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涓€锛� Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Section A Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each
one by choosing A), B), C), or D). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
What you can remember from age 3 may help improve aspects of your life far into adulthood.
Children who have the ability to recall and make sense of memories from daily life 鈥� the first day
of preschool, the time the cat died 鈥� can use them to better develop a sense of identity, form
relationships and make sound choices in adolescence and adulthood, new research shows.
While the lives of many youngsters today are heavily documented in photos and video on social
media and stored in families鈥� digital archives, studies suggest photos and videos have little impact.
Parents play a bigger role in helping determine not just how many early memories children can recall,
but how children interpret and learn from the events of their earliest experiences.
鈥淥ur personal memories define who we are. They bond us together,鈥� says Robyn Fivush, a
psychology professor at Emory University in Atlanta and an author of dozens of the topic. Children
whose parents encourage recalling and storytelling about daily events show better coping and
problem-solving skills by their preteens, and fewer symptoms of depression, research shows.
Some memories help build a sense of self-continuity, or personal identity, says a 2011 study.
People recall these memories when they 鈥渨ant to feel that I am the same person that I was before鈥�,
or 鈥渨hen I want to understand how I have changed from who I was before鈥�. A hurricane survivor,
for example, might recall the memory as proof that she can survive tough experiences and grow
stronger as a result.
Other memories serve a directive function, and guide behavior. People recall these when
making decisions or to avoid repeating past mistakes. A person whose dog was killed by a car is
likely to call on the memory when deciding to keep pets on a leash.
A third type, social-bounding memories, involving relationships with others. People recall these
when they want to strengthen relationships or form new ties, the study says. A college student who
participated in a different study cited bedtime-sessions with his father, who read him the entire Lord
of the Rings Trilogy, as a motivator to build and maintain strong family ties in his adult life.
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The ability to draw on all three types of memories predicts higher psychological well-being, a
greater sense of purpose and more positive relationships, according to a study of 103 college
students published last year in the journal Memory.
1. What can we conclude from Paragraph 1?
A) Early memories are usually difficult for adults to forget.
B) Early memories are significant for some aspects of adulthood life.
C) Early memories can help children have a happy life.
D) Early memories are mainly about preschool and cats.
2. From Paragraph 2, we get to know photos and videos ____.
A) record most of parents鈥� early lives
B) can help children recall their early memories easily
C) usually take the place of children鈥檚 early memories
D) can鈥檛 play an important role as early memories do
3. Which of the following examples belongs to self-continuity or personal identity?
A) Past hard life makes people much stronger.
B) Memories about accidents make people sad or cry.
C) People are willing to recall good memories rather than bad ones.
D) People may feel happy when sweet memories hop in their mind.
4. The author鈥檚 attitude toward functions of early memories is____.
A) opposed B) affirmative C) paradoxical D) uncertain
5. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage?
A) The Earliest Memories B) Earliest Memories, Good or Bad
C) The Power of Earliest Memories D) How to Recall Earliest Memories Better
Passage 2
Immigration is in the headlines again, with President Obama鈥檚 decision last week to stop
deporting young illegal immigrants who came to the United States as children, and the Supreme
Court鈥檚 approaching decision on the constitutionality of Arizona鈥檚 crackdown on undocumented
migrants. But too much of the public debate has focused on the legality of immigration without
considering a fundamental question: What effects has mass immigration had on American society?
Some of the most meticulous research was done to date about the effects of immigration on a
cross section of American communities 鈥� urban, suburban and rural. The scholars who participated
were in remarkable agreement: while new immigrants are poorer than the general population and
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face considerable hardship, there is no evidence that they have reshaped the social fabric in harmful
ways.
American is neither less safe because of immigration nor is it worse off economically. In fact,
in the regions where immigrants have settled in the past two decades, crimes has gone down, cities
have grown, poor urban neighborhoods have been rebuilt, and small towns that were once on life
support are springing back. Scholars can鈥檛 say for sure that immigration caused these positive
developments, but we know enough to reject the notion that immigrants worsen social ills.
Scholars found that immigrant youths in Los Angeles were involved in less crime and violence
than their native-born peers in similar economic circumstances. Research also has shown that an
increase in immigration in cities like San Antonio and Miami did not produce an increase in the
homicide rate. Furthermore, social scientists found that people in immigrant communities in New
York were less cynical about the law than were people in less diverse communities; they were also
more likely to indicate that they would cooperate with the police.
