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1.绶掕珫
瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)妞嶇墿鐢熺悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫叏璨岋紝浜嗚В妞嶇墿鐢熺悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)銆佹噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€佺櫦(f膩)灞曞強鍦ㄦ鐗╃瀛�(xu茅)涓殑鍦颁綅銆�
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浜嗚В绱�(x矛)鑳炴蹇碉紝绱�(x矛)鑳為鍨�锛岄珮绛夋鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炵壒榛�(di菐n)銆傛帉鎻＄窗(x矛)鑳炲锛岃優闁撻€ｇ挡锛岀敓鐗╄啘鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
鍜屽姛鑳�銆傜啛绶存帉鎻℃鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炵殑瓒呭井绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽姛鑳�锛屽寘鎷窗(x矛)鑳炲収(n猫i)鑶滅郴绲�(t菕ng)锛堝収(n猫i)璩�(zh矛)缍�(w菐ng)锛岄珮鐖惧熀楂�锛屾憾
閰堕珨锛屾恫娉＄瓑锛夛紝绱�(x矛)鑳炴牳锛岃唱(zh矛)楂�锛岀窔绮掗珨锛屽叾浠栫窗(x矛)鑳炲櫒锛岀窗(x矛)鑳為鏋讹紝绱�(x矛)鑳炶唱(zh矛)鍩鸿唱(zh矛)銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗�
绱�(x矛)鑳炰俊铏�(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)锛屽寘鎷挵(hu谩n)澧冨埡婵€鍜岃優澶栦俊铏�(h脿o)锛屽彈楂斿拰璺ㄨ啘淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)鎻�锛岃優鍏�(n猫i)淇¤櫉(h脿o)鍒嗗瓙鍜岀
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3. 妞嶇墿鐨勫懠鍚镐綔鐢�
浜嗚В鍛煎惛浣滅敤鐨勬蹇靛拰鎰忕京锛屽懠鍚镐綔鐢ㄧ殑娓�(c猫)瀹氭柟娉曞強鎸囨(bi膩o)銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╁懠鍚镐唬璎濈殑閫斿緫锛�
鍖呮嫭绯栭叺瑙�锛屼笁缇ч吀寰挵(hu谩n)锛堟妾吀鎴� Krebs 寰挵(hu谩n)锛�锛屾垔绯栫７閰搁€斿緫锛屼箼閱涢吀寰挵(hu谩n)锛屽簳鐗╂哀鍖�
閫斿緫鐨勫妯ｆ€�銆傜啛绶存帉鎻″懠鍚搁浕瀛愰張锛岄浕瀛愬偝閬為€斿緫鐨勫妯ｆ€�锛屾哀鍖栫７閰稿寲鍜屾鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)鑳介噺
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鐨勮(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)绛夎(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)閫斿緫銆傛帉鎻″奖闊垮懠鍚镐綔鐢ㄧ殑鍥犵礌鍙婃鐗╁懠鍚镐綔鐢ㄨ(di脿o)鎺у湪杈�(n贸ng)鏋楁キ(y猫)鐢熺敘(ch菐n)涓殑浣滅敤銆�
4. 鍏夊悎浣滅敤
浜嗚В鍏夊悎浣滅敤鐨勬剰缇�銆傛帉鎻″厜鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�锛屽寘鎷熀鏈蹇�锛屽厜鍚堝櫒锛坧hotosynthetic
apparatus锛夌殑妲�(g貌u)鎴�锛屽ぉ绶氱郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭祫鎴�锛屽厜鍚堥浕瀛愬偝閬炴(j墨)鍒讹紝钁夌稜楂斿収(n猫i)鐨勮唱(zh矛)瀛愰亱(y霉n)杓歌垏 ATP 鍚�
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C2 姘у寲鍏夊悎纰冲惊鐠�(hu谩n)锛堝厜鍛煎惛锛�锛岄珮绛夋鐗╃殑 CO2 瀵岄泦姗�(j墨)鍒讹紙C4 纰冲惊鐠�(hu谩n)銆丆AM锛�銆傜啛绶存帉鎻″奖闊�
鍏夊悎浣滅敤鐨勭挵(hu谩n)澧冨洜瀛愬強妞嶇墿鍏夊悎浣滅敤鐨勫厜闊挎噳(y墨ng)锛屾韩搴﹂熆鎳�(y墨ng)锛孋O2 闊挎噳(y墨ng)鐨勮(gu墨)寰嬨€備簡瑙ｆ鐗╁皪(du矛)鍏�
