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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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涓€銆侀伕鎿囬锛堟瘡椤� 2 鍒�锛屽叡 40 鍒嗐€傦級
1銆佹脯瀹氱祼(ji茅)鏋滅殑绮惧瘑搴﹀緢楂�锛岃鏄庯紙 锛�銆�
A銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)瑾ゅ樊澶� B銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)瑾ゅ樊灏� C銆佸伓鐒惰宸ぇ D銆佸伓鐒惰宸皬
2銆佹牴鎿�(j霉)鏈夋晥鏁�(sh霉)瀛楄▓(j矛)绠楄(gu墨)鍓�锛�(0.29脳0.815+0.61脳1.45)/2.039 鐨勭祼(ji茅)鏋滅偤锛� 锛�銆�
A. 0.54 B. 0.55 C. 0.5 D. 0.545
3銆佷笅鍒楃█婧舵恫锛屾徊閫忓鏈€灏忕殑鏄�( )
A銆�0.02 mol?L?1
NaCl锛� B銆�0.02mol?L?1
CaCl2锛�
C銆�0.02 mol?L?1
HAc锛� D銆�0.02 mol?L?1
钁¤悇绯栥€�
4銆�0.1mol?L?1
KI鍜�0.08mol?L?1
AgNO3婧舵恫绛夐珨绌嶆贩鍜屽埗鎴怉gI婧惰啝锛屽皪鍏惰仛娌夎兘鍔涙渶寮�(qi谩ng)鐨勬槸
( )
A銆丯aCl锛� B銆丮gCl2锛� C銆丄lCl3锛� D銆丯a3PO4銆�
5銆佸湪涓嬪垪鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓�锛�?rHm
?
鑸囩敘(ch菐n)鐗╃殑 ?fHm
?
鐩稿悓鐨勬槸锛� 锛夈€�
A. 2H2 (g) + O2(g) = 2H2O (l) B. NO (g) + ?O2(g) = NO2 (g)
C. C(閲戝墰鐭�) = C(鐭冲ⅷ) D. ?H2 (g) + ?Cl2 (g) = HCl (g)
6銆佹牴鎿�(j霉)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐭ヨ瓨锛屼笅鍒楀畾缇╀腑涓嶆纰虹殑鏄� ( )
A銆�?fG?
m(H2,g) = 0锛� B銆�?fG?
m(H+
,aq) = 0锛�
C銆�?fH?
m(H,g) = 0锛� D銆�?f H?
m(H2,g) = 0銆�
7銆佸凡鐭ュ弽鎳�(y墨ng)CaCO3(S) ?CaO(S)+CO2(g)锛屛� rH?
m=178 kJ路mol
-1
锛屽墖鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍦ㄦ(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓嬶紙 锛�銆�
A. 楂樻韩鑷櫦(f膩) B. 浣庢韩鑷櫦(f膩)
C. 浠讳綍婧害涓嬮兘鑷櫦(f膩) D. 浠讳綍婧害涓嬮兘闈炶嚜鐧�(f膩)
8銆佹煇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勯€熺巼甯告暩(sh霉) k 鐨勫柈浣嶇偤 L路mol-1
路s-1
锛屽墖瑭插寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)绱氭暩(sh霉)鐐猴紙 锛�銆�
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
9銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng) A(s)+B(g)鈫扖(g)锛屸柍H锛�0锛屾澧炲姞姝ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼锛屼笅鍒楁帾鏂戒腑鐒＄敤鐨勭偤( )銆�
A銆佸澶� B 鐨勫垎澹� B銆佸崌婧� C銆佷娇鐢ㄥ偓鍖栧姂 D銆丅 鐨勫垎澹撲笉璁�锛孋 鐨勫垎澹撴笡灏�
10銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng) A + B = C + D 鐨� Kc = 10-10
锛岄€欐剰鍛宠憲锛� 锛�銆�
A銆佹鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓嶅彲鑳介€�(j矛n)琛�锛岀墿璩�(zh矛) C 涓嶅瓨鍦� B銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫嗘柟鍚戦€�(j矛n)琛岋紝鐗╄唱(zh矛) C 涓嶅瓨鍦�
C銆佹閫嗗弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)鐩哥暥(d膩ng)锛岀墿璩�(zh矛) C 澶ч噺瀛樺湪 D銆佹鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)琛岀▼搴﹀皬锛岀墿璩�(zh矛) C 鐨勯噺灏�
绗� 1 闋�锛屽叡 5 闋�
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11銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng) CO(g) + H2O(g) = H2(g) + CO2(g)鍦ㄦ韩搴︾偤 T 鏅�(sh铆)閬�(d谩)骞宠 鏅�(sh铆)锛屽墖骞宠 甯告暩(sh霉) Kp 鑸� Kc
鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯绘槸锛� 锛�銆�
A銆並p锛濳c B銆並p锛淜c C銆並p=Kc D銆並p 鑸� Kc 鐒￠棞(gu膩n)
12銆佹寜鐓ч吀鍫胯唱(zh矛)瀛愮悊璜�锛孨H4Cl 涓殑 NH4
+
鏄紙 锛夈€�
A銆侀菇 B銆佸牽 C銆侀吀 D銆佽唱(zh矛)瀛�
13銆佷笅鍒楀垎瀛愬咕浣曟(g貌u)鍨嬬偤涓夎褰㈢殑鏄紙 锛�銆�
A. PCl3 B. NH3 C. BF3 D. IF3
14銆丮g(OH)2 鐨勬憾搴︾⿳鏄� 1.2脳10-11
(291K)锛屽湪瑭叉韩搴︿笅锛屼笅鍒� pH 鍊间腑锛屽摢涓€鍊�(g猫)鏄� Mg(OH)2
椋藉拰婧舵恫鐨� pH 鍊�( )銆�
A. 10.16 B. 10.36 C. 10.46 D. 10.56
15銆�0.10 mol路L
-1
鐨勪笅鍒楅吀涓兘鐢� 0.10 mol路L
-1
鐨� NaOH 浣滅洿鎺ユ淮瀹氬垎鏋愮殑鏄紙 锛�銆�
A. HCOOH ( p a
K
螛
= 3.45) B. H3BO3 ( p a
K
螛
= 9.22)
C. NH4Cl ( p b
K
螛
= 4.74) D. HCN ( p a
K
螛
= 9.31)
16銆佺敤 0.1 mol路L-1
Sn2+
鍜� 0.01 mol路L-1
Sn4+
绲勬垚鐨勯浕妤�锛屽叾闆绘サ闆诲嫝鏄紙 锛夈€�
A銆丒?
+ 0.0592/2 B銆丒?
+ 0.0592 C銆丒?
鈥� 0.0592 D銆丒?
鈥� 0.0592/2
17銆佸凡鐭� E?
(Fe3+
/Fe2+
) > E?
(I2/I-
) > E?
(Sn4+
/Sn2+
)锛屼笅鍒楃墿璩�(zh矛)鑳藉叡瀛樼殑鏄紙 锛�銆�
A銆丗e
3+
鍜� Sn
2+
B銆丗e
2+
鍜� I2 C銆丗e
3+
鍜� I
-
D銆両2 鍜� Sn
2+
18銆佸湪 H[AuCl4]婧舵恫涓紝闄� H2O 鍜� H+
澶�锛屽叾鐩稿皪鍚噺鏈€澶х殑鏄紙 锛�銆�
A銆丆l
-
B銆丄uCl3 C銆乕AuCl4]
-
D銆丄u
3+
19銆丒DTA 鍦ㄤ笉鍚� pH 涓嬬殑閰告晥鎳�(y墨ng)绯绘暩(sh霉)鍒嗗垾鏄� pH = 4銆�6銆�8銆�10 鏅�(sh铆)锛宭g伪 Y(H)鐐� 8.44銆�4.65銆�
2.27銆�0.45锛屽凡鐭� lgKMgY=8.7锛岃ō(sh猫)鐒″叾浠栧壇鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岀⒑瀹氱敤 EDTA 鐩存帴婧�(zh菙n)纰烘淮瀹� Mg2锛�
鐨勯吀搴︾偤( )銆�
A. pH=4 B. pH=6 C. pH=8 D. pH=10
20銆佷笅鍒楀悇閰嶉珨涓兘浣滅偤铻悎鍔戠殑鏄紙 锛�銆�
A銆丗
-
B銆丠2O C銆丯H3 D銆丆2O4
2-
绗� 2 闋�锛屽叡 5 闋�
2018 骞寸ⅸ澹爺绌剁敓鎷涚敓鑰冭│瑭﹂
绉戠洰浠ｇ⒓鍙婂悕绋憋細906 鐒℃サ鍙婂垎鏋愬寲瀛�(xu茅) 閬╃敤灏堟キ(y猫)锛�045106 瀛�(xu茅)绉戞暀瀛�(xu茅)锛堝寲瀛�(xu茅)锛夈€�085229 鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨伐绋�
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浜屻€佸垽鏂烽锛堝皪鐨勬墦閴�锛岄尟(cu貌)鐨勬墦鍙夛紝姣忓皬椤� 1 鍒�锛屽叡 15 鍒嗐€傦級
