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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞达紱鍧囨彁渚涙敹璨�(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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2018 骞村ぇ閫ｅ伐妤�(y猫)澶у(xu茅)纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)鑰冭│澶х侗
鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)纰╁＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)鑰冭│澶х侗
鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鏄ぇ閫ｅ伐妤�(y猫)澶у(xu茅)鍖栧(xu茅)锛堢悊瀛�(xu茅)锛夌爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│绉戠洰涔嬩竴锛岀偤渚夸簬鑰冪敓寰�(f霉)
缈�(x铆)鍜岃€冭│姝ょ鐩�锛屽埗瀹氳€冭│澶х侗渚涘(xu茅)鐢熷弮鑰冦€傛湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鏄ū澶氬(xu茅)绉戝皥妤�(y猫)鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)瑾�
绋�锛岃姹傝€冪敓灏�(du矛)鍏跺熀鏈蹇�銆佸熀鏈悊璜栨湁杓冩繁鍏ョ殑鐞嗚В銆傛闁€瑾茬▼瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐐洪亱(y霉n)鐢ㄥ熀
鏈悊璜栧皪(du矛)鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╅€�(j矛n)琛屽悎鎴愯ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ€ц唱(zh矛)闂�(gu膩n)绯昏ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)绛夊(sh铆)闅涜椤屾墦涓嬪熀
绀�(ch菙)銆�
涓€銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
1銆佹湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕鍜岀墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
锛�1锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鏅€氬懡鍚嶅強鍦嬮殯 IUPAC 鍛藉悕鍘熷墖鍜屼腑鍦嬪寲瀛�(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)鍛藉悕鍘熷墖鑸囧懡
鍚嶆柟娉�銆�
锛�2锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)闂�(gu膩n)绯�
2銆佹湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
锛�1锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╀腑閲嶈瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勭稉(j墨ng)鍏稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婄浉浜掕綁(zhu菐n)鎻涙柟娉�
閲嶈瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╋細鐑风兇銆佺儻鐑�銆佷簩鐑兇銆佺倲鐑�銆侀沟浠ｇ兇銆佽姵鐑�銆侀唶銆侀厷銆�
閱�銆侀啗銆侀叜銆侀唽銆佺晶閰稿強鍏惰鐢熺墿銆佽兒鍙婂叾浠栧惈姘寲鍚堢墿銆佺啊鍠殑闆滅挵(hu谩n)楂旂郴銆佺硸
椤�銆佹皑鍩洪吀鍜岃泲鐧借唱(zh矛)銆�
锛�2锛夐噸瑕佺殑鏈夋(j墨)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛氬彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栭倓鍘�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀噸鎺掑弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽嚜鐢卞熀鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸懆鐠�(hu谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
3銆佹湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鍩烘湰鐞嗚珫鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�
锛�1锛夎獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽秴鍏辫粵鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佺珛楂旀晥鎳�(y墨ng)
锛�2锛夌⒊姝ｉ洟瀛�銆佺⒊璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佺⒊鑷敱鍩�銆佸崱璩�銆佽嫰鐐旂瓑娲绘€т腑闁撻珨
锛�3锛夊叡鎸珫绨′粙鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)姒傚康
锛�4锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗙殑琛ㄩ仈(d谩)
4銆佹湁姗�(j墨)鍚堟垚