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5. 妞嶇墿楂斿収(n猫i)鏈夋(j墨)鐗╃殑閬�(y霉n)杓歌垏鍒嗛厤
浜嗚В鍚屽寲鐗╅亱(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)闂归顎珐缁炵惣g鐨儴锛岄亱(y霉n)杓哥墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勭ó椤�锛岄亱(y霉n)杓告柟鍚�锛岄亱(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)涔冧烤?銆傛帉?br/>闊岀毊閮ㄩ亱(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)鑷婥(j墨)鐞嗭紝鍖呮嫭澹撳姏娴佸嫊(d貌ng)瀛�(xu茅)瑾�(shu艒)锛岃優璩�(zh矛)娉靛嫊(d貌ng)瀛�(xu茅)瑾�(shu艒)鍜屾敹绺泲鐧藉(xu茅)瑾�(shu艒)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)銆傛帉鎻￠煂鐨儴
鐨勮杓夊強鍗稿嚭閫斿緫鍙婃(j墨)鍒�銆備簡瑙ｅ悓鍖栫墿鐨勫垎閰嶈垏瑾�(di脿o)鎺ц(gu墨)寰�锛屽叿楂旂偤婧愬拰搴�(k霉)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屽悓鍖栫敘(ch菐n)鐗�
閬�(y霉n)杓稿垎閰嶅拰褰遍熆鍥犵礌锛屽悓鍖栫敘(ch菐n)鐗╅亱(y霉n)杓歌垏鍒嗛厤鐨勮(di脿o)鎺�銆�
6. 妞嶇墿鐨勬按鍒嗕唬璎�
浜嗚В姘村垎鐨勭悊鍖栨€ц唱(zh矛)锛屾鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫惈姘撮噺鍜屾按鍒嗗瓨鍦ㄧ媭鎱�(t脿i)锛屾按鍒嗗湪妞嶇墿鐢熷懡娲诲嫊(d貌ng)涓殑浣�
鐢�銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炲皪(du矛)姘村垎鐨勫惛鏀跺拰閬�(y霉n)杞�(zhu菐n)锛屽寘鎷鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炵殑婊查€忔€у惛姘�锛屾按鍕�(sh矛)鐨勬蹇碉紝婊查€忎綔
鐢�锛屾鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炴槸涓€鍊�(g猫)婊查€忕郴绲�(t菕ng)锛屾鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炵殑姘村嫝(sh矛)锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炲褰堟€у拰姘村嫝(sh矛)锛屾鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炵殑鍚歌劰鍚告按锛�
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绶存帉鎻℃鐗╂牴绯诲皪(du矛)姘村垎鐨勫惛鏀�锛屽寘鎷牴绯诲惛姘寸殑閮ㄤ綅锛屾按鍒嗗悜鏍圭郴鐨勯亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)锛屾牴绯诲惛姘寸殑姗�(j墨)鐞�锛�
鏍瑰鑸囦富鍕�(d貌ng)鍚告按锛岃捀楱版媺鍔涜垏琚嫊(d貌ng)鍚告按锛屽奖闊挎牴绯诲惛姘寸殑鍦熷￥姊濅欢锛堝湡澹ゆ按鍒嗙媭娉�锛屽湡澹ら€�
姘ｇ媭娉�锛屽湡澹ゆ韩搴︾媭娉�锛屽湡澹ゆ憾娑茬媭娉侊級銆傜啛绶存帉鎻℃鐗╃殑钂搁ò浣滅敤锛屽寘鎷捀楱颁綔鐢ㄧ殑姒傚康
鍙婄敓鐞嗘剰缇╋紝钂搁ò浣滅敤鐨勬柟寮�锛屾埃瀛旇捀楱帮紝钂搁ò浣滅敤鐨勮〃绀烘柟娉曞拰瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)姘村垎
鐨勫悜涓婇亱(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)鑷婥(j墨)鍒讹紝鍖呮嫭姘村垎閬�(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)鑰愮珐?锛屾按鍒嗛亱(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)鑶�?d貌ng)鍔�锛屾湪璩�(zh矛)閮ㄤ腑姘村垎鐨勫偝杓�锛屾埃绌撮樆
濉炩€旀湪璩�(zh矛)閮ㄦ按娴佺殑闃绘柗鍜屾仮寰�(f霉)锛岃帠涓按鍒嗙殑鍎�(ch菙)瀛�銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╃殑闇€姘磋(gu墨)寰�锛屽悎鐞嗙亴婧夌殑鎸囨(bi膩o)锛�
绡€(ji茅)姘寸亴婧夌瓑姒傚康銆�
7. 妞嶇墿鐨勭う璩�(zh矛)鐕�(y铆ng)椁�(y菐ng)