1銆佸垎鏋愮祼(ji茅)鏋滆垏鐪熷(sh铆)鍊间箣闁撶殑宸€肩ū鐐哄亸宸�銆傦紙 锛�
2銆佺禃灏嶈宸瓑浜庢煇娆℃脯瀹氬€艰垏澶氭娓畾鍊肩殑骞冲潎鍊间箣宸�銆傦紙 锛�
3銆佸咕鍊�(g猫)鏁�(sh霉)鐩稿姞鎴栫浉娓涙檪(sh铆)锛屽叾鍜屾垨宸殑鏈夋晥鏁�(sh霉)瀛楁噳(y墨ng)浠ユ湁鏁堟暩(sh霉)瀛椾綅鏁�(sh霉)鏈€灏戠殑鐐烘簴(zh菙n)銆傦紙 锛�
4銆佽唱(zh矛)閲忔懇鐖炬績搴︽槸 1 kg 婧舵恫涓惈婧惰唱(zh矛)鐨勭墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勯噺銆傦紙 锛�
5銆侀浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)鐨勮仛娌夊€艰秺澶�锛屽叾鑱氭矇鑳藉姏瓒婂ぇ銆傦紙 锛�
6銆佺媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勬暩(sh霉)鍊艰垏楂旂郴涓墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勬暩(sh霉)閲忔垚姝ｆ瘮銆傦紙 锛�
7銆佸皪浠讳竴閬庣▼渚嗚锛岄珨绯荤殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳借畩鍖栬垏閬庣▼缍�(j墨ng)姝风殑閫斿緫鐒￠棞(gu膩n)銆傦紙 锛�
8銆佸偓鍖栧姂鍙兘鏀硅畩鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼锛屼笉鑳芥敼璁婂寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠 銆傦紙 锛�
9銆侀潪鑷櫦(f膩)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏄笉鍙兘瀵�(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆傦紙 锛�
10銆佹牴鎿�(j霉)閰稿牽璩�(zh矛)瀛愮悊璜�锛岀閰稿彲鑳芥槸閰革紝涔熷彲鑳芥槸鍫�銆傦紙 锛�
11銆佸偓鍖栧姂鏀硅畩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼锛岄檷浣庡弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬椿鍖栬兘锛屼絾涓嶈兘鏀硅畩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨�?rG?
m銆� ( )
12銆乸H 鈮� 4 鏅�(sh铆)鑾埦娉曟淮瀹� Cl
-
鐨勭祼(ji茅)鏋滃亸浣�銆傦紙 锛�
13銆侀浕瀛愬叿鏈夋尝绮掍簩璞℃€�锛屾晠姣忓€�(g猫)闆诲瓙閮芥棦鏄矑瀛�锛屽張鏄尝銆傦紙 锛�
14銆丄gI 鐨勬哀鍖栬兘鍔涘挤(qi谩ng)浜� AgCl銆傦紙 锛�
15銆侀厤鍒� pH 鐐� 9锝�11 鐨勭珐娌栨憾娑诧紝鍙敤 HAc锛峃aAc 鐨勬贩鍚堟恫銆傦紙 锛�
涓夈€佸～绌洪锛堟瘡绌� 1 鍒�锛屽叡 15 鍒�銆傦級
1锛� 鐢ㄧ█ AgNO3 鍜� KI 婧舵恫鍒跺倷 AgI 婧惰啝锛屾墍寰楁憾鑶犲垎鍒ユ脯寰楁墍鍔犻浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)鐨勮仛娌夊€肩偤 NaCl
7500 mmol路L-1
銆丮gCl2 50 mmol路L-1
銆丄lCl30.70 mmol路L-1
銆傚墖瑭� AgI 婧惰啝鐨勮啝鍦�(tu谩n)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寮�
鐐� 锛屽叾闆诲牬涓櫦(f膩)鐢熼浕娉虫檪(sh铆)鍚� 绉诲嫊(d貌ng)銆�
2锛庨洠鎻櫦(f膩)闈為浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)绋€婧舵恫鐨勮捀姘ｅ涓嬮檷鑸囨憾娑茬殑璩�(zh矛)閲忔懇鐖炬績搴� 锛岃€岃垏 鐒￠棞(gu膩n)銆�
3锛庡熀鍏冨弽鎳�(y墨ng) 2NO(g)+O2(g) ?2NO2(g) 閫熺巼鏂圭▼鐐� 锛岀暥(d膩ng)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)瀹瑰櫒鐨勯珨绌嶇府灏�
涓€鍗婃檪(sh铆)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐐哄師渚嗙殑 鍊�銆�
4锛庡弽鎳�(y墨ng) C锛坰锛�+ H2O锛坓锛�?CO锛坓锛�+ H2锛坓锛� 螖rH?
