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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
銆婄墿鐞嗗寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬭€冭│澶х侗
瑭﹀嵎绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
閬告搰椤岋細绱� 20%
鍟�(w猫n)绛旈锛氱磩 20%
瑷�(j矛)绠楅锛氱磩 60%
涓€銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
绯荤当(t菕ng)鍜岀挵(hu谩n)澧冿紝绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)骞宠 鎱�(t脿i)锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鏂圭▼锛岄亷(gu貌)绋嬪拰閫斿緫锛�
鐔卞拰鍔燂紝鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥锛屾簴(zh菙n)闈滄厠(t脿i)閬�(gu貌)绋嬪拰鍙€嗛亷(gu貌)绋嬶紝鍔熻垏閬�(gu貌)绋�锛屾簴(zh菙n)闈滄厠(t脿i)閬�(gu貌)绋�锛屽彲
閫嗛亷(gu貌)绋�锛岀創锛岀啽瀹癸紝鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥灏�(du矛)鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂旂殑鍏�(n猫i)鑳藉拰鐒�
鈥擥ay-Lussac-Joule 瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂旂殑 Cp 鑸� CV 涔嬪樊锛岀禃鐔遍亷(gu貌)绋嬬殑鍔熷拰閬�(gu貌)绋嬫柟绋�
寮�锛孋arnot 寰挵(hu谩n)锛岀啽姗�(j墨)鏁堢巼锛孞oule-Thomson 鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽(sh铆)闅涙埃楂旂殑 ?U 鍜� ?H锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)
鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鈥旂瓑澹撶啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鑸囩瓑瀹圭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴�锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鎽╃埦鐒撹畩锛孒ess
瀹氬緥锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦闆㈠瓙鐢熸垚鐒�锛屾(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐕冪噿鐒�锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐒撹畩鑸囨韩
搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)绯烩€擪irchhoff 瀹氬緥銆�
鑰冭│瑕佹眰
1锛庣悊瑙ｇ啽鍔涘(xu茅)鐨勪竴浜涘熀鏈蹇�锛屾渻(hu矛)鐢ㄥ熀鏈蹇佃В姹轰竴浜涘晱(w猫n)椤�銆�
2锛庣啛鐭ュ姛鍜岀啽姝ｈ矤(f霉)铏�(h脿o)鐨勫彇铏�(h脿o)鎱ｄ緥鍙婂悇绋亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鍔熻垏鐔辩殑瑷�(j矛)绠椼€�
3锛庣啛绶村湴鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥瑷�(j矛)绠楃悊鎯虫埃楂斿湪绛夋韩銆佺瓑澹�銆佺禃鐔辩瓑閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐨� ?U銆�
?H銆丵 鍜� W銆�
4锛庤兘鐔熺反鍦版噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ敓鎴愮創銆佺噧鐕掔創渚�(l谩i)瑷�(j矛)绠楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐒撹畩銆�
5锛庢渻(hu矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢� Hess 瀹氬緥鍜� Kirchhoff 瀹氬緥銆�
浜�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
鑷櫦(f膩)璁婂寲鐨勫叡鍚岀壒寰佲€斾笉鍙€嗘€�锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥锛孋arnot 瀹氬緥锛岀喌鐨勬蹇�锛�
Clausius 涓嶇瓑寮忊€旂啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬暩(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)琛ㄩ仈(d谩)寮�锛岀喌澧炲姞鍘熺悊锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍩烘湰鏂圭▼
鈥旂啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥鍜岀浜屽畾寰嬬殑鑱�(li谩n)鍚堝叕寮�锛岀喌璁婄殑瑷�(j矛)绠�锛岀瓑婧亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐔电殑璁婂寲鍊�锛�
闈炵瓑婧亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐔电殑璁婂寲鍊�锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬湰璩�(zh矛)锛岀喌鑸囩啽鍔涘(xu茅)姒傜巼鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�
鈥擝oltzmann 鍏紡锛孒elmholtz 鑷敱鑳�锛孏ibbs 鑷敱鑳�锛岃畩鍖栫殑鏂瑰悜鑸囧钩琛℃浠讹紝
绛夋韩鐗╃悊璁婂寲涓殑 ?G 鐨勮▓(j矛)绠�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓殑 ?G鈥斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绛夋韩寮�锛屽熀鏈叕寮忥紝
鐗� 鎬� 鍑� 鏁�(sh霉) 锛� Maxwell 闂�(gu膩n) 绯� 寮� 鍙� 鍏� 鎳�(y墨ng) 鐢� 锛� Gibbs 鑷� 鐢� 鑳� 鑸� 婧� 搴� 鐨� 闂�(gu膩n) 绯�
鈥擥ibbs-Helmholtz鏂圭▼锛孏ibbs鑷敱鑳借垏澹撳姏鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岀啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥鑸囪(gu墨)瀹氱喌锛�
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥锛岃(gu墨)瀹氱喌鍊�銆�
鑰冭│瑕佹眰
1锛庝簡瑙ｈ嚜鐧�(f膩)璁婂寲鐨勫叡鍚岀壒寰侊紝鏄庣⒑鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗簩瀹氬緥鐨勬剰缇�銆�
2锛庣啛瑷樼啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉) S 鐨勫惈鎰忓強 A銆丟 鐨勫畾缇�锛屼簡瑙ｅ叾鐗╃悊鎰忕京銆�
3锛庤兘鐔熺反鍦拌▓(j矛)绠椾竴浜涢亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐨� ?S銆�?H銆�?A 鍜� ?G锛屾渻(hu矛)瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鍙€嗛亷(gu貌)绋�銆傛渻(hu矛)閬�(y霉n)鐢�
鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍩烘湰鏂圭▼鍙� Gibbs-Helmholtz 鍏紡銆�
4锛庣悊瑙ｇ喌鐨勭当(t菕ng)瑷�(j矛)鎰忕京銆�
5锛庝簡瑙ｇ啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗笁瀹氬緥鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�锛岀煡閬撹(gu墨)瀹氱喌鍊肩殑鎰忕京銆佽▓(j矛)绠楀強鍏舵噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
涓夈€佸绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鍙婂叾鍦ㄦ憾娑蹭腑鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
澶氱祫鍒嗙郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭祫鎴愯〃绀烘硶锛屽亸鎽╃埦閲忕殑瀹氱京锛屽亸鎽╃埦閲忕殑鍔犲拰鍏紡锛孏ibbs-Duhem
鍏紡鈥旂郴绲�(t菕ng)涓亸鎽╃埦閲忎箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勫畾缇�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鍦ㄧ浉骞宠 涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鑸囨韩搴�銆佸鍔涚殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岀悊鎯虫埃楂斿強鍏舵贩鍚堢墿涓悇绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岄潪鐞嗘兂姘�
楂斿強鍏舵贩鍚堢墿涓悇绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鈥旈€稿害鐨勬蹇�锛孯aoult 鐖惧畾寰嬶紝Henry 瀹氬緥锛岀悊
鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╃殑瀹氱京锛岀悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╀腑浠讳竴绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岀悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╃殑
閫氭€э紝鐞嗘兂绋€婧舵恫涓换涓€绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)锛岀█婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬э紝闈炵悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╀腑
浠讳竴绲勫垎鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鈥旀椿搴︾殑姒傚康锛岄潪鐞嗘兂绋€婧舵恫銆�
鑰冭│瑕佹眰
1锛庣啛绶存帉鎻″绲勫垎绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勭祫鎴愯〃绀烘硶鍙婂叾鐩镐簰涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�
2锛庢帉鎻″亸鎽╃埦閲忓拰鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勫畾缇╋紝浜嗚В浠栧€戜箣闁撶殑鍗€(q奴)鍒�銆�
3锛庢帉鎻＄悊鎯虫埃楂斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃绀哄紡鍙婂叾妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎱�(t脿i)鐨勫惈缇�锛屼簡瑙ｉ€稿害鐨勬蹇�銆�
4锛庢帉鎻� Raoult 瀹氬緥鍜� Henry 瀹氬緥銆備簡瑙ｇ悊鎯虫恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╃殑閫氭€у強鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃绀�
鏂规硶銆�
5锛庝簡瑙ｇ悊鎯崇█婧舵恫涓悇绲勫垎鍖栧(xu茅)鍕�(sh矛)鐨勮〃绀烘硶銆�
6锛庣啛鎮夌█婧舵恫鐨勪緷鏁�(sh霉)鎬э紝鏈�(hu矛)鍒╃敤渚濇暩(sh霉)鎬ц▓(j矛)绠楁湭鐭ョ墿鐨勬懇鐖捐唱(zh矛)閲�銆�
7锛庝簡瑙ｇ浉灏�(du矛)娲诲害鐨勬蹇点€�
鍥�銆佺浉骞宠
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
澶氱浉绯荤当(t菕ng)骞宠 鐨勪竴鑸浠�锛岀浉鏁�(sh霉)锛岀崹(d煤)绔嬬祫鍒�?j菒n)?sh霉)鍜岃嚜鐢卞害锛岀浉寰嬪強鍏舵帹灏�(d菐o)锛屽柈绲勫垎
绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫叐鐩稿钩琛♀€擟lapeyron 鏂圭▼锛屽澹撹垏钂告埃澹撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯烩€斾笉娲绘綉姘ｉ珨灏�(du矛)娑查珨钂�
姘ｅ鐨勫奖闊�锛屾按鐨勭浉鍦�锛岃秴鑷ㄧ晫鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛岀悊鎯崇殑浜岀祫鍒嗘恫鎱�(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗┾€斿畬鍏ㄤ簰婧堕洐娑�
绯�锛屾潬妗胯(gu墨)鍓囷紝钂搁ぞ锛堟垨绮鹃ぞ锛夊師鐞�锛岄潪鐞嗘兂鐨勪簩绲勫垎娑叉厠(t脿i)娣峰悎鐗╋紝閮ㄥ垎浜掓憾鐨�
闆欐恫绯伙紝涓嶄簰婧剁殑闆欐恫绯烩€旇捀姘ｈ捀椁�锛岀啊(ji菐n)鍠殑浣庡叡鐔斾簩鍏冪浉鍦栵紝褰㈡垚鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绯�
绲�(t菕ng)锛屾恫銆佸浐鐩搁兘瀹屽叏浜掓憾鐨勭浉鍦�锛屽崁(q奴)鍩熺啍鐓夛紝鍥虹浉閮ㄥ垎浜掓憾鐨勪簩绲勫垎鐩稿湒銆�
鑰冭│瑕佹眰
1锛庣悊瑙ｈВ鐩�銆佺浉鍒�?j菒n)?sh霉)鍜岃嚜鐢卞害绛夌浉骞宠 涓殑鍩烘湰姒傚康锛屽苟鑳介亱(y霉n)鐢ㄥ叾瑙ｆ焙鍟�(w猫n)椤�銆�
2锛庣啛绶存帉鎻＄浉寰嬪湪鐩稿湒涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�
3锛庤兘鐪嬫噦鍚勭ó椤炲瀷鐨勭浉鍦�锛屽苟閫�(j矛n)琛岀啊(ji菐n)鍠垎鏋�锛岀悊瑙ｇ浉鍦栦腑鍚勭浉鍗€(q奴)銆佺窔鍜岀壒娈婇粸(di菐n)
鎵€甯朵唬琛ㄧ殑鎰忕京锛屼簡瑙ｅ叾鑷敱搴︾殑璁婂寲鎯呮硜銆�
4锛庡湪闆欐恫绯荤浉鍦栦腑锛屼簡瑙ｅ畬鍏ㄤ簰婧�銆侀儴鍒嗕簰婧跺拰瀹屽叏涓嶄簰婧剁浉鍦栫殑鐗归粸(di菐n)锛屾帉鎻�
濡備綍鍒╃敤鐩稿湒閫�(j矛n)琛屾湁姗�(j墨)鐗╃殑鍒嗛洟鎻愮磾銆�
5锛庢渻(hu矛)鐢ㄦ鍐锋洸绶氱躬鍒朵簩绲勫垎鍥烘恫鐩稿湒锛屾渻(hu矛)灏�(du矛)鐩稿湒閫�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋愶紝骞朵簡瑙ｄ簩绲勫垎鍥烘恫