锛�1锛夊畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)灏�(d菐o)鍏�銆佽綁(zhu菐n)鎻�銆佷繚璀�(h霉)
锛�2锛夌⒊-纰抽嵉褰㈡垚鍙婃柗瑁傜殑鍩烘湰鏂规硶
锛�3锛夐€嗗悜鍚堟垚鍒嗘瀽鐨勫熀鏈榛�(di菐n)鍙婂叾鍦ㄦ湁姗�(j墨)鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
5銆佹湁姗�(j墨)绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)
锛�1锛夊咕浣曠暟妲�(g貌u)銆佸皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)銆佹(g貌u)璞＄暟妲�(g貌u)绛夌珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�
锛�2锛夊皪(du矛)鏄犻珨楂旂殑鎷嗗垎鏂规硶銆佺啊鍠笉灏�(du矛)绋卞悎鎴�
锛�3锛夊彇浠ｃ€佸姞鎴�銆佹秷闄ゃ€侀噸鎺�銆佸懆鐠�(hu谩n)绛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)
2
6銆侀洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�
鍚� N 锛� S 锛� O 绛夌殑浜斻€佸叚鍏冮洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�銆佸強鍏朵粬绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬湁姗�(j墨)纭€佺７銆佺
鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)銆傜啊鍠闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕銆佸悎鎴愯垏鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
7 銆佺⒊姘村寲鍚堢墿銆佹补鑴�銆佹皑鍩洪吀銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)銆佽悳椤�銆佺斁鏃忕瓑澶╃劧鐢�(ch菐n)鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹€�
璩�(zh矛)鍜岀敤閫�
8銆佹湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑甯哥敤鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)銆佺墿鐞嗛憭瀹氭柟娉�
锛�1锛夊父瑕嬪畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鐨勭壒寰佸寲瀛�(xu茅)閼掑垾鏂规硶
锛�2锛夊父瑕嬫湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鏍哥鍏辨尟璀�銆佺磪澶栧厜璀溿€佺传澶栧厜璀�銆佸拰璩�(zh矛)璀滅殑璀滃(xu茅)鐗瑰緛
锛�3锛夐亱(y霉n)鐢ㄤ互涓婃柟娉曞皪(du矛)绨″柈鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╅€�(j矛n)琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閼掑畾
浜�銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰锛堝悇绔犵瘈(ji茅)鐨勫叿楂斿収(n猫i)瀹癸級
绗竴绔犵窉璜�
1.1 姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑娑电京銆佹湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鍙婂叾鐧�(f膩)灞曠啊鍙层€佹湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鐨勯噸瑕佹€�
1.2 鐔熸倝骞舵帉鎻℃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩壒鎬�
1.2.1 鍏卞児(ji脿)閸电殑鏈唱(zh矛)锛堝児(ji脿)閸垫硶銆佸垎瀛愯粚閬撴硶銆佸叡鎸珫锛�
1.2.2 鍏卞児(ji脿)閸电殑涓昏鍙冩暩(sh霉)锛氶嵉闀�銆侀嵉瑙掋€侀嵉鑳�銆佸厓绱犵殑闆昏矤(f霉)鎬у拰閸电殑妤垫€�
1.2.3 鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鐗规€э細鐗╃悊鐗规€�銆佺珛楂旂暟妲�(g貌u)銆佸畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鐣版(g貌u)銆佸悓鍒嗙暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆�
妲�(g貌u)鍨嬭垏妲�(g貌u)璞�
1.2.4 鍏卞児(ji脿)閸垫柗瑁傛柟寮忓拰鏈夋(j墨)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)椤炲瀷
1.2.5 鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑閰稿牽姒傚康
绗簩绔犵兎鐑村拰鐠�(hu谩n)鐑风兇
2.1 鐑风兇鐨勫垎椤�銆佸懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸悓绯诲垪鍜屽悓鍒嗙暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛涚兎鐑寸殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛氱⒊鍘熷瓙鐨�
SP3 闆滃寲銆佄� 閸靛舰鎴愶紙妲�(g貌u)鍨嬫蹇碉級
2.2 鐑风兇鐨勯噸瑕佺墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)锛氱啍榛�(di菐n)銆佹哺榛�(di菐n)銆佸瘑搴�銆佹憾瑙ｅ害銆佹姌鍏夌巼
鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)灏�(du矛)鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊裤€�
2.3 鐑风兇鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)
鐑风兇鐨勯沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼銆佹父闆㈠熀銆侀€ｉ帠鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽兘閲忔洸绶�銆侀亷娓＄媭鎱�(t脿i)銆佹父闆㈠熀鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹�
鎬у拰楣典唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫彇鍚戙€�
2.4 鐠�(hu谩n)鐑风兇鍛藉悕鍙婂寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
灏忕挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勫嫉鍔�銆佺┅(w臎n)瀹氭€ц垏鍩烘湰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
2.5 鐑风兇鐨勬(g貌u)璞�
涔欑兎鍜屼竵鐑风殑妲�(g貌u)璞★紱鐠�(hu谩n)宸辩兎鐨勬(g貌u)璞★紙妞呭紡/鑸瑰紡妲�(g貌u)鍨�銆佸彇浠ｇ挵(hu谩n)宸茬兎鍜屽崄姘寲
钀樼殑妲�(g貌u)璞★級銆�
绗笁绔犱笉椋藉拰鐑�
3
3.1 涓嶉＝鍜岀兇鐨勫懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺暟妲�(g貌u)楂�銆佺墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
3.1.1 涓嶉＝鍜岀兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) SP2銆丼P 闆滃寲鍜屜€ 閸垫€ц唱(zh矛)
3.1.2 涓嶉＝鍜岀兇鐨勫悓鍒嗙暟妲�(g貌u)楂斿拰鍛藉悕锛堢⒊鏋剁暟妲�(g貌u)銆佷綅缃暟妲�(g貌u)銆侀爢鍙嶇暟妲�(g貌u)銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)鍛�
鍚嶆硶銆侀爢鍙嶇暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑鍛藉悕锛�
3.1.3 涓嶉＝鍜岀兇鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
3.2 涓嶉＝鍜岀兇鐨勫熀鏈弽鎳�(y墨ng)
瑕浕鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼銆佹捍閹撻洟瀛愩€佽Κ闆昏│鍔�銆佺⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愬強鍏剁┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆侀Μ姘忚(gu墨)鍓囥€�
瑾樺皫(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屾父姝峰熀鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝风▼銆侀亷姘у寲鐗╂晥鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勮В閲嬨€侀Μ鐖惧彲灏煎彲澶(gu墨)鍓�銆佸姞
鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓殑纰虫闆㈠瓙銆佺⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愮殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婃€ц唱(zh矛)銆�
3.2.1 鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鍌寲鍔犳矮銆佺〖姘寲銆佸姞楣电礌銆佸姞楣靛寲姘�銆佸姞纭吀銆侀吀鍌寲鍔犳按銆佽垏鏈夋(j墨)閰搁唶
閰氬姞鎴�銆佸姞娆￠沟閰搞€佽嚜鐢卞熀鍔犳垚绛�銆�
3.2.2 鑸囧崱璩撶殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺儻鐑寸殑闋嗗弽鐣版(g貌u)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
3.2.3 姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堢挵(hu谩n)姘у寲銆侀珮閷抽吀閴€姘у寲鍜岃嚟姘у寲锛�
3.2.4 伪 鈥�?d煤)婀擃厫鎷ユ煚u浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)
3.2.5 鑱氬悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
3.3 涓嶉＝鍜岀兇鐨勪締婧愬拰鍒跺倷
3.4 鐐旂兇鐨勭壒娈婂弽鎳�(y墨ng)
3.4.1 鐐旂兇鐨勮Κ鏍稿姞鎴�
3.4.2 鐐旂兇鐨勬椿鎾ユ矮鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鐐旂兇鐨勬椿鎾ユ矮閰告€с€侀憭鍒�銆佽垏鍫块噾灞弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺倲鐑寸殑鐑峰熀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
绗洓绔犲叡杌涗簩鐑兇鍜屽叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)
4.1 鍏辫粵浜岀儻鐑寸殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗归粸(di菐n)
