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I. Define the following terms with examples if necessary (30 points, 5 points each):
1. articulatory phonetics
2. blending
3. exocentric construction
4. complementary antonymy
5. locutionary act
6. performative function of language
II. Make a judgment and an evaluation of the following with your own reasons (20 points, 4 points
each):
1. Black English is not standard and should be reformed and standardized.
2. All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system
of semantics.
3. Languages are intimately related to the societies and the individuals who use them.
4. There exists a discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users because of
such reasons as ethnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country and the language
user鈥檚 physical state changes, etc.
5. Schemata play an important role in language processing. Schemata operate in a top-down or
conceptually driven way to facilitate interpretation of environmental stimuli.
III. Briefly answer the following questions (45 points; 9 points each):
1. Please briefly explain the differences between the three sub-branches of syntax, semantics and
pragmatics from the perspective of linguistic signs.
2. Please cite some examples to show how suprasegmental features are important in language
communication (the suprasegmental features include syllable, stress, tone, and intonation).
3. Though the surface structures of the following two sentences are the same, they mean differently, why?
Use what you know about linguistic theories to explain.
1) I persuaded John to leave Mary. 2) I promised John to leave Mary.
4. How do you think about the two versions of translation about the Chinese 鈥滃皬蹇冨湴婊戔€�: 鈥淐aution! Wet
Floor.鈥� or 鈥淐arefully Slide鈥�? Use whatever linguistic theory you know to explain.
鍏� 2 闋�(y猫) 绗� 2 闋�(y猫)
5. Some 鈥渕agic words鈥� like 鈥渢hank you鈥� and 鈥減lease鈥� are more frequently used in an English speaking
country than they will in a Chinese speaking society. One of the explanations for this phenomenon
may go like this: Look, these foreigners are really more polite than our countrymen.
Try to use your knowledge in sociolinguistics and make comments on this understanding of cultural
differences.
IV. Discuss the following questions in detail (55 points, 10 points for the first, 15 points for 2鈥�4 each):
1. Briefly exemplify the different types of the sense relation of homonymy.
2. Use one or two examples to explain the theory of conversational implicature in pragmatics.
3. Please clarify what you know about Halliday鈥檚 Systemic-Functional Grammar, especially his
metafunction theory.
4. Please analyze the poem below from the semantic point of view, taking a special account of sense
relations:
Coloured
Dear White Fella You White Fella
Couple things you should know鈥� When you born, you pink
When I born, I black When you grow up, you white
When I grow up, I black When you go in sun, you red
When I go in sun, I black When you cold, you blue
When I cold, I black When you scared, you yellow
When I scared, I black When you sick, you green
When I sick, I black And when you die, you grey
And when I die鈥擨 still black And you have the cheek
To call me coloured?
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