鐩稿湒鍜屾按楣界浉鍦栧湪鍐堕噾銆佸垎闆�銆佹彁绱旂瓑鏂归潰鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
浜斻€佸寲瀛�(xu茅)骞宠
鑰冭│鍏�(n猫i)瀹�
鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛℃浠跺拰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)閫�(j矛n)搴� 尉 鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屾埃鐩稿弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫钩琛″父鏁�(sh霉)鈥斿寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭瓑
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1锛庢帉鎻￠浕鍖栧(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈蹇靛拰闆昏В瀹氬緥锛屼簡瑙ｉ伔绉绘暩(sh霉)鐨勬剰缇╁強甯哥敤鐨勬脯(c猫)瀹氶伔绉绘暩(sh霉)
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3锛庣啛鎮夐洟瀛愮崹(d煤)绔嬬Щ鍕�(d貌ng)瀹氬緥鍙婇浕灏�(d菐o)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓€浜涙噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆傛帉鎻￠伔绉绘暩(sh霉)鑸囨懇鐖鹃浕灏�(d菐o)鐜�銆�
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5锛庢渻(hu矛)瑷�(j矛)绠楅洟瀛愬挤(qi谩ng)搴﹀強浣跨敤 Debye-H眉ckel 妤甸檺鍏紡銆�
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鑰冭│瑕佹眰
1锛庢帉鎻″舰鎴愬彲閫嗛浕姹犵殑蹇呰姊濅欢銆佸彲閫嗛浕妤电殑椤炲瀷鍜岄浕姹犵殑鏇�(sh奴)闈㈣〃绀烘柟娉�锛岃兘
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3锛庣啛绶村湴鐢� Nernst 鏂圭▼瑷�(j矛)绠楅浕妤甸浕鍕�(sh矛)鍜岄浕姹犵殑闆诲嫊(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)銆�
4锛庢帉鎻＄啽鍔涘(xu茅)鑸囬浕鍖栧(xu茅)涔嬮枔鐨勮伅(li谩n)绯伙紝鏈�(hu矛)鍒╃敤闆诲寲瀛�(xu茅)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)瑷�(j矛)绠楃啽鍔涘(xu茅)鍑芥暩(sh霉)
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5锛庣啛鎮夐浕鍕�(d貌ng)鍕�(sh矛)娓�(c猫)瀹氱殑涓昏鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屾渻(hu矛)寰炲彲閫嗛浕姹犳脯(c猫)瀹氭暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楀钩鍧囨椿搴﹀洜瀛�銆�
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鑰冭│瑕佹眰
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3锛庢帉鎻″浣曡▓(j矛)绠楄秴闆诲嫝(sh矛)锛岃兘鍦ㄩ浕瑙ｉ亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑锛岀敤瑷�(j矛)绠楃殑鏂规硶鍒ゆ柗鍦ㄥ叐鍊�(g猫)闆绘サ涓婇
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3锛庢帉鎻′笁绋吀鍨嬬殑寰�(f霉)闆滃弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)锛屾渻(hu矛)浣跨敤鍚堢悊鐨勮繎浼兼柟娉曪紝浣滀竴浜涚啊(ji菐n)鍠殑瑷�(j矛)
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4锛庢帉鎻℃韩搴﹀皪(du矛)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)灏遍€熺巼鐨勫奖闊�锛岀壒鍒ユ槸鍦ㄥ钩琛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓浣曢€�(j矛n)琛屾韩搴﹁(di脿o)鎺�锛屼互
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鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