If migration has had such beneficial effects, why, then, has there been such a persistent
backlash? Part of the answer surely lies in the social change 鈥� language, political attitudes, and
religious mores 鈥� that immigrants bring. The leveling-off migration, especially from Mexico, may
bring a sense of relief to opponents of these social changes, but if the new research is any guide, the
consequences of the slowdown may be the opposite of what the critics intend.
Mr. Obama鈥檚 decision to exempt undocumented children who were brought to the United States
by their parents from harsh deportation rules is an overdue, but welcome, first step. Establishing a
clear path to citizenship for undocumented adults, creating a more permissive guest-worker program,
and preserving families rather than separating them through deportation are controversial ideas, but
they deserve a hearing.
6. What does the Paragraph 1 suggest?
A) The impact of immigration gets insufficient attention.
B) President Obama backs legalizing undocumented migrants.
C) Arizona鈥檚 crackdown on migrants violates the Constitution.
D) The legality of immigration found much public support.
7. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following would scholars agree on?
A) Immigrants have reshaped the social fabric beneficially.
B) Immigrants have been appraised negatively.
C) Immigrants have worsened social ills.
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D) Immigrants have pulled down the average living standards.
8. What does the author make use of to show the desirable effects of immigration?
A) Induction. B) Illustration. C) Comparison. D) Explanation.
9. 鈥淭he critics鈥� (Paragraph 5) most probably refers to those in favor of ____.
A) scholars in the research B) President Obama
C) Supreme Court D) Arizona state government
10. To handle the immigration question, the author suggests____.
A) holding immigrant families together B) deporting undocumented adults
C) abolishing harsh deportation rules D) establishing a guest-worker program
Passage 3
It has been said that management is a science and that leadership is an art. Management is
comprised of concrete, measurable skills: planning, organizing, directing and controlling. Thumb
through any management textbook and you鈥檒l see specific models, formulas, procedures, or
techniques for monitoring and controlling performance output. Controlling productivity through
adherence to standards is the stock-in-trade of the effective manager. It鈥檚 not always an easy task,
and talented manager should be given the credit they deserve in helping their organizations succeed.
No organization can survive for very long, let alone earn any sort of substantial profits, without
sound management. But management alone is not enough in today鈥檚 marketplace. It is the right
balance, a combining of efficient management and leadership, that every organization is seeking.
Just what is the new model of leadership for the 21st century? It revolves around five abstract
qualities. Managers may possess some or all of these abilities to one degree or another, but these
skills are distinct from the particular qualities that define management. To better understand how
leadership and management differ, let鈥檚 review the five leadership competences.
Self-mastery is the foundation upon which a leader鈥檚 credibility is built and from which a
leader鈥檚 image will evolve. Self-mastery involves awareness, acknowledge, and acceptance. It鈥檚
about discovering the qualities that make you special and unique. It鈥檚 about your own talents and
abilities 鈥� your personal areas of excellence. Effective leaders create opportunities to showcase
their natural abilities. They uncover their potential talents by continually stretching themselves and
pushing themselves to their limits. At the same time, however, the successful leader acknowledges
his or her limitations. To achieve true self-mastery you must accept yourself, including your faults,
totally and unconditionally.
Version is in many ways the heart and soul of leadership. While the manager must deal with
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issues and produce results on a day-to-day basis, a leader must focus on both the present and the
future. The manager鈥檚 concern is today; the leader has a vision for tomorrow. But simply having a
version is not enough; you must make others believe in it, too. Put your plans for the future before
the eyes and ears of the people around you. When other people begin to buy your version and make
it their own, good things start to happen 鈥� and happen quickly. Leaders turn their version into
reality by constantly letting others know what鈥檚 in it for them.
鈥淧ersonal power鈥� is the ability to influence and persuade others. It is not to be confused with
鈥減osition power鈥�. Position power is embedded in hierarchical, organizational structure. Personal
power is earned. You do not necessarily need to have direct authority over others to display personal
power. In fact, in the most successful companies, leadership exits at all levels. Develop personal
power by being dependable, following through on commitments, and demonstrating concern for the
welfare of others. People will recognize your personal power and look to you for direction.
Empowerment completes the set of leadership skills. Although it has become a buzz word in the
90鈥檚, leaders have been aware of the concept of empowerment throughout the ages. Empowerment is
the process by which a leader enables other individuals to successfully complete a certain job or task.
