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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
娌堥櫧(y谩ng)鐞嗗伐澶у(xu茅)鍗氬＋鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)鑰冭│澶х侗
绉戠洰浠ｇ⒓锛�3021 绉戠洰鍚嶇ū(ch膿ng)锛氱墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)
鐗╃悊鍖栧(xu茅)鑰冭│澶х侗閬╃敤浜庢潗鏂欓(l猫i)鐨勫崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│銆傜墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)鏄湰鏍℃潗
鏂欓(l猫i)鍚勫皥(zhu膩n)妤�(y猫)鐨勪竴闁€(m茅n)閲嶈灏�(zhu膩n)妤�(y猫)鍩虹(ch菙)瑾�锛屾槸鏉愭枡瀛�(xu茅)绉戠殑閲嶈鍒嗘敮鍜岀悊璜栧熀绀�(ch菙)銆傛湰绉戠洰
鐨勮€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勭墿鐞嗙従(xi脿n)璞″拰鍖栧(xu茅)鐝�(xi脿n)璞¤畩鍖栧熀鏈(gu墨)寰�銆傚叿楂斿収(n猫i)瀹瑰寘鎷寲瀛�(xu茅)鐔�
鍔涘(xu茅)銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)銆侀浕鍖栧(xu茅)銆佺晫闈㈠寲瀛�(xu茅)鑸囪啝楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)绛�銆傝姹傝€冪敓鐔熺反鎺屾彙鐗╃悊鍖�
瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�銆佸熀鏈師鐞嗗強瑷�(j矛)绠楁柟娉曪紝骞跺叿鏈夌稖鍚堥亱(y霉n)鐢ㄦ墍瀛�(xu茅)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鍒嗘瀽鍜岃В姹哄(sh铆)闅�
鍟�(w猫n)椤岀殑鑳藉姏銆�
涓€銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
锛堜竴锛夌啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥
1. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇�
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈収(n猫i)瀹�锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勬柟娉曪紝鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鏂规硶鐨勫劒(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)鍜屽眬闄愭€�锛涚郴绲�(t菕ng)鑸囩挵(hu谩n)
澧�锛岀郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)骞宠 鎱�(t脿i)锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鍜岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼锛岄亷(gu貌)绋嬪拰閫斿緫锛岀啽鍜屽姛锛�
鍙€嗛亷(gu貌)绋�銆�
2. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢�
鐒擄紝鐔卞锛汮oule 瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂旂殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳藉拰鐒�锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂旂殑 Cp 鑸� Cv锛岀禃
鐔遍亷(gu貌)绋�锛孋arnot 寰挵(hu谩n)鍜岀啽姗�(j墨)鏁堢巼锛汮oule-Thomson 鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽(sh铆)闅涙埃楂旂殑螖 U 鍜屛� H銆�
3. 鐔卞寲瀛�(xu茅)
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鈥旂瓑澹撶啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鑸囩瓑瀹圭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴�锛涙(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐒撹畩锛�
Hess 瀹氬緥锛涙(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒擄紱妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦闆㈠瓙鐢熸垚鐒�锛涙(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐕冪噿鐒�锛涙憾瑙ｇ啽
鍜岀█閲嬬啽锛涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐒撹畩鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛孠irchhoff 瀹氬緥锛岀禃鐔卞弽鎳�(y墨ng)鈥旈潪绛夋韩鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
锛堜簩锛夈€佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
1. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
鑷櫦(f膩)璁婂寲鐨勫叡鍚岀壒寰佲€斾笉鍙€嗘€�锛孋arnot 瀹氱悊锛岀喌鐨勬蹇�锛孋1ausius 涓嶇瓑寮�
鑸囩喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬暩(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)琛ㄩ仈(d谩)寮�锛岀喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨�
鏈唱(zh矛)鍜岀喌鐨勭当(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鎰忕京锛岀瓑婧亷(gu貌)绋嬪拰闈炵瓑婧亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐔电殑璁婂寲鍊肩殑瑷�(j矛)绠椼€�
2. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰鏂圭▼