浜嗚В妞嶇墿蹇呴渶鐨勭う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌锛屽寘鎷鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫厓绱犵壒鎬э紝妞嶇墿蹇呴渶鐨勭う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鍜岀⒑瀹氭柟娉�锛�
妞嶇墿蹇呴渶绀﹁唱(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勭敓鐞嗕綔鐢�锛屾湁鐩婂厓绱犲拰鏈夊鍏冪礌锛屾鐗╃己涔忕う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勮ê鏂�銆傛帉鎻℃鐗�
绱�(x矛)鑳炲皪(du矛)绀﹁唱(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勫惛鏀舵(j墨)鍒�锛屽寘鎷法鑶滈浕鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)姊害鍜岃法鑶滈浕浣�锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炲皪(du矛)婧惰唱(zh矛)鐨勫惛鏀剁壒鎬�銆�
鐔熺反妞嶇墿妞嶇墿灏�(du矛)绀﹁唱(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勫惛鏀�锛屽寘鎷牴绯诲惛鏀剁う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)锛屾牴绯诲惛鏀剁う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勯亷(gu貌)绋�锛�
褰遍熆鏍归儴鍚告敹绀﹁唱(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勫鐣屾浠�锛屽湴涓婇儴鍒嗗皪(du矛)绀﹁唱(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勫惛鏀�銆備簡瑙ｇう璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鍦ㄦ鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)
鐨勯亱(y霉n)杓歌垏鍒╃敤锛屽寘鎷う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨勯亱(y霉n)杓稿舰寮�锛岀う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌闀�(zh菐ng)璺濋洟閬�(y霉n)杓�?sh霉)鑰愮珐鑴歝閫熷害锛岀う璩�(zh矛)鍏冪礌鐨�
鍒╃敤銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╁皪(du矛)姘€佺～銆佺７鐨勫悓鍖栧強灏�(du矛)閻电殑鍒╃敤瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╃殑闇€鑲ヨ(gu墨)寰�锛屽悎鐞嗘柦鑲ョ殑
鎸囨(bi膩o)锛岀櫦(f膩)鎻偉鏁堢殑鎺柦绛�銆�
8. 妞嶇墿婵€绱犲拰鐢熼暦(zh菐ng)瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鐗╄唱(zh矛)
浜嗚В妞嶇墿鐢熼暦(zh菐ng)鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勬蹇碉紝绋鍙婄爺绌剁従(xi脿n)鐙€銆備簡瑙ｇ敓闀�(zh菐ng)绱犵殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍜岀敓闀�(zh菐ng)绱犻鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾帉鎻� lAA 鐨勪唬璎濆拰瀛樺湪褰㈠紡锛� lAA 鍦ㄦ鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫悎鎴愰兘浣嶅拰閬�(y霉n)杓搞€傜啛绶存帉鎻＄敓闀�(zh菐ng)绱犵殑
鐢熺悊浣滅敤锛岀敓闀�(zh菐ng)绱犵殑浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞�锛屼簡瑙ｇ敓闀�(zh菐ng)绱犵殑淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)閫斿緫銆備簡瑙ｈ丹闇夌礌鐨勬蹇�锛屽寘鎷丹闇�
绱犵殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岃丹闇夌礌鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀ó椤�銆傛帉鎻¤丹闇夌礌鐨勪唬璎�锛岃丹闇夌礌鍦ㄦ鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫悎鎴愰兘浣嶅拰閬�(y霉n)杓�銆�
鐔熺反鎺屾彙璧ら湁绱犵殑鐢熺悊浣滅敤锛岃丹闇夌礌浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞嗗強淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)閫斿緫銆備簡瑙ｇ窗(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌椤炴蹇�锛屽寘
鎷窗(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌鐨勭櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀ó椤�锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌鐨勪唬璎濓紝绱�(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌鐨勫悎鎴愰兘
浣嶅拰閬�(y霉n)杓�銆傜啛绶存帉鎻＄窗(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌鐨勭敓鐞嗕綔鐢紝绱�(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁傜礌鐨勪綔鐢ㄦ(j墨)鐞嗗強淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)銆備簡瑙ｈ劔钀�
閰哥殑姒傚康锛屽寘鎷劔钀介吀鐨勭櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍙婂寲瀛�(xu茅)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岃劔钀介吀鐨勪唬璎濆拰閬�(y霉n)杓�銆傜啛绶存帉鎻¤劔钀介吀鐨勭敓鐞嗕綔
鐢�锛岃劔钀介吀鐨勪綔鐢ㄦ(j墨)鐞嗗強淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)銆備簡瑙ｄ箼鐑殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛屼箼鐑殑浠ｈ瑵鍙婇亱(y霉n)杓�銆傛帉鎻′箼鐑殑鐢熺悊
浣滅敤锛屼箼鐑殑浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞嗗強淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)銆�
浜嗚В鍏朵粬澶╃劧妞嶇墿鐢熼暦(zh菐ng)鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勭壒鎬�锛屽寘鎷补鑿滅礌鍏�(n猫i)閰�锛屽鑳�锛岃寜鑾夐吀椤�锛屾按妤婇吀椤�锛岀帀
绫宠丹闇夌儻閰紝绯荤当(t菕ng)绱�銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╂縺绱犱綔鐢ㄧ殑鐩镐簰闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屼簡瑙� 妞嶇墿婵€绱犲拰鐢熼暦(zh菐ng)瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)鍔戯紝闋傝娊
鎶戝埗鍔戝拰鐢熼暦(zh菐ng)寤剁珐鍔戝湪鐢熺敘(ch菐n)瀵�(sh铆)韪愪腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
9. 妞嶇墿鐨勭敓闀�(zh菐ng)鐢熺悊
浜嗚В绱�(x矛)鑳炲垎瑁�锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炰几闀�(zh菐ng)锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炲垎鍖栵紙鍚鐗╃窗(x矛)鑳炲叏鑳芥€э級锛岀窗(x矛)鑳炲垎鍖栫殑瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)锛屾鐗╁櫒
瀹樼櫦(f膩)鐢熻垏绲勭箶鍩归(y菐ng)锛屾湪鏈鐗╁垎鍖栵紙鏈ㄨ唱(zh矛)閮�銆侀煂鐨儴锛夌殑瑕�(gu墨)寰�銆備簡瑙ｆ鏍啀鐢熺殑瑕�(gu墨)寰�锛屽寘鎷�
涓嶅畾鑺界櫦(f膩)鐢熷啀鐢熼€斿緫锛岄珨绱�(x矛)鑳炶儦鑳庣櫦(f膩)鐢熸鏍啀鐢熼€斿緫绛�銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╃敓闀�(zh菐ng)鍩烘湰瑕�(gu墨)寰嬪強鍏跺垎鏋愭寚
