰┿€�1931 骞翠節路涓€鍏簨璁婂悗锛�
鐩＄鏃ユ湰灏�(du矛)涓湅鐨勪镜鐣ユ姝ュ姞娣�锛岃敚浠嬬煶鍗诲琛屸€滄敇澶栧繀鍏堝畨鍏�(n猫i)鈥濈殑鏀跨瓥锛岀祼(ji茅)鏋�锛屽収(n猫i)澶栧晱椤�
閮芥矑鏈夎В姹恒€傛湰璎涚殑閲嶉粸(di菐n)鏄敚浠嬬煶濂夎灏�(du矛)鏃ヤ笉鎶垫姉鏀跨瓥鐨勫師鍥犺垏瀵�(sh铆)璩�(zh矛)锛屽叾鏀跨瓥璁婂寲鐨勮粚璺�銆�
涓€銆佸崡浜斂搴滃垵鏈熺殑澶栦氦锛氫節涓€鍏簨璁婂墠
6
锛堜竴锛夎◣濂藉垪寮�(qi谩ng)銆佽伅(li谩n)缇庢姂鏃�銆佸弽铇囧弽鍏辩殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥鈽�
1銆佽В姹衡€滃妗堚€濆拰鍒楀挤(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)鍦嬫皯鏀垮簻鐨勬壙瑾�(r猫n)
2銆佽В姹衡€滄繜(j矛)妗堚€濆強鏃ユ湰灏�(du矛)鍦嬫皯鏀垮簻鐨勬壙瑾�(r猫n)
锛堜簩锛夊崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滅殑淇磩澶栦氦鈽�
1銆侀棞(gu膩n)绋呰嚜涓荤殑瀵�(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)
2銆侀牁(l菒ng)浜嬭鍒ゆ瑠(qu谩n)鐨勪氦娑�
3銆佹敹鍥炵鍊熷湴鐨勪氦娑�
锛堜笁锛変腑鏉辫矾浜嬩欢鑸囦腑铇囦氦娑�
1銆佷腑鏉辫矾浜嬩欢鐨勮捣鍥�
2銆併€婁腑铇囦集鍔涙渻(hu矛)璀拌瀹氭浉銆嬬殑绨借▊
锛堝洓锛変腑鍦嬪姞鍏ラ潪鎴�(zh脿n)鍏磩
浜�銆佹棩鏈摯(ku貌)澶у皪(du矛)鑿镜鐣ヨ垏鍗椾含鏀垮簻鐨勫浜�(1931鈥�1937)鈽�
锛堜竴锛変節路涓€鍏簨璁婅垏鍗椾含鏀垮簻鐨勫浜ゆ柟閲�
1銆佷節.涓€鍏簨璁婏細鏃ユ湰灏�(du矛)鑿镜鐣ヨ搫璎€宸蹭箙
2銆佸崡浜斂搴滅殑涓嶆姷鎶楁斂绛栧拰灏�(du矛)鏃ュΕ鍗�(xi茅)鏂归嚌
锛堜簩锛変緷璩村湅鑱�(li谩n)鎶戝埗鏃ユ湰渚佃彲鏀跨瓥鐨勭牬鐢�(ch菐n)
1銆佷腑鍦嬫斂搴滃悜鍦嬭伅(li谩n)鐢宠ù鍜屽湅鑱�(li谩n)鐨勬厠(t脿i)搴�
2銆佹潕闋撹(di脿o)鏌ュ湗(tu谩n)鍙婂叾娲诲嫊(d貌ng)
3銆併€婃潕闋撹(di脿o)鏌ュ湗(tu谩n)鍫�(b脿o)鍛婃浉銆嬪強鍏跺弽闊�
锛堜笁锛夋棩杌嶄镜鍏ヨ彲鍖楄垏涓棩浜ゆ秹
1銆佸眻杈辩殑灏�(du矛)鏃ュ浜�
2銆佲€滃ぉ缇借伈鏄庘€濆強鍗椾含鏀垮簻鐨勬厠(t脿i)搴�
3銆佲€滆彲鍖楀嵄姗�(j墨)鈥濅腑鐨勫皪(du矛)鏃ヤ氦娑�
锛堝洓锛夋姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍏ㄩ潰鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鍓嶅崡浜斂搴滅殑澶栦氦
1銆佸崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滈€愭几杞�(zhu菐n)鍚戞姉鏃ョ殑澶栦氦
2銆佸崡浜斂搴滅殑鈥滆垏鍦嬪浜も€濃€旂埈(zh膿ng)鍙栧湅闅涚ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鐨勬敮鎸�
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佸崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滄垚绔嬪垵鏈熷浜ゆ斂绛栫殑瀵�(sh铆)璩�(zh矛)鏄粈涔堬紵
2銆佽⿻(p铆ng)杩板崡浜斂搴滅殑淇磩澶栦氦锛�
3銆佸崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滃皪(du矛)鏃ュ(sh铆)琛屼笉鎶垫姉鏀跨瓥鐨勫師鍥犺垏瀵�(sh铆)璩�(zh矛)锛�
4銆佺偤浠€涔堝崡浜斂搴滀緷璩村湅闅涜伅(li谩n)鐩熸姂鍒舵棩鏈镜鐣ョ殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥蹇呯劧澶�?銆�?br/>5銆佸垎鏋愭棩鏈镜鍏ヨ彲鍖椾互渚嗗崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滃皪(du矛)鏃ユ斂绛栫殑璁婂寲銆�
绗叓璎� 鎶楁棩鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓湅澶栦氦
鎶楁棩鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏄腑鍦嬩汉姘戠涓€娆″彇寰楀弽灏�(du矛)澶栧湅渚电暐鐨勫嫕鍒�銆傛姉鎴�(zh脿n)鐨勫嫕鍒╁拰涓湅鍦嬮殯鍦颁綅鐨勬彁
楂樿垏澶栦氦瀵嗕笉鍙垎?锛熻胺璜�?zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑澶栦氦鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅睈瀵�锛屾湁瑷卞杓濈厡鐨勭瘒绔犮€傞€欎竴鏅�(sh铆)鏈熶腑鍦嬪熀鏈�
鎿鸿劔浜嗛磯鐗囨埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)浠ヤ締涓嶅钩绛夋绱勭殑鏉熺笡锛屼腑鍦嬩綔鐐轰竴鍊�(g猫)涓栫晫鎬уぇ鍦嬭蛋涓婁簡涓栫晫鑸炶嚭(t谩i)銆傛湰璎涚殑
閲嶉粸(di菐n)鏄姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熷湅姘戞斂搴滃皪(du矛)澶栨斂绛栫殑涓昏鍏�(n猫i)瀹�锛涗簩鎴�(zh脿n)鍚庢湡涓湅澶у湅鍦颁綅褰㈡垚鐨勫師鍥犺垏绲�(ji茅)
鏋滐紱涓槆鍙嬪ソ鍚岀洘姊濈磩绨借▊鐨勮儗鏅�銆佸収(n猫i)瀹硅垏瑭�(p铆ng)鍍�(ji脿)銆�
涓€銆佹姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍓嶅崐鏈熷湅姘戞斂搴滅殑澶栦氦鈽�
锛堜竴锛夊崡浜斂搴滄姉鏃ュ浜ゆ柟閲濈殑璁婂寲
1銆佹姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍏ㄩ潰鐖嗙櫦(f膩)鍙娾€滆嚜琛�(w猫i)鎶楁埌(zh脿n)姹虹瓥鈥濈殑纰哄畾
2銆佹姉鏃ュ浜ゆ柟閲濈殑鍒跺畾
7