m =121 kJ路mol-1
锛岄仈(d谩)骞宠 鏅�(sh铆)锛岃嫢娓�
灏忓弽鎳�(y墨ng)瀹瑰櫒鐨勯珨绌�锛屽钩琛� 绉诲嫊(d貌ng)锛岃嫢鍗囬珮楂旂郴婧害锛屽钩琛� 绉诲嫊(d貌ng)锛屽姞
鍏ュ偓鍖栧姂锛屽钩琛� 绉诲嫊(d貌ng)銆�
5. 涓嬪垪鍒嗗瓙鎴栭洟瀛愮殑绌洪枔骞句綍妲�(g貌u)鍨嬶細PbCl2 锛� AlF6
3锛�
锛�
6. 娌夋穩婊村畾涓帿鐖炬硶浠� 鐐烘寚绀哄姂锛岀暥(d膩ng)鍑虹従(xi脿n) 鑹叉矇娣€鏅�(sh铆)鍗抽仈(d谩)婊村畾绲傞粸(di菐n)锛�
绗� 3 闋�锛屽叡 5 闋�
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锛堣珛鑰冪敓鍦ㄧ瓟椤岀礄涓婄瓟椤�锛屽湪姝よ│椤岀礄涓婄瓟椤岀劇鏁堬級
7锛�(-)Cu鈭u2+
(1mol路L-1
)鈹娾攰Fe3+
(1mol路L-1
)锛孎(xi脿n)e2+
(1mol路L-1
)鈭t(+)锛岃┎鍘熼浕姹犵殑闆绘睜鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鐐� 锛屽師闆绘睜鐨勯浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕㈢偤 銆�(宸茬煡锛毾�?
(Fe3+
/Fe2+
)=0.77V锛�
蠁?
(Cu2+
/Cu)=0.34V)
鍥�銆佸垎鏋愰 锛堟瘡椤� 5 鍒�锛屽叡 30 鍒�銆傦級
1.鍦ㄥ父澹撲笅锛岀偤浣曟捣姘寸殑娌搁粸(di菐n)瑕侀珮浜� 100鈩�锛�
2.浠€涔堝彨鑷敱鑳藉垽鎿�(j霉)锛熷畠鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ浠舵槸浠€涔�锛�
3.浠ヤ笅瑾硶鏄惁鎭扮暥(d膩ng)锛熺偤浠€涔堬紵(6 鍒�)
(1) 鏀剧啽鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍧囨槸鑷櫦(f膩)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
(2) ?S 灏忎簬闆剁殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍧囦笉鑳借嚜鐧�(f膩)閫�(j矛n)琛�锛�
(3) 鍐板湪瀹ゆ韩涓嬭嚜鍕�(d貌ng)铻嶅寲鐐烘按鏄喌澧炶捣浜嗛噸瑕佷綔鐢ㄧ殑绲�(ji茅)鏋�銆�
4.绨¤鏁樿堪褰遍熆鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫洜绱�銆�
5.浠€涔堟槸绶╂矕婧舵恫锛熺珐娌栬兘鍔涜垏鍝簺鍥犵礌鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛熸湁闂�(gu膩n)鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勬績搴︽€庢ǎ鎺у埗锛�
6.鐣�(d膩ng) Zn
2+
鍜� Mg
2+
鍏卞瓨鏅�(sh铆)锛岃│?y谩n)顜€閱氳瘨铦�?KCN 鍜岃В钄藉姂鐢查啗灏嶅叐绋洟瀛愰€�(j矛n)琛岄€ｇ簩(x霉)婊村畾銆傚鍑�
鏂规鎴栭亷绋嬨€�
浜�銆佽▓(j矛)绠楅锛堟瘡椤� 10 鍒嗭紝鍏� 50 鍒�銆傦級
1銆佹煇姘存憾娑茬殑娌搁粸(di菐n)鏄� 100.28鈩�銆傦紙1锛夋眰瑭叉憾娑茬殑鍑濆浐榛�(di菐n)銆傦紙2锛�25鈩冩檪(sh铆)绱旀按鐨勮捀姹藉鐐� 3167.73
Pa锛屾眰瑭叉韩搴︿笅婧舵恫鐨勮捀姹藉銆傦紙3锛夋眰 0鈩冩檪(sh铆)瑭叉憾娑茬殑婊查€忓銆傚凡鐭ワ細Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1
锛�
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1
锛�
2銆佸凡鐭� 298K 鏅�(sh铆)锛屼笅鍒楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)
BaCO3锛坰锛夛紳BaO锛坰锛夛紜 CO2锛坰锛�
?