妯�(bi膩o)鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€傜啛绶存帉鎻℃鐗╃敓闀�(zh菐ng)鐨勭浉闂�(gu膩n)鎬�锛屽寘鎷湴涓婅垏鍦颁笅閮ㄥ垎鐨勭浉闂�(gu膩n)鎬э紝涓昏帠鑸囧伌(c猫)鏋濈殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)
鎬�锛岀嚐(y铆ng)椁�(y菐ng)鐢熼暦(zh菐ng)鑸囩敓娈栫敓闀�(zh菐ng)鐨勭浉闂�(gu膩n)鎬с€傜啛绶存帉鎻″厜锛屾韩搴︼紝姘村垎锛岀う璩�(zh矛)鐕�(y铆ng)椁�(y菐ng)锛岀敓鐗╁洜瀛愮瓑灏�(du矛)妞�
鐗╃敓闀�(zh菐ng)鐨勫奖闊�銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╁厜褰㈡厠(t脿i)寤烘垚鐨勬蹇靛強鍏夋晱鑹茬礌鐨勭櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍜屽垎甯冿紝鍏夋晱鑹茬礌鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
鍜屽厜鍖栧(xu茅)杞�(zhu菐n)鎻�锛屽厜鏁忚壊绱犵殑鐢熺悊浣滅敤鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)椤炲瀷锛屽厜鏁忚壊绱犵殑浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紝钘�(l谩n)鍏夊拰绱鍏夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
浜嗚В妞嶇墿閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勫熀鏈(gu墨)寰嬶紝閲嶉粸(di菐n)鐐哄悜鎬ч亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鍜屾劅鎬ч亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)銆�
10. 浼戠湢鑸囪悓鐧�(f膩)
浜嗚В绋瓙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岄鍨嬨€傛帉鎻＄ó瀛愯悓鐧�(f膩)鐨勬蹇�锛屽奖闊跨ó瀛愯悓鐧�(f膩)鐨勫鐣屾浠讹紝绋瓙钀岀櫦(f膩)閬�(gu貌)
绋嬩腑鐨勭敓鐞嗙敓鍖栬畩鍖�銆備簡瑙ｇó瀛愯悓鐧�(f膩)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�锛岀ó瀛愯悓鐧�(f膩)鐨勭瓥鐣�锛岀ó瀛愬＝鍛藉強璨棌銆傛帉鎻＄ó瀛�
鐨勪紤鐪犵殑姒傚康锛岄鍨嬪強绋瓙浼戠湢鐨勮(di脿o)鎺�銆備簡瑙ｇó瀛愪紤鐪犵殑閬哄偝鎬у拰绋収(n猫i)璁婄暟锛岀ó瀛愪紤鐪犵殑鐢�
鎱�(t脿i)閬╂噳(y墨ng)鎬с€備簡瑙ｈ娊浼戠湢鐨勯鍨�锛岃娊浼戠湢寮曡捣鐨勪唬璎濆拰绱�(x矛)鑳炲懆鏈熻畩鍖�锛岃娊浼戠湢鍜岃悓鐧�(f膩)鐨勮(di脿o)鎺�锛�
鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨洜绱犲皪(du矛)浼戠湢鍜岃悓鐧�(f膩)鐨勮(di脿o)鎺�锛屾縺绱犲皪(du矛)鑺戒紤鐪犲拰钀岀櫦(f膩)鐨勮(di脿o)鎺�銆�
11. 妞嶇墿鐨勬垚鑺辫垏鐢熸畺鐢熺悊
浜嗚В妞嶇墿鎴愯姳鐨勬蹇点€傛帉鎻″厜鍛ㄦ湡鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)椤炲瀷锛屽厜鍛ㄦ湡瑾樺皫(d菐o)锛堣嚚鐣屾棩闀�(zh菐ng)锛岃獦灏�(d菐o)鍛ㄦ湡鏁�(sh霉)锛屽厜
鏈熷拰鏆楁湡鐨勪綔鐢�锛屽厜寮�(qi谩ng)鍜屽厜璩�(zh矛)鐨勪綔鐢級锛屽厜鏁忕礌鍙婂叾鍦ㄥ厜鍛ㄦ湡鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓綔鐢紙鍏夋晱绱犵殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛�
鍏夋晱绱犵殑浣滅敤锛�銆備簡瑙ｅ収(n猫i)鐢熸櫇澶滅瘈(ji茅)寰嬶紙杩戜技鏅濆绡€(ji茅)濂�锛岃繎浼兼櫇澶滅瘈(ji茅)濂忓湪鎴愯姳瑾樺皫(d菐o)涓殑浣滅敤锛�銆�
鐔熺反鎺屾彙鍏夊懆鏈熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭敓鐞嗗(xu茅)锛堝厜鍛ㄦ湡鎰熷彈閮ㄤ綅锛屾垚鑺卞埡婵€鍌冲皫(d菐o)锛屾垚鑺卞埡婵€鐗�锛屾垚鑺辫獦灏�(d菐o)鏈�
闋傜鍒嗙敓绲勭箶鐨勮畩鍖栥€傛帉鎻℃垚鑺遍亷(gu貌)绋嬬殑浣庢韩瑾樺皫(d菐o)锛堟鐗╂垚鑺卞皪(du矛)浣庢韩鐨勮姹�锛岃В闄ゆ槬鍖栦綔鐢紝