3銆佲€滆嫤鎾愬緟璁娾€�锛岀浉鎸佸皪(du矛)鎶�
锛堜簩锛夊皨姹傚湅闅涚ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鏀寔鐨勫浜ゆ椿鍕�(d貌ng)
1銆佺埈(zh膿ng)鍙栧湅鑱�(li谩n)鐨勫悓鎯呰垏鏀寔
2銆佺埈(zh膿ng)鍙栧痉鍦嬩腑绔�
3銆佷腑铇囬棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑鐧�(f膩)灞曡垏鑱�(li谩n)铇囧浜ょ殑灞曢枊
4銆佺埈(zh膿ng)鍙栫編鎻寸殑澶栦氦娲诲嫊(d貌ng)
5銆佸弽灏�(du矛)鑻卞湅灏�(du矛)鏃ュΕ鍗�(xi茅)锛岀埈(zh膿ng)鍙栬嫳鎻�
浜屻€佹姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍚庡崐鏈熷湅姘戞斂搴滅殑澶栦氦鈽�
锛堜竴锛夊姞鍏ヤ笘鐣屽弽娉曡タ鏂悓鐩�
锛堜簩锛夊叆绶姉鎿婃棩杌嶅晱椤�
锛堜笁锛夊虎闄よ垔绱�锛岃垏鑻辩編绛夊湅瑷傜珛鏂扮磩
锛堝洓锛夊ぇ鍦嬪湴浣嶇殑纰哄畾
1銆佺敖缃测€滄櫘閬嶅畨鍏ㄥ瑷€鈥�
2銆佸弮鍔犫€滈枊缇呮渻(hu矛)璀扳€濊垏绨界讲闁嬬緟瀹ｈ█
3銆佲€滆伅(li谩n)鍚堝湅鎲茬珷鈥濈涓€绨藉瓧鍦�
锛堜簲锛変腑鍦嬭垏缇庤嫳铇囦箣闁撶殑鍚堜綔鑸囧垎姝�
1銆佷腑缇庣殑鍚堜綔鑸囩煕鐩撅細鍙茶开濞佷簨浠�
2銆佷腑鑻变箣闁撶殑鐖�(zh膿ng)璜�
3銆佷腑铇囩煕鐩剧殑鐧�(f膩)灞�
锛堝叚锛夋姉鎴�(zh脿n)鍕濆埄鍓嶅鍦嬫皯鏀垮簻鍙嶅叡鍎�(y艒u)鍏堢殑澶栦氦娲诲嫊(d貌ng)
1銆佺埈(zh膿ng)鍙栫編鍦嬫壎钄ｅ弽鍏�
2銆佺敖瑷傘€婁腑铇囧弸濂藉悓鐩熸绱勩€嬧槄
3銆佹姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鐨勫亯澶у嫕鍒�
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佽⿻(p铆ng)杩板湅姘戞斂搴滄姉鎴�(zh脿n)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑澶栦氦鏀跨瓥锛�
2銆佸浣曡獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)涓湅鍦ㄤ笘鐣屽弽娉曡タ鏂埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)涓殑鍦颁綅鑸囦綔鐢�锛�
3銆佸垎鏋愭姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍚庢湡涓湅澶у湅鍦颁綅褰㈡垚鐨勫師鍥犺垏绲�(ji茅)鏋�锛�
4銆佸浣曡獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鎶楁埌(zh脿n)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓編闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紵
5銆佸浣曡⿻(p铆ng)鍍�(ji脿)鈥滀腑铇囧弸濂藉悓鐩熸绱勨€�锛�
绗節璎� 瑙ｆ斁鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓湅澶栦氦
閫欎竴鏅�(sh铆)鏈熺殑涓湅灏�(du矛)澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝涓昏鏄垏缇庡湅鍜岃槆鑱�(li谩n)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岀洝绠¤槆鑱�(li谩n)骞舵矑鏈夊儚缇庡湅閭ｆǎ鍗�
鍏ヤ腑鍦嬪収(n猫i)鎴�(zh脿n)锛屼絾涔熺郸浜嗕腑鍦嬪叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄤ互涓€瀹氱殑鎻村姪銆傝敚浠嬬煶鏀垮簻鐗瑰垾鎿�(d膩n)蹇冭槆鑱�(li谩n)鏀寔涓湅鍏辩敘(ch菐n)榛�锛�
鍦ㄧ⿳妤电埈(zh膿ng)鍙栫編鍦嬫彺鍔╃殑鍚屾檪(sh铆)锛屼篃鎶婂皪(du矛)铇囧浜や綔鐐轰竴鍊�(g猫)閲嶉粸(di菐n)銆傚埌瑙ｆ斁鎴�(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏈湡锛屽舰鍕�(sh矛)鏄庢湕鍚�锛�
缇庡湅鑸囪槆鑱�(li谩n)鐨勫皪(du矛)鑿厠(t脿i)搴﹂兘鐧�(f膩)鐢熶簡璁婂寲锛氱編鍦嬫媼妫勪簡鍦嬫皯榛ㄦ斂搴�锛屾寔瑙€鏈涙厠(t脿i)搴�锛涜槆鑱�(li谩n)寰炶〃闈笂
鐨勪腑绔嬶紝杞�(zhu菐n)鑰屽叕闁嬫敮鎸佷腑鍦嬪叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛�銆�
涓€銆佹姉鎴�(zh脿n)鍕濆埄鑸囧湅姘戞斂搴滅殑鍠勫悗澶栦氦
锛堜竴锛夋帴鍙楁棩鏈姇闄嶇殑澶栦氦娲诲嫊(d貌ng)锛氫互寰峰牨(b脿o)鎬ㄧ殑灏�(du矛)鏃ュ浜も槄
1銆佸皪(du矛)鏃ユ湰閲囧彇鈥滀互寰峰牨(b脿o)鎬ㄢ€濈殑瀵鏀跨瓥
2銆佸皪(du矛)鏃ユ湰鎴�(zh脿n)鐘殑铏曠悊
3銆侀棞(gu膩n)浜庢埌(zh脿n)鍚庢棩鏈殑闋�(l菒ng)鍦熷晱椤�
4銆侀棞(gu膩n)浜庢埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)璩犲劅鍟忛
锛堜簩锛夌編钄ｈ伅(li谩n)鎵嬫惗濂嫕鍒╂灉瀵�(sh铆)
8
锛堜笁锛変腑鑻遍棞(gu膩n)浜庨娓彈闄嶅晱椤岀殑鐖�(zh膿ng)鍩�(zh铆)
锛堝洓锛変腑娉曞湪瓒婂崡鍙楅檷鍟忛涓婄殑鐖�(zh膿ng)鍩�(zh铆)
锛堜簲锛変腑铇囬棞(gu膩n)浜庢帴绠℃澅鍖楃殑澶栦氦浜ゆ秹鑸囦腑铇囬棞(gu膩n)绯�
1銆佽槆鑱�(li谩n)鍑哄叺鏉卞寳鑸囦腑铇囨帴鏀朵氦娑�
2銆佷腑铇囧湪缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鍟忛涓婄殑浜ゆ秹
3銆佽敚浠嬬煶瑷槆鏈垚鍜岃敚缍�(j墨ng)鍦嬬殑鑾柉绉戜箣琛�
4銆佹帴鏀舵梾闋嗗ぇ閫ｅ晱椤�
5銆佽挋鍙ゅ晱椤岃垏鏂扮枂鍟忛
浜�銆佸崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滅殑鎶曠編鍙嶅叡銆佸爡(ji膩n)鎸佸収(n猫i)鎴�(zh脿n)鐨勫浜�
锛堜竴锛夌編鍦嬪皪(du矛)涓湅鍏�(n猫i)鎴�(zh脿n)鐨勬厠(t脿i)搴﹁垏棣瓏鐖剧殑鈥滆(di脿o)铏曗€濃槄
锛堜簩锛夊崡浜斂搴滄帴鍙楃編鎻寸殑鎯呮硜
锛堜笁锛夆€滀腑缇庡弸濂介€氬晢鑸捣姊濈磩鈥濈殑绨借▊鑸囩編钄ｉ棞(gu膩n)绯�
涓�銆佸崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滅殑鈥滄櫘閬嶁€濆浜�
锛堜竴锛夊崡浜湅姘戞斂搴滅殑澶氶倞澶栦氦
1銆佸弮鑸囪伅(li谩n)鍚堝湅鐨勫壍(chu脿ng)寤烘椿鍕�(d貌ng)
2銆佽垏鍚勫湅閲嶈▊鏂扮磩锛屾敹鍥炵鐣�
3銆佸姞鍏モ€滈棞(gu膩n)璨�(m脿o)绺藉崝(xi茅)瀹氣€�
锛堜簩锛変繚璀�(h霉)鑿儜鐨勫悎娉曟瑠(qu谩n)鐩�
锛堜笁锛夎タ娌�銆佸崡娌欑兢宄朵富娆�(qu谩n)鐨勫绀哄強涓硶浜ゆ秹
锛堝洓锛夎ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鈥滀簽娲查泦楂斿畨鍏ㄨ▓(j矛)鍔冣€�
鍥�銆佸崡浜斂搴滅殑鏈湡澶栦氦鈽�
锛堜竴锛夊姞绶婃姇闈犵編鍦嬪鍦栨尳鍥炲け鏁楃殑鍛介亱(y霉n)鍙婄編钄ｉ棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑璁婂寲
1銆佷緷闈犵編鎻存尳鍥炲け鏁楀懡閬�(y霉n)
2銆侀瓘寰烽倎浣胯彲鑸囧崡浜斂搴滅殑鎱�(t脿i)搴�
3銆�1948 骞村墠鍚庣編鍦嬬殑缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)杌嶄簨鎻村姪
4銆佽拷闅ㄧ編鍦嬫壎妞嶆棩鏈�
锛堜簩锛夊崡浜斂搴滅殑鏈矾澶栦氦
1銆佽瑎姹傚渚嗗共娑夌殑澶辨晽
2銆佺編涓棞(gu膩n)绯荤櫧鐨浉鐨勫叕甯冭垏缇庤敚鐭涚浘
3銆佽敚浠嬬煶鍔涘湒闃绘挀鍚勫湅鎵胯獚(r猫n)鏂颁腑鍦�
浜�銆佷腑鍦嬪叡鐢�(ch菐n)榛ㄧ殑澶栦氦锛氳伅(li谩n)铇囨斂绛栫殑纰哄畾
锛堜竴锛夎槆鑱�(li谩n)灏�(du矛)涓湅鍏辩敘(ch菐n)榛ㄦ斂绛栫殑璁婂寲
锛堜簩锛夊妷灏戝绉樺瘑瑷晱铇囪伅(li谩n)鑸団€滀竴閭婂€掆€濇斂绛栫殑纰虹珛
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佽⿻(p铆ng)杩版埌(zh脿n)鍚庡湅姘戞斂搴滅殑灏�(du矛)鏃ユ斂绛�锛�
2銆侀Μ姝囩埦瑾�(di脿o)铏曠偤浠€涔堝け??锛�
3銆佸垎鏋愬湅姘戦花鏀挎瑠(qu谩n)鏈湡鐨勫浜ゆ斂绛�锛�
4銆佸垎鏋愯В鏀炬埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍚庢湡涓湅鍏辩敘(ch菐n)榛ㄥ皪(du矛)澶栨斂绛栨柟閲濈殑纰哄畾銆�
绗崄璎� 涓湅澶栦氦楂斿埗鑸囩悊蹇电殑璁婂寲
鏈瑳寰炲浜ら珨鍒跺拰澶栦氦鐞嗗康鍏╂柟闈㈠皪(du矛)杩戜唬涓湅澶栦氦鍋氫竴鍊�(g猫)澶ф鐨勭附绲�(ji茅)锛岄噸榛�(di菐n)瑕佹眰瀛�(xu茅)鍝℃帉
鎻′腑鍦嬪浜ら珨鍒惰畩鍖栫殑鑴堣兂銆�
涓€銆佸浜ら珨鍒剁殑璁婂寲
9
锛堜竴锛夌涓€鍊�(g猫)涓ぎ姝ｅ紡澶栦氦姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)鐨勮ō(sh猫)缃�
锛堜簩锛夊湴鏂规€х殑娑夊姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)
锛堜笁锛夊鍕�(w霉)閮ㄧ殑瑷�(sh猫)绔�
锛堝洓锛夋垚绔嬪浜ら儴
浜�銆佸浜ょ悊蹇电殑璁婂寲
锛堜竴锛夐棞(gu膩n)浜庘€滃し鈥濈殑瑙€蹇佃畩
锛堜簩锛夊湅瀹跺埄娆�(qu谩n)瑙€蹇电殑妯圭珛
锛堜笁锛夊ぉ鏈濋珨鍒讹紙钘╄并楂斿埗锛夊埌闉忓浐閭婄枂
锛堝洓锛夊緸浠ュ晢鍒跺し鍒板晢鎴�(zh脿n)
锛堜簲锛夐仯浣垮嚭娲嬪拰娲剧暀瀛�(xu茅)鐢�
锛堝叚锛変繚璀�(h霉)鍍戞皯瑙€蹇电殑纰虹珛
锛堜竷锛夊(xu茅)缈�(x铆)瑗挎柟鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鐨勫寮�(qi谩ng)
涓夈€佽憲鍚嶅浜ゅ鍙婂叾澶栦氦鎬濇兂
锛堜竴锛夋潕榇荤珷鐢熷钩鍙婂浜ゆ椿鍕�(d貌ng)
锛堜簩锛夌帇闊滅殑澶栦氦鎬濇兂
锛堜笁锛夐¨缍垶鐨勫浜ゆ椿鍕�(d貌ng)
鎬濊€冮锛�
1銆佸垎鏋愪腑鍦嬪浜ら珨鍒剁櫦(f膩)灞曡畩鍖栫殑閬庣▼鑸囧師鍥狅紱
2銆佺祼(ji茅)鍚堜腑鍦嬪浜ゅ彶鐨勫(xu茅)缈�(x铆)锛岃珖?w霉)鍕€閵�?du矛)鈥滃急鍦嬬劇澶栦氦鈥濈殑鐞嗚В銆�
3銆佺祼(ji茅)鍚堜腑鍦嬪浜ゅ彶鐨勫(sh铆)渚嬭鏄庘€滀互澶峰埗澶封€濈殑澶栦氦鐐轰粈涔堢稉(j墨ng)甯稿け鏁�锛�
闁辫畝鏇哥洰锛�
1銆佺帇绱瑰潑钁�锛屻€婁腑鍦嬪浜ゅ彶銆嬶紙1840鈥斺€�1911锛�锛屾渤鍗椾汉姘戝嚭鐗堢ぞ 1988 骞寸増锛�
2銆佸惓鏉变箣涓荤法锛屻€婁腑鍦嬪浜ゅ彶銆嬶紙1911鈥斺€�1949锛夛紝娌冲崡浜烘皯鍑虹増绀� 1990 骞寸増銆�
4銆佺煶婧愯彲钁�锛屻€婁腑鑿皯鍦嬪浜ゅ彶銆嬶紝涓婃捣浜烘皯鍑虹増绀� 1994 骞寸増銆�
5銆侀櫠鏂囬嚄绛夎憲锛屻€婃姉鏃ユ埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)鏅�(sh铆)鏈熶腑鍦嬪皪(du矛)澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯汇€�锛屼腑鍏遍花鍙插嚭鐗堢ぞ 1995 骞寸増銆�
6銆佸妷鍩硅彲钁�锛屻€婅繎浠ｄ腑澶栭棞(gu膩n)绯诲彶銆�锛屽寳浜ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀� 1986 骞寸増銆�
7銆佸憘鏄京钁�锛屻€婅嫳灞嵃搴﹁垏涓湅瑗垮崡閭婄枂锛�1874--1911锛夈€�锛屼腑鍦嬬ぞ鏈�(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)鍑虹増绀� 1996
骞寸増銆�
8銆佷腑鍦嬬ぞ鏈�(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)闄㈣繎浠ｅ彶鎵€绶紝銆婃矙淇勪镜鑿彶銆�1鈥�4 鍗�銆�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€с€佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