4.2 鍏辫粵鏁堟噳(y墨ng)
4.3 鍏辫粵浜岀儻鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鐗规€�
鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺媱鑰虫柉鈥旈樋鐖惧痉锛圖iels-Alder 锛夌挵(hu谩n)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
绗簲绔犺姵棣欑兇
鑺抽鐑撮鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婅姵棣欐€�銆傛帉鎻¤姵鐑撮鍖栧悎鐗╃殑閲嶈鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氳嫰
鍙婂悓鍒嗙墿鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫畾浣嶈(gu墨)寰嬨€佸彇浠ｆ晥鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勮В閲�銆佸悎鎴愬彇浠ｈ嫰銆備簡瑙ｅ
鐠�(hu谩n)鑺抽鍖栧悎鐗╂€ц唱(zh矛)鍜岄潪鑻姵棣欓珨绯�
5.1 鑺抽鐑�
5.1.1 鑻殑鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛堝嚤搴嫆銆佸垎瀛愯粚閬撴硶銆佸叡鎸珫绨′粙锛岃姵棣欐€цВ閲嬶級
5.1.2 鍠挵(hu谩n)鑺抽鐑寸殑鐣版(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆佸懡鍚嶅拰鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)
5.1.3 鍠挵(hu谩n)鑺崇兇鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
4
5.1.3.1 鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
楣典唬銆佺鍖�銆佺：鍖�銆佸倕鈥斿厠锛團ridel-Crafts锛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涜嫰鐠�(hu谩n)瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姝�
绋�锛涜嫰鐠�(hu谩n)涓婂彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫畾浣嶈(gu墨)寰嬶紙鐞嗚珫瑙ｉ噵鍜屽悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢級銆�
5.1.3.2 楣电礌鐢插熀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸姞鐗规浖 (Gatterman)- 绉戣但 (Koch)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
5.1.3.3 浼锛� Birch 锛夐倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)
5.1.3.4 姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堣嫰鐠�(hu谩n)姘у寲銆佸伌(c猫)閺堟哀鍖栵級
5.2 澶氱挵(hu谩n)鍙婄鐠�(hu谩n)鑺崇兇
5.2.1 涓夎嫰鐢插熀鍖栧悎鐗╁強鍏堕洟瀛愬拰鑷敱鍩虹殑绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆佽伅(li谩n)鑻壒鎬у強鍚堟垚
5.2.2 钀樼殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
5.2.3 钂藉拰鑿茬殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屾€ц唱(zh矛)
5.3 浼戝厠鐖捐(gu墨)鍓囧垽鏂烽潪鑻姵鐑�
绗叚绔犻沟浠ｇ兇
鎺屾彙楣典唬鐑寸殑鍒嗛鍜岀墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌欏拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
6.1 楣典唬鐑寸殑鍒嗛鍙婂懡鍚�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸悓鍒嗙暟妲�(g貌u)鍜岀墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
6.2 楣典唬鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
6.2.1 楣典唬鐑寸殑鍩烘湰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛氬彇浠�銆佹秷闄�銆侀倓鍘�
鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堟按瑙�銆侀唶瑙�銆佹皑瑙ｃ€佽垏纭濋吀閵€鍙婃鞍鍖栭垑鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�銆傛秷鍘诲弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囧彇
鍚�銆�
6.2.2 椋藉拰纰冲師瀛愪笂鐨勮Κ鏍稿彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囨秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)
鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞� SN1銆丼N2锛涙秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞� E1銆丒2锛涘彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑸囨秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)
