|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗堬紝閮ㄥ垎瀛�(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞达紱鍧囨彁渚涙敹璨�(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
835-鍚堟垚鍖栧(xu茅)
涓€銆佽€冭│鐩殑
绲�(ji茅)鍚堝皪(du矛)鑰冪敓鎵€鎺屾彙鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)榛�(di菐n)鐨勬脯瑭�锛屽叏闈㈣€冨療鑰冪敓鐨勭稖鍚堢礌璩�(zh矛)銆佹€濈董鏂瑰紡鍜岀爺绌舵經鍔涳紝
寰炶€岀櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鎬濈董娲昏簫鐨勫壍(chu脿ng)鏂版€т汉鎵�銆�
浜屻€佽€冭│瑕佹眰
1. 鎺屾彙鐑风兇銆佺儻鐑淬€佺倲鐑�銆佽姵鐑淬€侀沟浠ｇ兎銆侀唶銆侀厷銆侀啔銆侀啗銆侀叜銆佺晶閰�銆佺晶閰歌鐢熺墿銆�
闆欏畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�銆佸惈姘寲鍚堢墿銆侀洔鐠�(hu谩n)鑺抽鍖栧悎鐗�銆佺硸绛夐噸瑕侀鍨嬫湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍛藉悕銆佺墿鐞嗘€�
璩�(zh矛)鍙婂埗鍌欐柟娉�; 鍒濇鎺屾彙鍚～纾风鍖栧悎鐗�銆佹皑鍩洪吀銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)銆佹牳绯栨牳閰�銆佹补鑴�銆佽悳椤�銆佺斁鏃�銆�
鐢熺墿鍫跨瓑鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍩烘湰鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍙婂埗鍌欐柟娉�;
2. 鎺屾彙鍏稿瀷鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨€ц兘鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯讳互鍙婂吀鍨嬪弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(j墨)鐞�;
3. 鎺屾彙鍚勭ó鐣版(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�, 浜嗚В妲�(g貌u)璞″拰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅);
4. 浜嗚В娉㈣瓬鐨勫熀鏈師鐞�, 鍒濇鎺屾彙璀�(sh铆)璀滆兘鍔�;
5. 鍒濇鎺屾彙缍滃悎閬�(y霉n)鐢ㄦ湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鍒嗘瀽鍜岃В姹哄熀鏈湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧(xu茅)鍟忛鐨勮兘鍔涖€�
涓�銆佽€冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
1. 绶掕珫
鎺屾彙锛�1锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婃湁闂�(gu膩n)鍖栧(xu茅)閸点€佸叡鍍�(ji脿)閸电瓑鏂归潰鐨勬蹇�锛涳紙2锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑
绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧叾鐞嗗寲鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紱锛�3锛夋寜纰虫灦鍙婂畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍒嗛鏈夋(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑涓€鑸師鍓�锛涳紙4锛夊叡鍍�(ji脿)閸垫柗
瑁傜殑鏂瑰紡鑸囦笁绋富瑕佹湁姗�(j墨)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞嗙殑鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛銆�
2.鐑风兇鍜岀挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇
鎺屾彙锛�1锛夐洔鍖栬粚閬撱€侀嵉瑙�銆佸垎瀛愮┖闁撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍙婂悓鍒嗙暟妲�(g貌u)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛涳紙2锛夌兎鐑寸殑绯荤当(t菕ng)鍛藉悕娉曪紱
锛�3锛夌兎鐑存(g貌u)璞＄殑琛ㄧず鏂规硶鍜屽懡鍚�锛涳紙4锛夌兎鐑寸殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧叾鐩告噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啍榛�(di菐n)銆佹哺榛�(di菐n)绛夌墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)涔嬮枔
鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛涳紙5锛夌兎鐑寸殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涳紙6锛夌挵(hu谩n)鐑风兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囩┅(w臎n)瀹氭€�銆�
3. 灏�(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)
鎺屾彙锛�1锛夋湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬(g貌u)閫�銆佹(g貌u)鍨�銆佹(g貌u)璞�锛涳紙2锛変富瑕佷粙绱规棆鍏夊害鍜屾瘮鏃嬪厜搴︾殑
姒傚康锛涳紙3锛夋墜鎬х⒊鍜屾墜鎬у垎瀛愮殑姒傚康锛涳紙4锛夊垽鏂锋墜鎬у垎瀛愮殑涓€鑸師鍓�锛涳紙5锛夋墜鎬у垎瀛愮殑鍛藉悕锛�
锛�6锛変笉鍚墜鎬т腑蹇冨寲鍚堢墿鐨勫皪(du矛)鏄犵暟妲�(g貌u)銆�
4. 鐑兇
鎺屾彙鐑兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺暟妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懡鍚嶃€佸埗鍌欐柟娉�銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙鐑兇鐨勫偓鍖栨矮鍖�銆佽Κ闆�
鍔犳垚銆佺〖姘寲鈥旀哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏婧村寲姘殑鑷敱鍩哄瀷鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽仛鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺儻鐑�?-H
鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
5. 鐐旂兇
鎺屾彙鐑兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佺暟妲�(g貌u)鍜屽懡鍚�銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉曘€佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙鐐旂兇鐨勫姞姘€佽Κ闆诲姞鎴�銆�
瑕牳鍔犳垚銆佹哀鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng) 銆佺鐐旂殑姘у寲鍋惰伅(li谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛�銆�
6. 浜岀儻鐑�銆佸叡杌涢珨绯诲拰鍏辫粵鏁堟噳(y墨ng)
鎺屾彙鍏辫粵浜岀儻鐑寸殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗瑰緛鍜屽叡杌涢珨绯伙紱閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙鍏辫粵浜岀儻鐑寸殑鍒跺倷銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽
Diels-Alder 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛�銆�
7. 鑺崇兇
鎺屾彙鑺崇兇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚�锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙鑺崇兇鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸姞鎴愬弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺兎鍩鸿嫰
鍋�(c猫)閺堢殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涗簡瑙ｅ叾浠栬姵鐑�锛屽钀�銆佽捊銆佽伅(li谩n)鑻�銆佷簩鑻敳鐑风殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗归粸(di菐n)銆�
8. 楣典唬鐑�
鎺屾彙楣典唬鐑寸殑鍒跺倷鍜屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙楣典唬鐑寸殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佹秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏
閲戝爆鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鍙婃湁姗�(j墨)閲戝爆瑭﹀姂锛涘垵姝ユ帉鎻¤姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍔犳垚-娑堥櫎銆佸強鑻倲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)姗�(j墨)鐞�銆�
9. 鍏夎瓬鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)
鎺屾彙绱鍏夎瓬銆佺磪澶栧厜璀�銆佹牳纾佸叡鎸瓬銆佽唱(zh矛)璀滅殑鍘熺悊鑸囨噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
10. 閱囥€侀厷銆侀啔
鍒濇鎺屾彙閱�銆侀厷銆侀啔鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸垎椤炲拰鍛藉悕锛涙帉鎻￠唶銆侀厷銆侀啔鐨勫埗鍌欏拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺�
鎻￠唶缇ュ熀鐨勫彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹垚閰弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽劔姘村弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佹哀鍖栧拰鑴矮銆侀劙鍩哄弮鑸囥€佺墖鍚堕唶閲嶆帓銆侀劙浜岄唶
鐨勬哀鍖�锛岄厷鐨� Fries 閲嶆帓銆丆laisen 閲嶆帓銆佹哀鍖栬垏閭勫師銆佸強鍏惰姵鐠�(hu谩n)涓婄殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛岄啔閸电殑鏂疯銆�
1,2-鐠�(hu谩n)姘у寲鍚堢墿鐨勭殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛夈€�
11. 閱涘拰閰�
鎺屾彙缇板熀鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗归粸(di菐n)銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉�锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙閱涖€侀叜閱�銆侀叜鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽瑕牳鍔犳垚銆佹哀
鍖栬垏閭勫師銆丆annizzaro 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)(姝у寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng))銆佷互鍙�?-H 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛涗簡瑙ｇ景鍩哄姞鎴愮殑绔嬮珨鍖栧(xu茅)-Cram 瑕�(gu墨)
鍓�銆�
12. 缇ч吀
鎺屾彙缇ч吀鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶅拰鍒跺倷鏂规硶锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙缇ч吀鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鐢熸垚銆�
閭勫師銆佽劔缇�銆�?-H 鐨勯沟浠�銆佸強鍏朵簩鍏冪晶閰哥殑鐔卞垎瑙ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛夈€�
13. 缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗�
鎺屾彙缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚�銆佸拰鍒跺倷鏂规硶锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙缇ч吀琛嶇敓鐗╃殑鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽姘磋В銆�
閱囪В銆佹皑瑙� 銆侀吀瑙�銆侀倓鍘熴€佺府鍚�銆佽垏鏈夋(j墨)閲戝爆鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆侀叝鐨勭啽娑堥櫎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佷互鍙婇叞鑳�
姘師瀛愪笂鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛夈€�
14. 闆欏畼鑳藉湗(tu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗�
鎺屾彙缇ュ熀閱涘拰缇ュ熀閰�锛�?,?-涓嶉＝鍜岄啗銆侀叜锛岄唽锛岄沟浠ｉ吀鍙婂叾閰�銆侀唶閰稿拰閰氶吀鐨勫埗鍌欏強鍏�
鍏稿瀷鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛涢噸榛�(di菐n)鎺屾彙缇板熀閰稿強?-浜岀景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勫埗鍌欏強鍏跺寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽涔欓叞涔欓吀涔欓叝銆�
涓欎簩閰镐簩涔欓叝鍦ㄦ湁姗�(j墨)鍚堟垚涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ瓑銆�
15. 姘寲鍚堢墿
鎺屾彙鑳虹殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉曞拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽鑳虹殑鐑村熀鍖�銆侀叞鍩哄寲銆佺：?锛�?銆佹哀鍖�锛岃垏浜炵
閰稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佽垏閱�銆侀叜鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屼互鍙婅姵鑳虹挵(hu谩n)涓婄殑瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛�锛�
鎺屾彙瀛ｉ姩楣藉拰瀛ｉ姩鍫跨殑褰㈡垚锛屼互鍙婂閵ㄥ牽鐨� Hofmann 鐔辨秷闄ゅ弽鎳�(y墨ng);
鍒濇鎺屾彙纭濆熀鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌欏拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽纭濆熀鍖栧悎鐗╅倓鍘�銆佸叿鏈�?-H 鐨勭鍩哄寲
鍚堢墿鑸囩景鍩虹府鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛�锛�
鍒濇鎺屾彙鑵堝拰鐣拌厛绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉曞拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽鍔犳矮鑸囬倓鍘�銆佹按瑙�銆侀唶瑙ｃ€�?-H 鐨勫弽
鎳�(y墨ng)绛�锛�
鍒濇鎺屾彙閲嶆爱鍜屽伓姘寲鍚堢墿鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉曞拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽閲嶆爱鐢茬兎鐨勭敳鍩哄寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�
鑸囬叞姘殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽垏閱涢叜鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佸彈鐔辨垨鍏変綔鐢ㄧ敓鎴愮⒊鐑殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛�銆�
閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺屾彙鑺抽鏃忛噸姘菇鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌欐柟娉曞拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽鑺抽鏃忛噸姘菇鐨勫彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)(鍖�
鎷-OH銆�-F銆�-Cl銆�-Br銆�-I銆�-CN銆�-H 绛夊熀鍦�(tu谩n)鍙栦唬鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng))銆佸伓鍚堝弽鎳�(y墨ng)(鍖呮嫭鍋跺悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬浠�銆�
鍋跺悎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勪綅缃瓑)銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛�銆�
浜嗚В鍋舵爱鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸熀鏈埗鍌欐柟娉曞強鍏堕倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆�
16. 鍚～銆佺７銆佺鐨勬湁姗�(j墨)鍖栧悎鐗�
鍒濇鎺屾彙鍚～鍖栧悎鐗�锛屽纭唶銆佺～閰�銆佺～閱氱殑鍒跺倷鍙婂叾鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛�
鍒濇鎺屾彙鍚７鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜�銆佸埗鍌欏強鍏跺寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽楣典唬鐑磋垏纾峰寲閳夊埗鍌欐湁姗�(j墨)鑶︾殑鍙�
鎳�(y墨ng)銆佷笁姘寲纾疯垏 Grignard 瑭﹀姂鍒跺倷涓夌礆(j铆)鑶︾殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佷簽纾烽吀涓夐叝鐨� Arbuzov 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng);