It is a technique that allows you to delegate responsibility for tasks throughout your organization,
even at the lowest levels. As a leader, it is in your interest to nurture and develop individuals who
will one day take your place, so make empowerment a top priority. Empowerment involves three
critical ingredients: skills, confidence, and authority. Evaluate your followers鈥� skills and provide
training to improve or enhance their abilities. Instill confidence in others and raise their self-esteem
by maintaining face-to-face contact and offering praise for a job well done. Furthermore, bestow
authority onto other people, giving them the right to exercise their best personal judgment. True
leaders are always willing to give credit to others and accept responsibility for failure, while
simultaneously supporting, encouraging and empowering their followers. If you do so, you will
develop an unshakeable trust bond with others in your organization, establishing your own
credibility while ensuring results. No one can deny the importance of good management in a
successful organization. But good management alone is no longer enough. Recognizing the
difference between management and leadership, and striking the correct balance between the two,
will provide substantial dividends in the long run. Management will get you through today;
leadership will ensure a better tomorrow.
11. This passage is mainly about ____.
A) management skills B) the qualities that define management
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C) the leadership principles D) distinction between management and leadership
12. What is the heart and the soul of leadership according to the passage?
A) Personal power. B) Self-mastery. C) Vision. D) Empowerment.
13. In Paragraph 1 鈥渟tock-in-trade鈥� means ____.
A) quality B) usual tactics C) credibility D) responsibility
14. According to the four leadership competencies, which of the following is not the skill of a
leader?
A) Dealing with daily issues and producing results.
B) Recognizing the talents of others and giving them the knowledge and the tools they need
to succeed.
C) Nurturing and developing successors.
D) Making macro-plans and ensuring results.
15. From this passage, we learn that ____.
A) leadership is more important than management
B) a good manager must have leadership competencies
C) leading and managing involve distinctly different sets of skills
D) people with exceptional leadership qualities are usually undeveloped
Passage 4
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of
what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According
to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a
new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established
limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.
Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in
their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative
science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one
another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are
relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal
of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the
creative act. Shakespeare鈥檚 Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses
of political power, nor is Picasso鈥檚 painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the
Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new
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generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic
particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits
of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.
This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of
organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the
highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition
establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because
they embody a new principle of organization, some music works such as the operas of the Florentine
Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these
among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart鈥檚 The Marriage of Figaro is surely
among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending
existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the
stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven
overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits 鈥�
the rules, forms and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart,
Handel and Bach 鈥� in strikingly original ways.
16. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another
to be the ______.
A) basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation
B) byproduct of an aesthetic experience
C) tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular
D) result of highly creative scientific activity
17. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT____.
A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?
B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?
C) Is Mozart鈥檚 The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended
limits?
D) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new
principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?
18. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with_ .
A) deep skepticism B) strong indignation
C) marked indifference D) moderate amusement
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19. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that_______.
A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists.
B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community
C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data
D) introduces a new valid generalization
20. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the
passage?
A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did
not transcend existing musical forms.
B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next
generation of great European composers.
C) Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by
Monteverdi.
D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is
supported in the field of literature.
Section B Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for
each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitle. Write your
answers on the ANSER SHEET.
A) The consequence of losing bones
B) A better lab than on earth
C) Two different cases
D) Multiple effects form weightlessness
E) How to overcome weightlessness
F) Factors that are not so sure
During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine
is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have
no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of the liver,
kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: 鈥淵ou will feel your guts
floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back.鈥�
21.______________
Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to
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support us when stand or sit upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support
on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement
around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles
rapidly weaken. This doesn鈥檛 present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform only light
work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and
preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments.
Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower spine, hips and upper leg at a
rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as
the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone
formation also declines.
22._______________
Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone
elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form in
other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do
not yet know whether the bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be
more prone to broken bones.
23._______________
These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For
example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different
factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this
makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the
right prescription still awaits discovery.
24.______________
Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientist
have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on Earth.
On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow.
But are these patterns the results only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only
recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity,
different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow.
25._______________
Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also
affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount
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and quality of sleep (light levels and work schedules disrupt the body鈥檚 normal rhythms). Looking
out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep (an action difficult to resist, considering the
view) can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to
poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates.