鐨勭珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)銆佸奖闊垮洜绱犲拰绔剁埈銆�
6.3 楣典唬鐑寸殑鍒舵硶锛堢敱鐑村埗鍌�銆佺敱閱囧埗鍌欍€侀沟浠ｇ兇鐨勪簰鎻涳級
6.4 楣典唬鐑磋垏閲戝爆鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鏍兼皬瑭﹀姂鐨勫埗鍌�銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗规€ц垏鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆傛湁姗�(j墨)閶拌│鍔�銆乄urtz 鍙�
鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
6.5 楣典唬鐑兇鍜岄沟浠ｈ姵鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
绗竷绔犵珛楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)
7.1 浜嗚В灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆佺墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勬棆鍏夋€ц垏鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紙鎵嬫€с€佸皪(du矛)绋卞洜绱�銆佸钩
闈㈠亸鎸厜鍜屾棆鍏夋€с€佹棆鍏夊剙鍜屾瘮鏃嬪厜搴︼級
7.2 鍚湁鎵嬫€х⒊鍘熷瓙鍖栧悎鐗╃殑灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)
7.2.1 鍚湁涓€鍊�(g猫)鎵嬫€х⒊鍘熷瓙鍖栧悎鐗╃殑灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)锛堝皪(du矛)鏄犻珨銆佸娑堟棆楂斻€佽不(f猫i)姝囩埦鎶曞奖
寮忥級
7.2.2 灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)楂旂殑妲�(g貌u)鍨嬶紙鐩稿皪(du矛)妲�(g貌u)鍨嬪拰绲曞皪(du矛)妲�(g貌u)鍨�銆佹(g貌u)鍨嬬殑 R/S 娉�銆丏/L 娉曪級
7.2.3 鍚叐鍊�(g猫)鎵嬫€х⒊鍘熷瓙鍖栧悎鐗╃殑灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)
5
7.2.4 鐠�(hu谩n)鐙€鐨勫寲鍚堢墿鐨勫皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)
7.3 鍚墜鎬ц桓鎴栧惈鎵嬫€ч潰鐨勫寲鍚堢墿鐨勭珛楂旂暟妲�(g貌u)楂�锛屽惈鎵嬫€х⒊鍘熷瓙鍖栧悎鐗╃殑灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟
妲�(g貌u)锛堜笝浜岀儻鍨�銆佽伅(li谩n)鑻瀷锛岃灪鏃嬪瀷鍖栧悎鐗╋級
7.4 澶栨秷鏃嬮珨銆佹媶鍒嗗拰涓嶅皪(du矛)绋卞悎鎴�
7.5 鎺屾彙绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)鍦ㄧ爺绌跺弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
绗叓绔犳湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑娉㈣瓬鍒嗘瀽
鐔熸倝绱銆佺磪澶栧厜璀�銆佹牳纾佸叡鎸瓬鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗗強鍦ㄦ湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓�(c猫)瀹氫腑鐨�
鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ簡瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)璀滅殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
8.1 绱呭鍏夎瓬
8.1.1 绱呭鍏夎瓬鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗭紙鍒嗗瓙鎸嫊(d貌ng)椤炲瀷銆佺磪澶栧厜璀滃湒鐨勮〃绀烘柟娉曪級
8.1.2 閲嶈瀹樿兘鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勭壒寰佸惛鏀跺嘲銆佸奖闊跨磪澶栧惛鏀朵俊铏�(h脿o)浣嶇Щ鐨勫洜绱�
8.1.3 绱呭鍏夎瓬鐨勮В鏋�
8.2 鏍哥鍏辨尟璀�
8.2.1 浜嗚В鏍哥鍏辨尟鐨勫熀鏈師鐞�
8.2.2 鍏稿瀷鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鏍哥鍏辨尟璀滃墫鏋愶紙灞忚斀鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)浣嶇Щ銆佸嘲闈㈢⿳銆�
宄板挤(qi谩ng)搴�銆佽嚜鏃嬪伓鍚堣垏鑷棆瑁傚垎锛�
8.3 绱鍏夎瓬
绱鍏夎瓬鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗐€佺传澶栧厜璀滃湒銆佸悇椤炲寲鍚堢墿鐨勯浕瀛愯簫閬�銆佺传澶栧厜璀滆垏鍒�
瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯汇€�
8.4 璩�(zh矛)璀�
璩�(zh矛)璀滅殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鑸囪唱(zh矛)璀滃剙銆傝唱(zh矛)璀滃湒闆㈠瓙鐨勪富瑕侀鍨�銆佸舰鎴愬強鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽奖闊�
闆㈠瓙褰㈡垚鐨勫洜绱狅紝鍚勯鍖栧悎鐗╃殑璩�(zh矛)璀滃湒鐗瑰緛銆�
绗節绔犻唶銆侀厷鍜岄啔
9.1 閱�
9.1.1 閱囩殑鐗╃悊
閱囩殑姘嵉灏�(du矛)閱囩墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)褰遍熆銆�
9.1.2 閱囩殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
閱囪垏娲绘綉閲戝爆鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽垏楣靛寲纾凤紙鎴栦簽纭叞姘級鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽垏鐒℃(j墨)閰革紙姘沟閰�銆佺～
閰�銆佺閰革級鑸囬叞姘拰閰搁厫绛夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆傞唶鐨勮劔姘�銆佹哀鍖栧拰鑴矮鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆傞劙浜岄唶鐗规湁鐨勫弽
鎳�(y墨ng)锛堥牷鍝唶閲嶆帓锛夈€侀劙鍩哄弮鑸�銆�
9.1.3 娑堝幓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鑸囧彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼
9.1.4 鎺屾彙閱囩殑鍒舵硶
9.2 閰�
6
閰氱茎鍩虹殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛氬急閰告€�銆侀厷閱氱殑鐢熸垚銆侀’鑹插弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆傞厷椤炶嫰鐠�(hu谩n)涓婅Κ闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
9.3 閱�
9.3.1 閱氱殑鍒舵硶
9.3.2 閱氱殑鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛氶菇鐨勭敓鎴�銆侀啔閸电殑鏂疯銆侀亷姘у寲鐗╃殑鐢熸垚
绗崄绔犻啗銆侀叜鍜岄唽
10.1 閱�銆侀叜鐨勭墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)
10.2 閱�銆侀叜鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
10.2.1 瑕牳鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
閱涙垨閰垏姘鞍閰�銆佷簽纭吀姘垑銆侀唶銆佹皑鐨勮鐢熺墿銆佹牸鍒╅泤瑭﹀姂銆佺倲閳夎Κ鏍稿姞鎴愬弽
鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
10.2.2 閱涙垨閰殑伪 鈥�?d煤)婀擃厫鎷ュ纾�?y墨ng)
閱涙垨閰湪閰告垨鍫垮偓鍖栨浠朵笅楣典唬銆傜茎閱涚府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)
10.2.3 閱涙垨閰殑姘у寲閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鎵樺€│鍔�銆佽不(f猫i)鏋楄│鍔戠殑寮辨哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涢珮閷抽吀閴€绛夊挤(qi谩ng)姘у寲鍔戠殑姘у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
閱涙垨閰殑閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛氬绋浠朵笅閭勫師鎴愰唶銆侀倓鍘熸垚浜炵敳鍩�銆�
姝у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛氬悍灏兼煡缇呭弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
10.3 閱�銆侀叜鐨勫埗娉曪紙閱囩殑姘у寲銆佺兇鐨勬哀鍖�銆佸仌浜岄沟浠ｇ墿鐨勬按瑙ｃ€佸倕鈥斿厠?锛涱姮?br/>鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺倲鐑寸殑缇板熀鍖栥€佺晶閰稿強鍏惰鐢熺墿鐨勯倓鍘燂級
10.4 閲嶈鐨勯啗銆侀叜鐗规€э細鐢查啗銆佷箼閱涳紙涔欑儻姘у寲鍚堟垚涔欓啗锛�銆佷笁姘箼閱�銆佽嫰鐢查啗
锛堝畨鎭绺悎锛�銆佷笝閰�銆佷竵浜岄叜锛堥幊瑭﹀姂锛�銆佺挵(hu谩n)宸遍叜
10.5 涓嶉＝鍜岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛毼� 锛屛� 鈥斾笉椋藉拰閱涢叜鐨勫姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹彃鐑(gu墨)
寰�
绗崄涓€绔犵晶閰稿強缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗�
11.1 缇ч吀鍙婄晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勫懡鍚嶃€佺墿鎬у強鍏夎瓬鐗规€�
11.2 缇ч吀鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囬吀鎬э紙瑾樺皫(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽叡杌涙晥鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婂牬鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鐨勫奖闊匡級
11.3 缇ч吀鐨勫埗鍌�
11.4 缇ч吀鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
缇ч吀鐨勯吀鎬�銆佺晶鍩轰腑姘師瀛愮殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堝彇浠ｅ熀灏�(du矛)閰告€х殑褰遍熆銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛�銆佺晶
閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勭敓鎴愩€佽劔缇у弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺晶閰肝� 鈥擧 鐨勯沟浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀倓鍘燂紙琚矮鍖栭媮閶伴倓鍘燂級銆�
閰寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞嗐€�
11.5 浜屽厓閰稿拰缇ュ熀閰哥殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
11.6 缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
7
缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍙栦唬銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆傜晶閰歌鐢熺墿鑸囨牸鍒╅泤瑭﹀姂鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆傜晶閰歌鐢熺墿鐨勭壒
鎬э紙閰�銆侀叞鑳虹殑鐗规€э級銆�
11.7 涔欓叞涔欓吀涔欓叝鍜屼笝浜岄吀浜屼箼閰殑鍒跺倷鑸囨噳(y墨ng)鐢�
涔欓叞涔欓吀涔欓叝鐨勫埗鍌�銆佷簰璁婄暟妲�(g貌u)鍙婂叾鍦ㄥ悎鎴愪笂鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆備笝浜岄吀浜屼箼閰強鍏跺湪
鍚堟垚涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
绗崄浜岀珷鍚爱鍖栧悎鐗�
12.1 鑳虹殑鍒嗛銆佸懡鍚嶃€佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鍜屽厜璀滅壒寰�
12.2 鑳虹殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
12.2.1 鑳虹殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽牽鎬э紙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗归粸(di菐n)銆佹墜鎬�銆佸牽鎬у強褰遍熆鍫挎€уぇ灏忕殑鍥犵礌锛�
12.2.2 鎴愰菇銆佸洓绱�(j铆)閵ㄩ菇鐨勫舰鎴�銆佺壒榛�(di菐n)鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢紙寰瑰簳鐢插熀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸洓绱�(j铆)閵ㄥ牽鐨勫舰
鎴�锛岀浉杞�(zhu菐n)绉诲偓鍖栧姂锛�銆� Hofmann 娑堥櫎
12.2.3 閰板熀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛堜箼?锛涱嚃鈶磀鏂牎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
12.2.4 鑳虹殑姘у寲鍜� Cope 娑堥櫎锛堥爢鍨嬫秷闄わ級
12.2.5 鑳鸿垏浜炵閰哥殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堥噸姘寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛夎垏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
12.2.6 鑳虹殑鐗规畩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堟哀鍖�銆佽嫰鐠�(hu谩n)涓婃槗鍙栦唬锛汳annich 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢級
12.3 鑳虹殑鍒跺倷
12.4 閲嶆爱鍜屽伓姘寲鍚堢墿锛堥噸姘敳鐑峰強鍗¤硴銆佹爱鐑�銆佺枈姘寲鐗╃殑鍒跺倷銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
12.5 閲嶆爱楣界殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)鑸囨噳(y墨ng)鐢�
12.6 纭濆熀鍖栧悎鐗�
浜嗚В纭濆熀鍖栧悎鐗╁垎椤�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懡鍚�銆傜鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛堢鍩哄皪(du矛)伪 鈥�?d煤)婀擃厫鎷ユ尃?br/>闊匡紙浜掕畩鐣版(g貌u)锛夐倓鍘熴€佺鍩哄皪(du矛)鑻挵(hu谩n)涓婂彇浠ｅ熀鐨勫奖闊匡級
12.7 鑵堝拰鐣拌厛锛堝垎瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佹按瑙ｅ拰閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
绗崄涓夌珷鍚～銆佺７銆佺鍖栧悎鐗�
13.1 纭�銆佺７鍏冪礌鍘熷瓙鐨勯浕瀛愭(g貌u)鍨嬪拰鎴愰嵉鐗瑰緛
13.2 鍚～鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)椤炲瀷鍜屽懡鍚嶅強鍜屽悎鎴愯垏鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
13.3 鍚７鍖栧悎鐗╃殑閲嶈鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛堝舰鎴愬纾烽菇鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺董鐙勫笇瑭﹀姂鍙婂叾鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛�