鎺屾彙 Wittig 瑭﹀姂鍙婂叾鑸囬啗銆侀叜銆侀沟浠ｇ兇銆侀叞楣�銆佺挵(hu谩n)姘у寲鍚堢墿銆佹椿鎬х⒊-纰抽洐閸�銆佺⒊-姘洐
閸电瓑鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛�
浜嗚В鍚鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒跺倷鍙婂叾鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽鍚-纰抽嵉鐨勫寲鍚堢墿鐒℃(j墨)閰�銆丩ewis 閰搞€侀沟绱犵瓑
鐧�(f膩)鐢熺殑鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽惈纭�-楣甸嵉鍖栧悎鐗╃殑姘磋В銆侀唶瑙�銆佹皑瑙�銆侀倓鍘熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽惈纭�-姘嵉鍖栧悎鐗╄垏鐑�
鐑�銆佺景鍩哄寲鍚堢墿鐨勫姞鎴�, 鑸囬唶銆侀厷銆佺晶閰哥瓑鐨勫彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛�銆�
17. 闈炶嫰鑺抽鏃忓寲鍚堢墿
鎺屾彙鑺抽鎬у拰 H眉ckel 瑕�(gu墨)鍓囷紱
浜嗚В甯歌闈炶嫰纰崇挵(hu谩n)鑺抽鏃忓寲鍚堢墿锛屽鐠�(hu谩n)涓欑儻鍩虹⒊姝ｉ洟瀛愩€佺挵(hu谩n)鎴婁簩鐑熀璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆佺挵(hu谩n)搴氫笁鐑�
鍩烘闆㈠瓙銆佺挵(hu谩n)搴氫笁鐑厷閰�銆佺挵(hu谩n)杈涘洓鐑洐璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆丄zulene銆佽吉鐑瓑鐨勫熀鏈祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐗瑰緛锛�
鎺屾彙鑺抽闆滅挵(hu谩n)鍖栧悎鐗╁憢鍠�銆佸櫥鍚┿€佸悺鍜�銆佸攽銆佸悺鍟�銆佸惒鍝氥€佸柟鍟夊拰鐣板柟鍟夌殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸埗鍌�銆�
鍙婂叾鍏稿瀷鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽鍛嬪杻銆佸櫥鍚┿€佸悺鍜殑瑕浕鍙栦唬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)(鍖呮嫭纭濆寲銆佺：鍖�銆侀沟鍖�銆�?锛�? 浠�
鍙婂悺鍜殑 Reimer-Tiemann 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆並olbe 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佽垏閲嶆爱楣界殑鍋惰伅(li谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛�)銆佸姞姘弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆丏iels-Alder
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佸悺鍜殑閰稿牽鎬у弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽攽鐨勫牽鎬�銆丯-鐑峰熀鍖栧拰?锛涱姮顕栤拏H闆诲彇浠ｅ弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽悺鍟剁殑瑕浕鍙栦唬銆�
瑕牳鍙栦唬銆佹哀鍖�銆侀倓鍘熴€佷互鍙婂悺鍟跺伌(c猫)閺�?-H 鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽柟鍟夊拰鐣板柟鍟夌殑瑕浕鍙栦唬銆佽Κ鏍稿彇浠�銆�
鍙婃哀鍖栧拰閭勫師鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛�銆�
18. 鍛ㄧ挵(hu谩n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鍒濇鎺屾彙鍒嗗瓙杌岄亾灏�(du矛)绋辨€у畧鎭掑師鐞嗗拰鍓嶇窔杌岄亾鐞嗚珫锛�
鍒濇鎺屾彙闆荤挵(hu谩n)鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆佺挵(hu谩n)鍔犳垚鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆�?閬风Щ鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)銆�
19. 纰虫按鍖栧悎鐗�
浜嗚В鍠硸鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚嶅拰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽浜掕畩鐣版(g貌u)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆佹哀鍖�銆侀倓鍘�銆佹垚鏈堟銆�銆侀仦鍗囧拰閬�
闄嶃€佷互鍙婇鑹插弽鎳�(y墨ng)绛�锛�
浜嗚В浣庤仛绯栵紝濡傞亥鑺界硸銆佽敆绯栥€佷钩绯�銆佺簴缍簩绯栫瓑鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍩烘湰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)銆�
20. 姘ㄥ熀閰�銆佽泲鐧借唱(zh矛)鍜屾牳閰�
浜嗚В姘ㄥ熀閰�銆佸鑲藉拰铔嬬櫧璩�(zh矛)鐨勫熀鏈祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸懡鍚�銆佷締婧愯垏鍒舵硶锛�
浜嗚В姘ㄥ熀閰哥殑鍩烘湰鍖栧(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛屽鍏╂€у拰绛夐浕榛�(di菐n)銆侀叝鍖栥€佽劔姘�銆佽劔缇�銆佸強鐔辫畩鍖栫瓑銆�
浜嗚В鏍搁吀鐨勭祫鎴愬拰鍩烘湰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
21. 娌硅剛銆佽牊銆佽悳椤�銆佺斁鏃忓寲鍚堢墿鍜岀敓鐗╁牽
浜嗚В娌硅剛銆佽牊銆佽悳椤�銆佺斁鏃忓寲鍚堢墿銆佺敓鐗╁牽鐨勫熀鏈祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧姛鑳姐€�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘紝璜�(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰冿紝骞惰珛(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