鏄ュ寲浣滅敤蹇呴爤鐨勫叾浠栨浠�锛屾槬鍖栦綔鐢ㄨ垏鍏夊懆鏈熸€х殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙級銆備簡瑙ｆ劅鍙椾綆婧俊铏�(h脿o)鐨勯儴浣�锛屾槬鍖�
浣滅敤鑸囨縺绱犵殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屾槬鍖栦綔鐢ㄥ熀鍥犵殑琛ㄩ仈(d谩)瑾�(di脿o)鎺�銆備簡瑙ｈ姳鐧�(f膩)鑲茬殑鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛�(xu茅)姗�(j墨)鐞�锛屽寘鎷姳鐧�(f膩)鑲�
鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍩哄洜锛岃姳鍣ㄥ畼褰㈡垚鐨� ABC 妯″瀷銆傛帉鎻℃ü(sh霉)鏈ㄧ殑鎴愯姳鐨勬湁闂�(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�锛屽寘鎷ü(sh霉)鏈ㄧ殑骞煎勾鏈�锛岄殠
娈佃綁(zhu菐n)鍖栫殑鏈唱(zh矛)锛屾縺绱犺垏妯�(sh霉)鏈ㄦ垚鑺�锛岀嚐(y铆ng)椁�(y菐ng)姊濅欢鑸囨ü(sh霉)鏈ㄦ垚鑺辩瓑銆備簡瑙ｈ姳鍣ㄥ畼褰㈡垚鑸囨€у垾鍒嗗寲锛屾
鐗╃殑鎺堢矇鑸囧彈绮剧敓鐞嗭紝鍖呮嫭鑺辩矇娲诲姏鑸囪悓鐧�(f膩)锛岃姳绮夎垏鏌遍牠鐨勭浉浜掕瓨(sh铆)鍒�锛屾巿绮夎垏搴ф灉鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�
12. 妞嶇墿鐨勬垚鐔熷拰琛拌€�
浜嗚В鑳氬垎鍖栧拰绋瓙褰㈡垚锛岀ó瀛愭垚鐔熸檪(sh铆)鐢熺悊鐢熷寲璁婂寲锛屽鐣屾浠跺皪(du矛)绋瓙鎴愮啛鍜屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鎴愬垎鐨�
褰遍熆銆傛帉鎻℃灉瀵�(sh铆)鎴愮啛鐨勭敓鐞�锛屽寘鎷灉瀵�(sh铆)鐨勭敓闀�(zh菐ng)锛屾灉瀵�(sh铆)鎴愮啛鏅�(sh铆)鐨勭敓鐞嗙敓鍖栬畩鍖�锛屾灉瀵�(sh铆)鎴愮啛鐨勮(di脿o)
绡€(ji茅)鑸囧熀鍥犺〃閬�(d谩)銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╄“鑰佺殑鐢熺悊锛屽寘鎷“鑰佺殑椤炲瀷锛岃“鑰佹檪(sh铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀敓鐞嗙敓鍖栬畩鍖栵紝澶栫晫
鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨皪(du矛)琛拌€佺殑褰遍熆锛岃“鑰佺殑姗�(j墨)鍒惰垏瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)銆傛帉鎻℃鐗╁櫒瀹樼殑鑴惤姗�(j墨)鐞�锛屽寘鎷劔钀芥檪(sh铆)绱�(x矛)鑳炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨�
璁婂寲锛屽櫒瀹樿劔钀界殑瑾�(di脿o)绡€(ji茅)銆�
13. 妞嶇墿鐨勯€嗗鐢熺悊
浜嗚В閫嗗鐨勬蹇靛拰绋锛岄€嗗姊濅欢涓嬬殑妞嶇墿鐨勫舰鎱�(t脿i)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀敓鐞嗙敓鍖栬畩鍖�銆傛帉鎻℃按鍒嗚剠杩�
鍙婂叾鍌峰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷共鏃卞強姘存緡锛屾鐗╃殑鎶楁棻鎬�锛屾彁楂樻鐗╂姉鏃辨€х殑鎺柦銆傛帉鎻￠珮婧�锛屽喎瀹�锛�
鍑嶅鍙婂叾鍌峰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆傛帉鎻￠菇鑴呰揩锛岄菇鑴呰揩鍌峰姗�(j墨)鐞嗗強鎶楅菇鐨勭敓鐞嗘(j墨)鍒�锛屾彁楂樻ü(sh霉)鏈ㄦ姉楣芥€�
鐨勯€斿緫銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╁皪(du矛)閫嗗鐨勬劅鐭ュ拰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽寘鎷鐗╅€嗗淇¤櫉(h脿o)鐨勯暦(zh菐ng)璺濋洟鍌抽仦锛屾鐗╅€嗗淇¤櫉(h脿o)鐨�
绱�(x矛)鑳炲収(n猫i)淇¤櫉(h脿o)杞�(zhu菐n)灏�(d菐o)锛涜剠杩€佽剠寮�(qi谩ng)鍙婅剠璁�锛屾鐗╃殑闁�(k膩i)婧愮瘈(ji茅)娴侊紝妞嶇墿鐨勪氦鍙夐仼鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
14. 鐠�(hu谩n)澧冩薄鏌撳拰妞嶇墿闊挎噳(y墨ng)
浜嗚В澶ф埃姹℃煋銆佹按楂旀薄鏌撳拰鍦熷￥姹℃煋灏�(du矛)妞嶇墿鐨勫偡瀹筹紝妞嶇墿淇京(f霉)鑸囨鐗╃殑鎶楁薄鏌撹兘鍔�锛屽寘