For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to
escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companies who
often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety, depression, crew tension
and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness 鈥� perhaps, even
more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental
changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work
remains to be done.
浜�. Grammar and Vocabulary (15 points)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices
marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write the
corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
26. He has ____ strange hobbies like collecting bottle tops and inventing secret codes.
A) gone on B) gone in for C) gone with D) gone through with
27. Of all the soldiers, they had the ____ of being the fiercest, the most patriotic, the toughest.
A) recognition B) reservation C) recreation D) reputation
28. Why didn鈥檛 you tell me you could lend me the money? I _____ it from the bank.
A) haven鈥檛 needed to borrow B) will not need to borrow
C) needn鈥檛 have borrowed D) didn鈥檛 need to borrow
29. Advantage of computer technology has _____ an answer to accurate weather forecasting.
A) set up B) come up with C) filled in D) faced up with
30. I stared into the blackness and wondered if he was as aware of my presence as ______.
A) I was of his B) I was of him C) I did of him D) I did of his
31. Prohibition had the _____ effect of making alcohol more attractive to many Americans.
A) limited B) conditioned C) desired D) unexpected
32. What is the most obvious in this book are all those details of everyday life which make Mrs.
Richards anything ____ common.
A) but B) for C) other than D) except for
33. When young, we tend to view aging as something exciting, eagerly _____ growing up.
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A) intending B) anticipating C) realizing D) convincing
34. ____ what has been said, it is unlikely that population growth will be halted either in the
developed or in the underdeveloped world.
A) In view of B) On behalf of C) For the sake of D) With the exception of
35. Everybody expected to be served at once and feel annoyed _____.
A) to be asked waiting B) asking to wait C) asking to be waited D) to be asked to wait
36. The city has decided to _____ smoking.
A) do away with B锛塼ake away C) get away with D) put away
37. Perhaps it wouldn鈥檛 be ____ to go and see such a film.
A) worthy you while B) worth of while C) worthy of while D) worth your while
38. The old building is in a good state of ____ except for the wooden floors.
A) observation B) preservation C) conservation D) compensation
39. While some office jobs would seem _____ to many people, there are quite a few jobs that are
stimulating, exciting, and satisfying.
A) hostile B) tedious C) fantastic D) courageous
40. ____ she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A) Not until long afterwards that B) Not long until afterwards
C) It was not until long afterwards that D) It was long afterwards until
41. The person who ____ this type of research deserves our praise.
A) originated B) manufactured C) generated D) estimated
42. All students in this university are requested to ____ with the regulations.
A) yield B) comply C) submit D) consent
43. My boss has always attended to the _____ of important business himself.
A) transaction B) stimulation C) transition D) solution
44. When he applied for a ____ in the office of the local newspaper, he was told to see the manager.
A) location B) profession C) career D) position
45. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal mainly
depends on ____.
A) consciousness B) impulse C) instinct D) response
46. Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship
between passive smoking and cancer remains ____.
A) to be shown B) to have shown C) to have been shown D) being shown
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47. The economic crises in that country have threatened the _____ of the government.
A) stability B) capability C) persistence D) permanence
48. Although most birds have only a negligible sense of smell, they have ____ vision.
A) vigorous B) exact C) acute D) vivid
49. Rebecca ____ me earlier if she did not like her house she bought last month.
A) told B) would tell C) had told D) would have told
50. By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can ____ the surroundings.
A) explore B) expose C) exploit D) expand
51. The most ____ technological success in the 20th century is probably the computer revolution.
A) prominent B) prosperous C) solemn D) prevalent
52. Whether their football team will win is a matter of ____ to me.
A) indifference B) discrimination C) deviation D) interests
53. He thought he could talk Mr. Smith ____ buying some expensive equipments.
A) on B) of C) round D) into
54. Today the public is much concerned about the way ____.
A) nature is being ruined B) which nature is ruined
C) on which to ruin nature D) of nature to be ruined
55. Though ____ rich, he was better off than any other period in his life.
A) by any means B) by some means C) by all means D) by no means
涓�. Cloze (10 points)
Directions: The following passage contains 20 blanks. For each numbered blank, there are four
choices marked A), B), C), and D) below the pssage. Choose the ONE answer that best fits each
blank. Then write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
As human children are unusually dependent for an unusually long time, it鈥檚 obvious that every
society must provide a domestic context in which the children are brought up and educated. In
present day English, the word 鈥榝amily鈥� has two meanings: firstly, the 56 group of parents and
children; and secondly, a 57 of relations who might be expected to 58 at a wedding or a
59 . At the first level, my brothers and sisters and myself are all in the same 60 as children,
but in different ones as parents; but at the second 61 , we鈥檙e all in the same family from start to
finish.