Helmholtz 鑷敱鑳�锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳斤紱鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈柟绋�锛孧axwell 闂�(gu膩n)绯诲紡鍙婂叾
鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳借垏婧害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝Gibbs-Helmholtz 鏂圭▼锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳借垏澹撳姏
鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紱Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖栫殑瑷�(j矛)绠�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖栵紝鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
绛夋韩寮�锛岃畩鍖栫殑鏂瑰悜鑸囧钩琛℃浠�銆�
3. 鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥锛岃(gu墨)瀹氱喌鍊�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閬�(gu貌)绋嬬殑鐔佃畩瑷�(j矛)绠�銆�
锛堜笁锛�銆佸绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍙婂叾鍦ㄦ憾娑蹭腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 澶氱祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭祫鎴愯〃绀�
2. 鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺
鍋忔懇鐖鹃噺鐨勫畾缇�锛屽亸鎽╃埦閲忕殑鍔犲拰鍏紡锛屽亸鎽╃埦閲忕殑姹傛硶锛孏ibbs-Duhem 鍏�
寮忊€旂郴绲�(t菕ng)涓亸鎽╃埦閲忎箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€�
3. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)
鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勫畾缇�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鍦ㄧ浉骞宠 涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鑸囨韩搴�銆佸鍔涚殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛�
鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鍙婂叾娣峰悎鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岄潪鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨娣峰悎鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岄€稿害锛岄€稿害绯�
鏁�(sh霉)銆�
4. 绋€婧舵恫
Raoult 瀹氬緥鍜� Henry 瀹氬緥锛岀█婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬�銆�
5. 鐞嗘兂婧舵恫
鐞嗘兂婧舵恫锛岀悊鎯虫憾娑蹭腑浠讳竴绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岀悊鎯虫憾娑茬殑閫氭€�銆�
6. 娲诲害鍜屾椿搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)
闈炵悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╀腑鍚勭祫鍒嗙殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岄潪鐞嗘兂绋€婧舵恫锛屾椿搴﹀拰娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)锛岄洐
娑茬郴涓椿搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯汇€�
7. 鍒嗛厤瀹氬緥
婧惰唱(zh矛)鍦ㄥ叐浜掍笉鐩告憾娑茬浉涓殑鍒嗛厤銆�
锛堝洓锛夈€佺浉骞宠
1. 鐩稿緥
鐩稿緥鐨勬帹灏�(d菐o)锛岀浉寰嬬殑鍩烘湰鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
2. 鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉骞宠
鍠祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勫叐鐩稿钩琛�锛孋lapeyron 鏂圭▼锛屽澹撹垏钂告埃澹撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屼笉娲绘綉姘�
楂斿皪(du矛)娑查珨钂告埃澹撶殑褰遍熆锛�
姘寸殑鐩稿湒锛岀～鐨勭浉鍦�锛岃秴鑷ㄧ晫鐙€鎱�(t脿i)銆�
3. 浜岀祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
瀹屽叏浜掓憾鐨勯洐娑茬郴锛屾潬妗胯(gu墨)鍓�锛岃捀椁惧拰绮鹃ぞ鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗭紱
闈炵悊鎯崇殑浜岀祫鍒嗘恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗�锛岄儴鍒嗕簰婧剁殑闆欐恫绯�锛屼笉浜掓憾鐨勯洐娑茬郴锛屾按钂告苯
钂搁ぞ锛�
绨�(ji菐n)鍠殑浣庡叡鐔斾簩鍏冪浉鍦�锛屾埃-鍥烘厠(t脿i)鐨勫钩琛″湒锛屾恫銆佸浐鐩搁兘瀹屽叏浜掓憾鐨勭浉鍦�锛�
鍗€(q奴)鍩熺啍鐓�銆�
4. 涓夌祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�
绛夐倞涓夎褰㈠潗妯�(bi膩o)琛ㄧず娉�锛岄儴鍒嗕簰婧剁殑涓夋恫楂旂郴绲�(t菕ng)锛屼簩鍥洪珨鍜屼竴娑查珨鐨勬按楣界郴
绲�(t菕ng)锛屼笁绲勫垎浣庡叡鐔旂郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭浉鍦�銆�
锛堜簲锛�銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠
1. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛℃浠�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛℃浠跺拰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勮Κ鍜屽嫝(sh矛)銆�
2. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鍜岀瓑婧柟绋嬪紡
姘ｇ浉鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛屾憾娑蹭腑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭瓑婧柟绋嬪紡锛涘钩
琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鐨勮〃绀哄紡锛屽京(f霉)鐩稿寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠 銆�
3. 妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�
妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓嬪弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨� Gibbs 鑷敱鑳借畩鍖栧€�锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚 Gibbs 鑷敱鑳斤紝杩戜技
瑷�(j矛)绠�銆�
4. 婧害銆佸鍔涘強鎯版€ф埃楂斿皪(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�
婧害灏�(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫奖闊匡紝澹撳姏灏�(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫奖闊�锛屾儼鎬ф埃楂斿皪(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勫奖
闊�銆�
5. 鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
鍚屾檪(sh铆)鍖栧(xu茅)骞宠 锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勮€﹀悎銆�
锛堝叚锛�銆侀浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫
1. 闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅)涓殑鍩烘湰姒傚康鍜岄浕瑙ｅ畾寰�
鍘熼浕姹犲拰闆昏В姹狅紝F(xi脿n)araday 闆昏В瀹氬緥銆�
2. 闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐜囧拰閬风Щ鏁�(sh霉)
闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐝�(xi脿n)璞★紝闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐜囧拰閬风Щ鏁�(sh霉)锛岄洟瀛愰伔绉绘暩(sh霉)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�銆�
3. 闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勯浕灏�(d菐o)
闆诲皫(d菐o)銆侀浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜囷紝闆诲皫(d菐o)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�锛岄浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜囪垏婵冨害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)
绯伙紝闆㈠瓙鐛�(d煤)绔嬬Щ鍕�(d貌ng)瀹氬緥鍜岄洟瀛愮殑鎽╃埦闆诲皫(d菐o)鐜�锛岄浕灏�(d菐o)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓€浜涙噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
4. 闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀拰骞冲潎娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)
闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀拰骞冲潎娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)锛岄洟瀛愬挤(qi谩ng)搴�銆�
锛堜竷锛夈€佸彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 鍙€嗛浕姹犲拰鍙€嗛浕妤�
鍙€嗛浕姹�锛屽彲閫嗛浕妤靛拰闆绘サ鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�锛屽皪(du矛)娑堟硶娓�(c猫)闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆�
姹�锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑鏇�(sh奴)瀵�(xi臎)鏂规硶锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犻浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勫彇铏�(h脿o)銆�
2. 鍙€嗛浕姹犵殑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)
Nernst 鏂圭▼锛岀敱妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛) E 姹傞浕姹犲弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛岀敱闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鍙婂叾婧害绯�
鏁�(sh霉)姹傚弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭創璁婂拰鐔佃畩銆�
3. 闆绘サ闆诲嫝(sh矛)鍜岄浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)
妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆绘サ闆诲嫝(sh矛)锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)姘浕妤�锛岄浕姹犻浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楋紝鍏�(n猫i)闆讳綅鑸囧闆讳綅锛岄浕鍖栧(xu茅)