mf
H? /kJ路mol-1
锛�1216.29 锛�548.10 锛�393.51
?
m
S / J路k-1
路mol-1
112.13 72.09 213.64
姹� 298K 鏅�(sh铆)锛岃┎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨� ?
mr
H? 锛� ?
mr
S? 鍜� ?
mr
G? 锛屼互鍙婅┎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙嚜鐧�(f膩)閫�(j矛n)琛岀殑鏈€浣庢韩搴︺€�
3銆佹矑鏈夊偓鍖栧姂瀛樺湪鏅�(sh铆)锛孒2O2 鍒嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng) H2O2(l) 鈫� H2O(l) + 0.5 O2(g)鐨勬椿鍖栬兘鐐� 75 kJ mol-1
銆�
鏈夐惖鍌寲鍔戝瓨鍦ㄦ檪(sh铆)锛岃┎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬椿鍖栬兘闄嶄綆鍒� 54 kJ mol-1
銆傝▓(j矛)绠� 298 K 鏅�(sh铆)姝ゅ叐绋儏娉佷笅鐨�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勬瘮鍊�銆�
绗� 4 闋�锛屽叡 5 闋�
2018 骞寸ⅸ澹爺绌剁敓鎷涚敓鑰冭│瑭﹂
绉戠洰浠ｇ⒓鍙婂悕绋憋細906 鐒℃サ鍙婂垎鏋愬寲瀛�(xu茅) 閬╃敤灏堟キ(y猫)锛�045106 瀛�(xu茅)绉戞暀瀛�(xu茅)锛堝寲瀛�(xu茅)锛夈€�085229 鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨伐绋�
锛堣珛鑰冪敓鍦ㄧ瓟椤岀礄涓婄瓟椤�锛屽湪姝よ│椤岀礄涓婄瓟椤岀劇鏁堬級
4銆佸湪 pH = 6 鏅�(sh铆)锛屼笅鍒楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑳藉惁鑷櫦(f膩)閫�(j矛n)琛岋紙瑷�(sh猫)鍏跺畠鐗╄唱(zh矛)鍧囪檿浜庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛�锛�
锛� 1 锛� Cr2O7
2-
+ Br-
+ H+
鈫� Cr3+
+ Br2 + H2O 锛� 宸� 鐭� E
鈯�
(Br2/Br-
)=1.07v锛� E
鈯�
(Cr2O7
2-
/Cr3+
)=1.33v锛�
锛� 2 锛� MnO4
-
+ Cl-
+ H+
鈫� Mn2+
+ Cl2 + H2O 锛� 宸� 鐭� E
鈯�
(Cl2/Cl-
)=1.36v锛� E
鈯�
(MnO4
-
/Mn2+
)=1.51v锛�
5銆佹湁涓€闆绘睜(-)Pt锝淗2(50.0kPa)锝淗+
(0.50 mol.L-1
)鈥朣n4+
(0.70 mol.L-1
), Sn2+
(0.50 mol.L-1
)锝�
Pt(+)
锛�1锛夊鍑哄崐闆绘睜鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
锛�2锛夊鍑洪浕姹犲弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
锛�3锛夎▓(j矛)绠楅浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕⑽� 锛涘凡鐭� E
鈯�
(Sn4+
/Sn2+
)=0.154v
锛�4锛夌暥(d膩ng)蔚 = 0 鏅�(sh铆)锛屼繚鎸� p(H2)銆乧(H+
)涓嶈畩鐨勬儏娉佷笅锛宑(Sn2+
)/c(Sn4+
)鏄灏戯紵
绗� 5 闋�锛屽叡 5 闋�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄わ紝鍙︼細鏈枃鍍呬唬琛ㄤ綔鑰呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€с€佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜嬭嚜琛屾牳瀵�(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹广€�
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