As nuclear families become more 62 , families of relations become more dispersed. The
young mother can still talk to her Mum on the phone, but she can鈥檛 ask her to 63 for a few
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minutes to watch the baby. Ideas about the 64 of women have been changing: wives are
thought to be the 65 of their husbands rather than their 66 . But perhaps they鈥檙e more
67 enslaved to their children than before. The point is that there doesn鈥檛 seem to be any 68 .
There is a genuine 69 between the right of the woman to be treated as a free and self-respected
70 , and the right of the child to demand care and 71 .
We have created for ourselves three 72 : social equality of men and women; 73 of
the marriage; and lifelong love and 74 between parents and children. However, we have 75
a social system in which it鈥檚 quite impossible for these factors to co-exist.
56. A) permanent B) rigid C) casual D) domestic
57. A) parade B) network C) collection D) framework
58. A) turn up B) turn about C) turn in D) turn over
59. A) parliament B) setting C) funeral D) troop
60. A) conference B) family C) organization D) procedure
61. A) trend B) union C) access D) level
62. A) adequate B) challenged C) isolated D) excessive
63. A) drop in B) drop on C) drop away D) drop off
64. A) personality B) status C) alternative D) career
65. A) companions B) opponents C) sponsors D) reporters
66. A) principals B) rivals C) slaves D) neighbors
67. A) flexibly B) highly C) presently D) thoroughly
68. A) solution B) evolution C) fiction D) location
69. A) fuss B) clash C) hesitation D) pause
70. A) resident B) volunteer C) individual D) specialist
71. A) growth B) permission C) response D) attention
72. A) miracles B) obstacles C) ideals D) sensations
73. A) glamour B) permanence C) management D) reservation
74. A) cooperation B) distinction C) tension D) acquisition
75. A) modified B) predicted C) selected D) created
鍥�. Translation (10 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate the UNDERLINED sentences into
Chinese. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
绗� 14 闋�(y猫) 鍏� 14 闋�(y猫)
It is an everyday observation that animals are born, grow, and mature then begin to lose some
of their capabilities, and finally die. This loss of capabilities is progressive, irreversible, and common
for all members of a species and is called aging. (76) In humans it shows in many ways, some very
visible: decline in height, shrinkage of muscle, thinning and graying of hair, and wrinkling of skin.
Internally, and even more significantly, there is the progressive loss of cells in the brain, kidneys,
and other vital organs. This cell loss has resulted in stoppage of a vital process. Whatever the reason,
important tissues ranging from the muscles to the brain shrink and become less competent with age.
Many of these changes are reflected in functional declines. (77) Not only do nerve cells at levels
from t he brain to the spinal cord (鑴婃) diminish, but also those that remain conduct impulses at a
slower rate so that the reaction time of the older animal is slowed. Memory often shows a decline.
Another widespread decline is in the loss of cells involved in the hearing process. The loss is
most marked for high pitches and may require the assistance of a battery-operated hearing aid. (78)
More subtle are such declines as those in the processes involved with being immune锛堝厤鐤級 to
disease, which result in a lessened ability of the older organism to cope with infection. Indeed,
pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death among the elderly population of most
nations.
Mixed with true aging processes are disease processes that may be so common as to be
mistaken for aging. For instance, (79) the buildup of deposits of fatty materials in arteries锛堝嫊(d貌ng)鑴堬級
tends to be progressive with aging; everything else being equal, the narrowing of arteries results in
such serious illnesses as stroke or heart attack, occurring with increasing frequency as an individual
ages.
It is now recognized that (80) atherosclerosis is the result of many factors, not only genetic but
also environmental high blood pressure, high saturated-fat diets, and smoking, the effects of which
become more obvious with the passage of time. It is therefore an age-related, but not a universal
aging, process and can thus usually be controlled.
浜�. Writing (15 points)
Directions: In this part, you are asked to write an essay based on the following statement. You
should write at least 150 words. Write your essay clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
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