13.4 楣典唬纭呯兎鍙婄閱�銆佺姘х兎鐨勫悎鎴愬強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
绗崄鍥涚珷闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�
14.1 鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒嗛鍜屽懡鍚嶏紙闊宠娉曪級
14.2 浜斿厓鍜屽叚鍏冮洔鐠�(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
14.3 闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒跺倷鏂规硶
绗崄浜旂珷鍛ㄧ挵(hu谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
闆荤挵(hu谩n)鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涳紙2+2锛�銆侊紙2+4锛�銆丏iels-Alder 鐠�(hu谩n)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛浵� -閬风Щ鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛汣ope
閲嶆帓锛涙矮鍘熷瓙鎴栫⒊鍘熷瓙鍙冨姞鐨勯伔绉诲弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
8
绗崄鍏珷纰虫按鍖栧悎鐗�
16.1 鍠硸绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)
16.1.1 鍠硸鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛堝柈绯栫殑妲�(g貌u)閫犲紡鐨勭⒑瀹�銆佺珛楂旀(g貌u)鍨�銆佺挵(hu谩n)鐙€绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閫忚寮�銆佹(g貌u)璞�
寮忥級
16.1.2 鍠硸鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛堝樊鍚戠暟妲�(g貌u)鍖�銆佹哀鍖栬垏閭勫師銆佹垚鑴庡弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹垚鑻峰弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
16.1.3 閲嶈鐨勫柈绯栵紙钁¤悇绯�銆佹灉绯�銆佸崐涔崇硸銆佹牳绯�銆佽劔姘ф牳绯栵級
16.2 浜岀硸锛堥亥鑺界硸銆佺簴缍簩绯栥€佷钩绯�銆佽敆绯栵級
16.3 澶氱硸锛堟穩绮�銆佺簴缍礌銆佸崐绾栫董绱�銆佸彸鏃嬬硸閰愶級
绗崄涓冪珷姘ㄥ熀閰搞€佸鑲藉拰铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)
17.1 姘ㄥ熀閰哥殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸垎椤�銆佸懡鍚�銆佸埗娉曪紙Strecker 鍚堟垚銆佅� - 楣典唬閰告皑瑙ｃ€�
Gabriel 鍚堟垚銆佷笝浜岄吀閰硶锛夈€佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛堝叐鎬у拰绛夐浕榛�(di菐n)銆佹皑鍩虹殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽劔缇у弽
鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏姘村悎鑼氫笁閰弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
17.2 澶氳偨绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)纰哄畾鍜屽悎鎴愬師鐞嗙啊浠�
17.3 浜嗚泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鐨勫垎椤�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岄噸瑕佹€ц唱(zh矛)锛堝叐鎬у拰绛夐浕榛�(di菐n)銆佽啝楂旀€ц唱(zh矛)銆佹矇娣€銆佽畩
鎬�銆佹按瑙�銆侀’鑹插弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
绗崄鍏珷钀滈銆佺斁鏃忓寲鍚堢墿
18.1 钀滈鐨勫畾缇�銆佸垎椤炪€佺暟鎴婁簩鐑(gu墨)鍓囷細鍠悳銆佸€嶅崐钀滃強鍏跺畠钀滈
钀滃寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勪竴鑸浉瀵柟娉曪細VA銆佽儭铇垮崪绱�銆佹妾啗銆佹鍖栭唶銆侀钁夐唶銆佽杽
鑽烽唶銆佽拵绋€銆侀緧鑵�銆佹鑵�銆�
18.2 鐢炬棌鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍩烘湰楠ㄦ灦鍜屽懡鍚�
涓�銆佸弮鑰冨湒鏇�
1 锛夐偄鍏舵瘏绛夈€婂熀绀�(ch菙)鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆� (涓�,涓嬪唺(c猫) ) 绗笁鐗�锛屽寳浜�锛岄珮绛夋暀鑲插嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�
2005 骞� 6 鏈�
2 锛夊嫉鏂囧嫟绛夈€婃湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)銆嬬浜旂増锛屽寳浜紝楂樻暀鍑虹増绀�锛�2014 骞� 7 鏈�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰冿紝骞惰珛(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
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鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