鍕�(sh矛)锛涢浕妤佃垏闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐣岄潰闁撻浕鍕�(sh矛)宸�锛屾帴瑙搁浕鍕�(sh矛)锛屾恫楂旀帴鐣岄浕鍕�(sh矛)锛屾恫鎺ラ浕鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮▓(j矛)
绠楀叕寮忥紝闆绘睜闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勭敘(ch菐n)鐢�銆�
4. 闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
姹傞浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀洜瀛愶紝姹傞洠婧堕菇鐨勬椿搴︾⿳锛宲H 鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�锛岄浕鍕�(sh矛)-pH
鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
5. 鍖栧(xu茅)闆绘簮
鐕冩枡闆绘睜锛岃搫闆绘睜銆�
锛堝叓锛�銆侀浕瑙ｈ垏妤靛寲浣滅敤
1. 鍒嗚В闆诲鍜屾サ鍖栦綔鐢�
婵冨樊妤靛寲锛岄浕鍖栧(xu茅)妤靛寲锛屾サ鍖栨洸绶氾紝瓒呴浕鍕�(sh矛)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�锛屾矮瓒呴浕鍕�(sh矛)銆�
2. 闆昏В鏅�(sh铆)闆绘サ涓婄殑绔�(j矛ng)鐖�(zh膿ng)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
閲戝爆鐨勬瀽鍑鸿垏姘殑瓒呴浕鍕�(sh矛)锛岄噾灞洟瀛愮殑鍒嗛洟銆�
3. 閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧(xu茅)鑵愯潟銆侀槻鑵愯垏閲戝爆鐨勯垗鍖�
閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧(xu茅)鑵愯潟锛岄噾灞殑闃茶厫锛岄噾灞殑閳嶅寲銆�
锛堜節锛夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)
1. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勯€熺巼鏂圭▼
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勮〃绀烘硶锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍜岄潪鍩哄厓鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽熀鍏冨弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫井瑙€鍙€嗘€у師
鐞�锛涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭礆(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍒嗗瓙鏁�(sh霉)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯€熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)銆�
2. 鍏锋湁绨�(ji菐n)鍠礆(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)
涓€绱�(j铆)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屼簩绱�(j铆)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屼笁绱�(j铆)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄浂绱�(j铆)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜屾簴(zh菙n)绱�(j铆)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)绱�(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹氭硶銆�
3. 骞剧ó鍏稿瀷鐨勫京(f霉)闆滃弽鎳�(y墨ng)
灏�(du矛)宄欏弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽钩琛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岄€ｇ簩(x霉)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涚洿閺堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屾敮閺堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
4. 婧害灏�(du矛)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼鐨勫奖闊�
閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝娲诲寲鑳�锛孉rrhenius 缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)寮�锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囨韩搴﹂棞(gu膩n)绯�
鐨勫咕绋(l猫i)鍨�锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囨椿鍖栬兘涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屾椿鍖栬兘鑸囨韩搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝娲诲寲鑳界殑浼�
绠�銆�
5. 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬绋�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬绋嬶紝绌�(w臎n)鎱�(t脿i)杩戜技娉�锛屾摤瀹氬弽鎳�(y墨ng)姝风▼鐨勪竴鑸柟娉�銆�
6. 鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)鐞嗚珫
纰版挒鐞嗚珫锛岀‖鐞冪鎾炴ā鍨�锛岄洐鍒嗗瓙鐨勪簰纰伴牷鐜囧拰閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)闁捐兘锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)
闁捐兘鑸囧(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)娲诲寲鑳界殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屾鐜囧洜瀛愶紱閬�(gu貌)娓℃厠(t脿i)鐞嗚珫锛屽嫝(sh矛)鑳介潰锛岀敱閬�(gu貌)娓℃厠(t脿i)鐞嗚珫瑷�(j矛)绠�
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫熺巼甯告暩(sh霉)锛屾椿鍖栫怠(lu貌)鍚堢墿鐨勬椿鍖栬兘 E 鍜屾寚鍓嶅洜瀛� A 鑸囪鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)
绯�銆�
7. 鍌寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)鍩虹(ch菙)
鍌寲鍔戣垏鍌寲浣滅敤锛屽潎鐩搁吀鍫垮偓鍖栵紝绲�(lu貌)鍚堝偓鍖�锛岄叾鍌寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岃嚜鍌寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍜�
鍖栧(xu茅)鎸暕锛涘寲瀛�(xu茅)鍚搁檮鑸囧偓鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
锛堝崄锛�銆佽〃闈㈢墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)
1. 琛ㄩ潰寮靛姏鍙婅〃闈� Gibbs 鑷敱鑳�
琛ㄩ潰寮靛姏锛岃〃闈㈢啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈叕寮�锛岃〃闈㈠嫉鍔涜垏婧害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠嫉
鍔涜垏婧舵恫婵冨害鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屽綆鏇茶〃闈笂鐨勯檮鍔犲鍔涘拰钂告埃澹�锛屽綆鏇茶〃闈笂鐨勯檮鍔犲鍔�锛�
Young-Laplace 鍏紡锛屽綆鏇茶〃闈笂鐨勮捀姘ｅ锛孠elvin 鍏紡銆�
2. 婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠惛闄�
婧舵恫鐨勮〃闈㈠惛闄�锛孏ibbs 鍚搁檮鍏紡锛孏ibbs 鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮忕殑鎺ㄥ皫(d菐o)銆�
3. 鐣岄潰鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)
娑�-娑茬晫闈㈢殑閶睍锛屽柈鍒嗗瓙琛ㄩ潰鑶滐紱绮樻繒閬�(gu貌)绋�锛屾蹈婵曢亷(gu貌)绋嬶紝閶睍閬�(gu貌)绋�锛屾帴瑙�
瑙掕垏娼�(r霉n)婵曟柟绋�銆�
4. 琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鍙婂叾浣滅敤
琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鐨勫垎椤�(l猫i)锛岃〃闈㈡椿鎬у姂鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)灏�(du矛)鍏舵晥鐜囧強鑳藉姏鐨勫奖闊�锛岃〃闈㈡椿鎬у姂
鐨� HLB 鍊硷紝琛ㄩ潰娲绘€у姂鍦ㄦ按涓殑婧惰В搴�锛岃〃闈㈡椿鎬у姂鐨勯噸瑕佹噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
5. 鍥洪珨琛ㄩ潰鐨勫惛闄�
鍚搁檮绛夋韩绶氾紝Langmuir 绛夋韩寮�锛屾贩鍚堟埃楂旂殑 Langmuir 鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮忥紝F(xi脿n)reundlich
绛夋韩寮�锛孊ET 澶氬堡鍚搁檮鍏紡锛屼簲绋(l猫i)鍨嬪惛闄勭瓑婧窔鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)?锛涚槣W(xu茅)鍚搁檮鍜岀墿鐞嗗惛
闄勶紝鍖栧(xu茅)鍚搁檮鐔�锛屽惛闄勭殑鍕�(sh矛)鑳芥洸绶�锛屽奖闊挎埃-鍥虹晫闈㈠惛闄勭殑涓昏鍥犵礌锛涙埃-鍥虹浉绯�
绲�(t菕ng)涓殑鍚搁檮鍜岃В鍚搁€熺巼鏂圭▼寮�锛涘浐楂斿湪婧舵恫涓殑鍚搁檮銆�
锛堝崄涓€锛�銆佽啝楂斿垎鏁ｇ郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜屽ぇ鍒嗗瓙婧舵恫
1. 鑶犻珨鍜岃啝楂旂殑鍩烘湰鐗规€�
鍒嗘暎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫垎椤�(l猫i)锛岃啝鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾憾鑶犵殑鍒跺倷锛屾憾鑶犵殑鍑堝寲锛屾憾鑶犵殑褰㈡垚姗�(j墨)鐞�
鍜岃€佸寲姊濅欢銆�
2. 鑶犻珨鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)鍜岀悊璜�
鑶犻珨鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)鍔涙€ц唱(zh矛)锛孊rown 閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)锛屾摯(ku貌)鏁ｅ拰婊查€忓锛屾矇闄嶅拰娌夐檷骞宠 锛涙憾鑶犵殑鍏�
瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛孴yndall 鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鍜� Rayleigh 鍏紡锛岃秴椤井閺＄殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊鍜岀矑瀛愬ぇ灏忕殑娓�(c猫)瀹�锛�
婧惰啝鐨勯浕瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛岄浕鍕�(d貌ng)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛岄浕娉�锛岄浕婊�锛涢洐闆诲堡鐞嗚珫鍜屛� 闆诲嫝(sh矛)銆�
3. 婧惰啝鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹氭€у拰鑱氭矇浣滅敤锛涙憾鑶犵殑绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€э紝鑱氭矇浣滅敤浠ュ強褰遍熆鑱氭矇浣滅敤
鐨勫洜绱�锛岄珮鍒嗗瓙鍖栧悎鐗╁皪(du矛)婧惰啝鐨勭诞鍑濆拰绌�(w臎n)瀹氫綔鐢�銆�
4. 涔崇媭娑插拰鍑濊啝
O/W 鍨嬪拰 W/O 鍨嬩钩鐙€娑�锛屼钩鍖栧姂鐨勪綔鐢�锛屼钩鐙€娑茬殑涓嶇┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�锛涘嚌鑶犵殑鍒嗛(l猫i)锛�
鍑濊啝鐨勫舰鎴�锛屽嚌鑶犵殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
5. 澶у垎瀛愭憾娑�
澶у垎瀛愮殑骞冲潎鎽╃埦璩�(zh矛)閲�锛岃仛鍚堢墿鎽╃埦璩�(zh矛)閲忕殑娓�(c猫)瀹氭柟娉�锛岃仛鍚堢墿鐨勫垎绱�(j铆)銆�
浜�銆佽€冭│瑕佹眰
锛堜竴锛夌啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥
1 鏄庣⒑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勪竴浜涘熀鏈蹇�锛屽楂旂郴銆佺挵(hu谩n)澧冦€佺媭鎱�(t脿i)銆佸姛銆佺啽銆佽畩鍖栭亷(gu貌)绋嬬瓑銆�
2.鎺屾彙鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥鍜屽収(n猫i)鑳界殑姒傚康銆傜啛鐭ュ姛鑸囩啽姝ｈ矤(f霉)铏�(h脿o)鍜屽彇铏�(h脿o)鎱ｄ緥銆傛槑纰�
婧�(zh菙n)闈滄厠(t脿i)閬�(gu貌)绋嬭垏鍙€嗛亷(gu貌)绋嬬殑鎰忕京鍙婄壒寰�銆傛槑纰� U 鍙� H 閮芥槸鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛屼互鍙婄媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑�
鏁�(sh霉)鐨勭壒鎬�銆�
3 杓冪啛绶村湴鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥瑷�(j矛)绠楃悊鎯虫埃楂斿湪绛夋韩銆佺瓑澹撱€佺禃鐔辩瓑閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑
鐨勎� U銆佄� H銆丵 鍜� W銆傝兘鐔熺反鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ敓鎴愮啽銆佺噧鐕掔啽瑷�(j矛)绠楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔便€傛渻(hu矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄨ搵鏂畾
寰嬪拰鍩虹埦闇嶅か瀹氬緥閫�(j矛n)琛屼竴绯诲垪瑷�(j矛)绠�銆備簡瑙ｅ崱璜惧惊鐠�(hu谩n)鐨勬剰缇┿€�
锛堜簩锛夌啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
1.鏄庣⒑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬剰缇╁強鍏惰垏鍗¤瀹氱悊鐨勮伅(li谩n)绯�銆傜悊瑙ｅ厠鍕炰慨鏂笉绛�
寮忕殑閲嶈鎬�銆傛敞鎰忓湪灏�(d菐o)鍑虹喌鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勯亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑锛屽叕寮忔帹灏�(d菐o)鐨勯倧杓帹鐞�銆�
2.鐔熻鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉) U銆丠銆丼銆丗銆丟 鐨勫畾缇╋紝鏄庣⒑鍏跺湪鐗规畩姊濅欢涓嬬殑鐗╃悊鎰�
缇╁拰濡備綍鍒╃敤瀹冨€戝垽鍒ラ亷(gu貌)绋嬭畩鍖栫殑鏂瑰悜鍜屽钩琛℃浠�銆傝純鐔熺反鍦伴亱(y霉n)鐢ㄥ悏甯冩柉锛嶄亥濮�
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3.鎺屾彙鐔电殑绲�(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鎰忕京銆備簡瑙ｇ啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥锛屾槑纰鸿(gu墨)瀹氱喌鐨勬剰缇┿€佽▓(j矛)绠楀強鍏�
鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
锛堜笁锛夊绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)
1.鐔熸倝婧舵恫婵冨害鐨勫悇绋〃绀烘硶鍙婂叾鐩镐簰闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傛帉鎻＄悊鎯虫憾娑插畾缇�銆佸(sh铆)璩�(zh矛)鍜�
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锛堝洓锛夊寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠
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鍔涢棞(gu膩n)绯诲拰鎯版€ф埃楂斿皪(du矛)骞宠 绲勬垚鐨勫奖闊�锛屽苟鎺屾彙鍏惰▓(j矛)绠楁柟娉曘€�
3.鑳芥牴鎿�(j霉)妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勬暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)瑷�(j矛)绠楀钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)銆備簡瑙ｅ悓鏅�(sh铆)骞宠 銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鑰﹀悎銆�
杩戜技瑷�(j矛)绠楃瓑铏曠悊鏂规硶銆�
锛堜簲锛夌浉骞宠
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鐢�銆傛帉鎻℃潬妗胯(gu墨)鍓囧湪鐩稿湒涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
2.鍦ㄩ洐娑茬郴涓互瀹屽叏浜掓憾鐨勯洐娑茬郴鐐洪噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙 P锛峏 鍦栧拰 T锛峏 鍦�銆傚湪浜岀祫
鍒嗘恫鈥斿浐楂旂郴涓紝浠ョ啊(ji菐n)鍠叡鐔旂墿鐨勭浉鍦栫偤閲嶉粸(di菐n)锛屾帉鎻＄浉鍦栫殑绻埗鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
3.灏�(du矛)涓夌祫鍒嗛珨绯�锛屼簡瑙ｆ按楣介珨绯荤浉鍦栫殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屼簡瑙ｇ浉鍦栧湪钀冨彇閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
锛堝叚锛夐浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)婧舵恫
1.鎺屾彙鍘熼浕姹犲拰闆昏В姹�锛屾帉鎻� Faraday 闆昏В瀹氬緥銆�
2.鎺屾彙闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕閬风Щ鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛屾帉鎻￠洟瀛愮殑闆婚伔绉荤巼鍜岄伔绉绘暩(sh霉)锛屾帉鎻￠洟瀛愰伔绉绘暩(sh霉)
鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�銆備簡瑙ｉ浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�銆佹懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜囩殑鎰忕京鍙婂叾鑸囨憾娑叉績搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€備簡瑙ｉ洟瀛愮崹(d煤)绔�
绉诲嫊(d貌ng)瀹氬緥鍙婇浕灏�(d菐o)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓€浜涙噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆傜啛鎮夐伔绉绘暩(sh霉)鑸囨懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�銆侀洟瀛愰伔绉荤巼涔嬮枔鐨�
闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�
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搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝闆㈠瓙鐛�(d煤)绔嬬Щ鍕�(d貌ng)瀹氬緥鍜岄洟瀛愮殑鎽╃埦闆诲皫(d菐o)鐜�锛岄浕灏�(d菐o)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓€浜涙噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆備簡瑙�
闆昏В璩�(zh矛)鐨勫钩鍧囨椿搴﹀拰骞冲潎娲诲害绯绘暩(sh霉)锛岄洟瀛愬挤(qi谩ng)搴�銆�
锛堜竷锛夈€佸彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鍙婂叾鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�
1. 浜嗚В鍙€嗛浕姹�锛屽彲閫嗛浕妤靛拰闆绘サ鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹�锛屽皪(du矛)娑堟硶娓�(c猫)闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)锛�
妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆绘睜锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑鏇�(sh奴)瀵�(xi臎)鏂规硶锛屽彲閫嗛浕姹犻浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勫彇铏�(h脿o)銆�
2. 鎺屾彙 Nernst 鏂圭▼锛岀敱妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛) E 姹傞浕姹犲弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)锛岀敱闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鍙�
鍏舵韩搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)姹傚弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭創璁婂拰鐔佃畩銆�
3. 浜嗚В妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)闆绘サ闆诲嫝(sh矛)锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)姘浕妤�锛岄浕姹犻浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠�锛屽収(n猫i)闆讳綅鑸囧闆讳綅锛�
闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛涢浕妤佃垏闆昏В璩�(zh矛)婧舵恫鐣岄潰闁撻浕鍕�(sh矛)宸�锛屾帴瑙搁浕鍕�(sh矛)锛屾恫楂旀帴鐣岄浕鍕�(sh矛)锛屾恫鎺ラ浕
鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楀叕寮�锛岄浕姹犻浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勭敘(ch菐n)鐢�銆�
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鍕�(sh矛)-pH 鍦栧強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
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锛堝叓锛�銆侀浕瑙ｈ垏妤靛寲浣滅敤
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2. 浜嗚В閲戝爆鐨勬瀽鍑鸿垏姘殑瓒呴浕鍕�(sh矛)锛岄噾灞洟瀛愮殑鍒嗛洟銆�
3. 浜嗚В閲戝爆鐨勯浕鍖栧(xu茅)鑵愯潟锛岄噾灞殑闃茶厫锛岄噾灞殑閳嶅寲銆�
锛堜節锛夌晫闈㈢従(xi脿n)璞�
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鎺屾彙褰庢洸琛ㄩ潰鐨勯檮鍔犲鍔涚敘(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鍘熷洜鍙婂叾鑸囨洸鐜囧崐寰戠殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屾渻(hu矛)浣跨敤妤娾€旀媺鏅媺
鏂叕寮忛€�(j矛n)琛岀啊(ji菐n)鍠▓(j矛)绠�銆�
2.浜嗚В褰庢洸琛ㄩ潰涓婄殑钂告埃澹擄紝瀛�(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)浣跨敤 Kelvin 鍏紡銆傜悊瑙ｅ悏甯冩柉鍚搁檮绛夋韩寮�
鍙婂悇闋�(xi脿ng)鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇�锛屽苟鑳介€�(j矛n)琛岀啊(ji菐n)鍠殑瑷�(j矛)绠椼€�
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闄勭啽鍔涘(xu茅)銆�
锛堝崄锛夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(d貌ng)鍔涘(xu茅)
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鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭礆(j铆)鏁�(sh霉)銆�
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鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)锛屽苟鑳藉皪(du矛)鍏朵腑姣旇純绨�(ji菐n)鍠殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鑳藉(xi臎)鍑哄弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熺巼鑸囨績搴﹂棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑寰垎寮�銆�
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浜嗚В澶у垎瀛愭憾娑茶垏婧惰啝鐨勭暟鍚岄粸(di菐n)銆�
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鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