鎷鐗╀慨寰�(f霉)鐨勬蹇碉紝妞嶇墿淇京(f霉)鐨勯鍨�锛屾鐗╀慨寰�(f霉)鐨勮⿻(p铆ng)鍍�(ji脿)銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╁皪(du矛)姹℃煋鐨勬姉鎬�锛屾姉鎬ф鐗�
鍙婄稜鍖栨鐗╃殑绡╅伕锛屾彁楂樻鐗╂姉姹℃煋鍔涚殑鎺柦锛屾鐗╁湪鐠�(hu谩n)澧冧繚璀�(h霉)涓殑浣滅敤绛�銆�
15. 妞嶇墿娆＄敓浠ｈ瑵鑸囬槻寰″弽鎳�(y墨ng)
浜嗚В妞嶇墿娆＄敓浠ｈ瑵鐗�锛屽钀滈锛岄厷椤炲寲鍚堢墿锛屽惈姘寲鍚堢墿绛�銆備簡瑙ｉ€欎簺浠ｈ瑵鐗╁湪妞嶇墿闃�
寰″弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛堟姉锜�(ch贸ng)锛屾姉鐥�锛屽寲鎰熶綔鐢級涓殑浣滅敤銆�
16. 妯�(sh霉)鏈ㄧ殑鍒嗗瓙瑾�(di脿o)鎺ф(j墨)鍒跺強鍩哄洜宸ョ▼
浜嗚В鍩哄洜鑸囧熀鍥犵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹ü(sh霉)鏈ㄥ熀鍥犵祫锛屾ü(sh霉)鏈ㄥ熀鍥犺〃閬�(d谩)鑸囪(di脿o)鎺э紝鍖呮嫭妯�(sh霉)鏈ㄧ敓闀�(zh菐ng)鐧�(f膩)鑲茬殑瑾�(di脿o)鎺�锛�
鏈ㄦ潗褰㈡垚锛堟湪璩�(zh矛)绱犲舰鎴愬堡锛�銆佹ü(sh霉)鏈ㄦ姉閫嗙瓑鍩哄洜瑾�(di脿o)鎺�銆備簡瑙ｆü(sh霉)鏈ㄥ熀鍥犲伐绋嬬殑涓昏鐮旂┒?j墨)?n猫i)瀹�锛屽畨
鍏ㄦ€�锛岃綁(zhu菐n)鍩哄洜妯�(sh霉)鏈ㄥ父鐢ㄧ洰鐨勫熀鍥犺垏杓夐珨锛岃綁(zhu菐n)鍩哄洜妯�(sh霉)鏈ㄦ娓�(c猫)鑸囬伜鍌崇壒鎬х瓑銆�
鐢熺墿鍖栧(xu茅)閮ㄥ垎
1. 鐢熺墿鍖栧(xu茅)姒傝堪
浜嗚В鐢熺墿鍖栧(xu茅)鐮旂┒鐨勫熀鏈収(n猫i)瀹瑰強閫�(j矛n)灞�銆�
2. 铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鍖栧(xu茅)
浜嗚В铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)姒傚康锛岀敓鐗╁(xu茅)鎰忕京鍙婅泲鐧借唱(zh矛)绲勫(xu茅)銆傛帉鎻℃皑鍩洪吀鐨勫熀鏈祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婃€ц唱(zh矛)锛屾(g貌u)鎴愯泲鐧�
璩�(zh矛)鐨� 20 绋皑鍩洪吀鐨勫垎椤�锛屼笁瀛楃銆傜啛绶存帉鎻¤泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧姛鑳�锛屽寘鎷偨鐨勬蹇靛強鐞嗗寲鎬�
璩�(zh矛)锛岃泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勪竴绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂叾鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛岃泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勯珮绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛堜簩绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佽秴浜岀礆(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屼笁绱�(j铆)銆佸洓绱�(j铆)
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍩燂級锛岃泲鐧借唱(zh矛)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧姛鑳界殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傛帉鎻¤泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐞嗗寲鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽寘鎷浉灏�(du矛)鍒嗗瓙璩�(zh矛)閲�锛屽叐
鎬ч浕闆㈠強绛夐浕榛�(di菐n)锛岃啝楂旀€ц唱(zh矛)锛岀传澶栧惛鏀剁壒鎬�锛岃泲鐧借唱(zh矛)璁婃€ц垏寰�(f霉)鎬х瓑銆備簡瑙ｈ泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勫垎闆㈣垏绱�
鍖栨柟娉曞強鍘熺悊銆�
3. 鏍搁吀鍖栧(xu茅)
浜嗚В鏍搁吀鐨勭爺绌堕€�(j矛n)灞曞強鍩哄洜绲勫(xu茅)銆傛帉鎻℃牳閰哥殑绋鑸囩祫鎴愬柈浣�銆傜啛绶存帉鎻� DNA 鑸� RNA
鍒嗗瓙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗规€ц垏鍔熻兘锛屽寘鎷� tRNA锛宮RNA锛宺RNA 鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧姛鑳�銆傛帉鎻℃牳閰哥殑涓€鑸€ц唱(zh矛)鍜�
绱鍚告敹锛岃畩鎬у京(f霉)鎬у強鍒嗛洟绱斿寲鐨勫師鐞嗚垏鍩烘湰鏂规硶銆�
4. 閰�
浜嗚В閰剁殑姒傚康鍙婄爺绌堕€�(j矛n)灞�銆傛帉鎻￠叾鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岄叾鐨勭祫鎴�锛屾牳閰讹紝閰剁殑鍛藉悕鍜屽垎椤�锛岄叾鐨勪綔
鐢ㄧ壒鎬у拰浣滅敤姗�(j墨)鐞嗭紝鍖呮嫭閰剁殑娲绘€т腑蹇�锛岄叾淇冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯珮鏁堟€у強灏堜竴鎬с€備簡瑙ｅ悓鍔熼叾銆佽畩妲�(g貌u)閰�
鍙婂閰堕珨绯�銆傛帉鎻″奖闊块叾淇冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫洜瀛�銆備簡瑙ｇ董鐢熺礌鍜岃紨閰�锛岄叾鍒嗛洟绱斿寲鍙婃椿鎬ф脯(c猫)瀹氱殑鍩烘湰
鍘熺悊鑸囨柟娉�銆�
5.妞嶇墿楂斿収(n猫i)涓昏鏈夋(j墨)鐗╃殑浠ｈ瑵
5.1 绯栫殑浠ｈ瑵
浜嗚В妞嶇墿楂斿収(n猫i)鐨勭硸椤�锛屽寘鎷柈绯�銆侀洐绯栥€佸绯栫瓑鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧姛鑳�銆傛帉鎻″柈绯栫殑鍒嗚В锛堝弮鑰�
妞嶇墿鐢熺悊瀛�(xu茅) 3.閮ㄥ垎锛変綔鐢�銆備簡瑙ｈ敆绯�銆佹穩绮夎垏绾栫董绱犵殑鍚堟垚鑸囧垎瑙ｉ亷(gu貌)绋嬨€�
5.2 鑴傞鍖栧悎鐗╃殑浠ｈ瑵
浜嗚В妞嶇墿楂斿収(n猫i)鐨勮剛椤�銆傛帉鎻¤剛鑲殑鍒嗚В浠ｈ瑵锛屽寘鎷剛鑲殑閰朵績姘磋В锛岀敇娌圭殑闄嶈В鍜岃綁(zhu菐n)鍖栵紝
鑴傝偑閰哥殑尾-姘у寲銆傛帉鎻¤剛鑲殑鐢熺墿鍚堟垚閫斿緫锛屽寘鎷敇娌圭殑鐢熺墿鍚堟垚锛岄＝鍜岃剛鑲吀鐨勫緸闋悎
鎴愬拰涓夐叞鐢樻补鐨勭敓鐗╁悎鎴�銆備簡瑙ｇ敇娌圭７鑴備唬璎濆拰鍥洪唶鐨勭敓鐗╁悎鎴�銆�
5.3 姘ㄥ熀閰稿拰鏍歌嫹閰哥殑澶氳瑵
浜嗚В姘ㄥ熀閰哥殑鍒嗚В浠ｈ瑵鍜屽悎鎴愪唬璎濄€備簡瑙ｆ牳鑻烽吀鐨勫垎瑙ｈ垏鍚堟垚浠ｈ瑵銆�
5.4 鏍搁吀鐨勪唬璎�
浜嗚В涓績娉曞墖銆傛帉鎻� DNA 鐨勭敓鐗╁悎鎴�锛屽寘鎷師鏍哥敓鐗� DNA 鐨勫京(f霉)鍒讹紝鍘熸牳鑸囩湡鏍哥敓鐗� DNA
寰�(f霉)鍒剁殑宸暟锛岄€嗚綁(zhu菐n)閷勩€備簡瑙� DNA 鐨勬悕鍌疯垏淇京(f霉)锛孌NA 涓€绱�(j铆)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽鑸� PCR 鍘熺悊鑸囨妧琛�(sh霉)銆傛帉
鎻� RNA 鐨勭敓鐗╁悎鎴愶紝鍖呮嫭 RNA 鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)閷勮垏鍔犲伐锛孯NA 鐨勫京(f霉)鍒�锛孯NA 鐨勮綁(zhu菐n)閷勮(di脿o)鎺�銆備簡瑙ｆ牳閰哥殑
鐢熺墿闄嶈В閬�(gu貌)绋�銆�
5.5 铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鐨勪唬璎�
浜嗚В閬哄偝瀵嗙⒓锛屽鑲介張鐨勫悎鎴愰珨绯�銆傛帉鎻″鑲介張鐢熺墿鍚堟垚鐨勯亷(gu貌)绋嬨€備簡瑙ｅ師鏍歌垏鐪熸牳鐢熺墿
澶氳偨閺堝悎鎴愮殑宸暟銆備簡瑙ｈ偨閺堝悎鎴愬悗鐨勬姌鐤�锛屽姞宸ヨ垏杞�(zhu菐n)閬�(y霉n)銆�
6. 鏈夋(j墨)鐗╀唬璎濈殑鐩镐簰闂�(gu膩n)绯�
鐞嗚В鍜屾帉鎻″懠鍚镐唬璎濇槸鐢熷懡浠ｈ瑵鐨勪腑蹇冦€傜悊瑙ｆ鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)鐗╄唱(zh矛)浠ｈ瑵鐨勭壒鎬�銆備簡瑙ｆ鐗╅珨鍏�(n猫i)
鏈夋(j墨)鐗╀唬璎濈殑鐩镐簰闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€�
涓�銆佷富瑕佸弮鑰冩浉(sh奴)
1. 妞嶇墿鐢熺悊瀛�(xu茅) 锛岀涓夌増锛岄劖褰╅湠 涓荤法锛屼腑鍦�(gu贸)鏋楁キ(y猫)鍑虹増绀撅紝2013
2. 鐝�(xi脿n)浠ｆ鐗╃敓鐞嗗(xu茅)锛岀涓夌増锛屾潕鍚堢敓 涓荤法锛� 楂樼瓑鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀撅紝2012
3. 鏅€氱敓鐗╁寲瀛�(xu茅)锛岀涓夌増锛岄劖闆� 闄冲潎杓� 绶ㄨ憲锛岄珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2003
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹广€�
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鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
