銆€銆€鑺变簡涓夊€�(g猫)灏忔檪(sh铆)锛屾妸鐪熼锛岀湡椤屼締(l谩i)婧愰偅鏈浉鐨勯偅涓€绔犱粩绱�(x矛)璁€浜�锛涗竴鍊�(g猫)瀛椾竴鍊�(g猫)鏁插嚭浜嗕笅闈㈤€欎簺鍒嗘瀽(澶暦(zh菐ng)浜�锛屾垜涓€璨殑瀵綔棰�(f膿ng)鏍硷細?ji菐n)顎挎嫝?銆傚ぇ瀹剁湅鐪嬪氨濂戒簡銆�

銆€銆€鑰冨畬浜�锛屽ギ鏂楅亷(gu貌)浜�锛岀稉(j墨ng)姝烽亷(gu貌)浜�銆傝┎姝囨渻(hu矛)锛屾敹鎷惧績鎯�锛屾簴(zh菙n)鍌欎笅涓€娆″ギ鏂�銆�

銆€銆€鍖椾含鏂版澅鏂瑰(xu茅)鏍�  鍞愰潨 涓�

銆€銆€One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its inteyrity, they are entitled to continuance銆�

銆€銆€When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing. 46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them. The evideuce had to be economic in order to be valid銆�

銆€銆€It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet, 47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�

銆€銆€A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. 48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on 鈥渨orthless species銆�

銆€銆€Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. 49)In europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason銆�

銆€銆€To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts, It tends to relegate to government many functions eventually too large, too complex, or too widely dispersed to be performed by government銆�

銆€銆€46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them銆�

銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�

銆€銆€1.鏁村€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勪富骞茬祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄痵cientists jumped to the rescue锛岄€欓噷鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)寰堢敓鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)瑭瀓umped锛岀洿鎺ョ炕璀殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥滆烦钁椻€濓紝寮曠敵鐐衡€滆稌绶�锛屾€ュ繖锛岃繀閫熼噰鍙栬鍕�(d貌ng)鈥濄€俁escue鏄€滄晳鎻�锛屾彺鍔┾€濈殑鎰忔€�锛屾墍浠�锛屽嵆浣垮悓瀛�(xu茅)鍊戜笉鐭ラ亾鈥渢o the rescue鈥濇湰韬槸涓€鍊�(g猫)缈�(x铆)鎱ｇ敤娉曚篃鐭ラ亾鎬庝箞缈昏锛氱瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺€戞€ュ繖渚�(l谩i)鎸芥晳閫欑ó灞€闈�锛涙垨鑰呯炕璀偤锛岀瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚�(l谩i)鏁戞彺銆�

銆€銆€2.With some distinctly shaky evidence鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)浣滅媭瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓湁涓€鍊�(g猫)姣旇純鏍稿績鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)瑭瀍vidence(璀夋摎(j霉))锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍠鍦�鑰冪爺缈昏20渚�(l谩i)涓€冮亷(gu貌)鍏╂锛屽垎鍒ュ嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍦�95骞�73椤屽拰99骞寸殑73椤�銆傛墍浠ヤ粙瑭瀢ith鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬炕璀偤鈥滅敤锛屼娇鐢ㄢ€�锛屽洜?y脿n)姗勬寷棣乪瑾�(y菙)鏄€滆瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾墍浠ユ槸鈥滀娇鐢ㄨ瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥濓紝鏈€濂戒笉瑕佺炕璀偤鈥滃付钁楄瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�銆傝€宔vidence鍓嶉潰鐨勪慨椋捐獮(y菙)distinctly閫欏€�(g猫)瑭烇紝鏄€滄竻妤氬湴锛岀⒑瀵�(sh铆)鍦帮紝鏄庨’鍦扳€�锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍠鍦ㄨ€冪爺缈昏2003骞�63椤岃€冮亷(gu貌)锛屽湪鏈彞瑭变腑锛屽畠淇＞褰㈠瑭瀞haky銆係haky鏄嫊(d貌ng)瑭瀞hake(鎼栧嫊(d貌ng))鐨勫舰瀹硅锛屾剰鎬濇槸鈥滀笉绌�(w臎n)鍥虹殑锛屾悥鏅冪殑鈥�锛屽湪鏈彞瑭变腑瀹冧慨椋锯€滆瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥濓紝瑾�(shu艒)鏄庘€滆瓑鎿�(j霉)绔欎笉浣忚叧鈥濄€�

銆€銆€鎵€浠ラ€欏€�(g猫)閮ㄥ垎鍚堣捣渚�(l谩i)鍙互缈昏鐐猴細绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺€戜娇鐢ㄤ竴浜涙槑椤珯涓嶄綇鑵崇殑璀夋摎(j霉)锛屾€ユ€ュ繖蹇欒稌渚�(l谩i)鏁戞彺?锛涜洏鍜儴姊㈢伨鑻噧顓恎鐐猴細绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚�(l谩i)鎸芥晳閫欑ó灞€闈�锛屼粬鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧銆�

銆€銆€3.to the effect that... 閫欏€�(g猫)鐭獮(y菙)鏄暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鏈€闆ｇ炕璀殑閮ㄥ垎銆侲ffect閫欏€�(g猫)瑭炲€掍笉闆ｏ紝鑰冪爺缈昏鑰冮亷(gu貌)浜嗗緢澶氭锛岄倓鑰冮亷(gu貌)閫欏€�(g猫)鍠鐨勪笉鍚屽舰寮忕殑瑭炴€э紝姣斿effective銆備絾閬烘喚鐨勬槸锛屽ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)鍚屽(xu茅)骞句箮娌掓湁鎺屾彙閫欏€�(g猫)鐭獮(y菙)鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥渨ith the meaning鈥�锛岀炕璀垚婕㈣獮(y菙)灏辨槸锛氣€滃ぇ鎰忔槸锛屾剰鎬濇槸瑾�(shu艒).銆�?锛佽竟@妯ｇ殑鎰忔€�銆�

銆€銆€4.insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them鏄痶o the effect that.銆�銆傛墍甯剁殑寰炲彞锛屾湰韬篃鏄竴鍊�(g猫)寰�(f霉)闆滃彞锛屼絾鏄緢濂界炕璀紝绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨�(ji菐n)鍠�锛屾剰缇╂竻鏅般€備絾鏄繀闋堣鎸囧嚭鍏╅粸(di菐n)銆傚叾涓€锛宔at us up锛屽彲浠ョ洿璀偤鈥滄妸鎴戝€戝悆鍏夆€濓紝鍥�?y脿n)闂坔瑾�(y菙)瑾�(y菙)瑷€鏈韩涓嶅叿鏈夐倧杓�锛屾瘮濡傛饥瑾�(y菙)鎴戝€戝彲浠ヨ(shu艒)鈥滀粬浠婂ぉ鎶婃垜鍚冨灝浜嗏€斺€旇█涓嬩箣鎰忔槸锛氭垜璜�(q菒ng)瀹紝浠栦粖澶╁悆寰楀鐚�锛屽児(ji脿)鏍奸倓寰堣泊鈥�锛涙墍浠ラ€欏€�(g猫)璀枃鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸姝ｇ⒑鐨�銆備絾鏄€滆煵瀛愭槸涓嶈兘鍚冧汉鐨勨€�锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠ョ偤鏈€濂界炕璀偤锛氬悆鍏変竴鍒囨澅瑗裤€傚叾浜�锛宖ail閫欏€�(g猫)瑭烇紝鍗冭惉(w脿n)涓嶈缈昏鐐衡€滃け鏁椻€�锛屽彲浠ョ炕璀偤鈥滀笉鑳藉仛.銆�?锛�?銆傜暥(d膩ng)鐒讹紝浠ｈthem琛�(sh霉)瑾�(y菙)绗笁浜虹ū浠ｈ锛屾渶濂芥寚浠ｆ槑纰�锛屽畠鎸囩殑鏄墠闈㈢殑閫欎簺鈥滆煵瀛愨€濄€�

銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細

銆€銆€绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚�(l谩i)鎸芥晳閫欑ó灞€闈�锛屼粬鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧锛屽ぇ鎰忔槸瑾�(shu艒)锛氬鏋滈偿涓嶈兘鎺у埗閫欎簺锜插瓙锛岃煵瀛愬氨鏈�(hu矛)鍚冨厜涓€鍒�銆�

銆€銆€47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�

銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�

銆€銆€1.鍔冪窔閮ㄥ垎鏄暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勫悗鍗婂€�(g猫)骞跺垪鍙ワ紝鍓嶉潰閭勬湁涓€鍊�(g猫)灏忓彞瀛�锛屾剰鎬濇槸瑾�(shu艒)锛氭垜鍊戦倓涓嶅叿鏈変竴绋湡鍦板€悊鎰忚瓨(sh铆)銆侭ut骞跺垪浜嗗悗鍗婂€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙銆俉e have at least drawn nearer the point鏄富骞查儴鍒�锛屾瘮杓冨ソ缈昏锛氭垜鍊戞洿璧风⒓鎺ヨ繎浜嗕竴榛�(di菐n)锛屽緱鍑轰簡涓€绋榛�(di菐n)銆�

銆€銆€2.of admitting鈥︽槸涓€鍊�(g猫)of鐭獮(y菙)锛屼慨椋惧墠闈㈢殑鈥滆榛�(di菐n)鈥�锛涗絾鏄敱浜巃dmitting鍚庨潰閭勫付浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)寰堥暦(zh菐ng)鐨則hat璩撹獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛屾墍浠ョ炕璀殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛屽崈钀�(w脿n)涓嶈鎶妎f admitting閫欏€�(g猫)鐭獮(y菙)鍚庨潰閮ㄥ垎缈昏鍒扳€滆榛�(di菐n)鈥濆墠闈�銆傞€欑ó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽湪2008骞�46椤屼篃鍑虹従(xi脿n)閬�(gu貌)锛屼篃鏄垜鍦�09骞村勾搴︾殑寮�(qi谩ng)鍖栨矕鍒虹瓑鐝笂寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)寰楁瘮杓冨鐨勪竴榛�(di菐n)鍟忛銆傚彲浠ョ洿鎺ユ妸of鈥﹀悗闈㈤儴鍒嗙炕璀湪鈥滆榛�(di菐n)鈥濆悗闈�锛岀敤涓€鍊�(g猫)鍐掕櫉(h脿o)闅旈枊鍗冲彲銆�

銆€銆€3.that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right鏄湰鍙ユ渶闆ｇ炕璀殑閮ㄥ垎锛岄棞(gu膩n)閸垫湁涓€鍊�(g猫)intrinsic閫欏€�(g猫)鍠锛屽彲鑳藉ソ澶氬悓瀛�(xu茅)涓嶈獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)锛屽畠鏄€滄湰韬殑锛屽浐鏈夌殑锛屽収(n猫i)鍦ㄧ殑鈥濈瓑鎰忔€濄€傞€欏€�(g猫)鍠鏄嚭椤屼汉鏀瑰鍑轰締(l谩i)鐨�銆傚ぇ瀹跺彲浠ョ湅鍒�锛屾垜鏄ㄥぉ鎻愪緵鐨勬潕?yu脿n)W甯曞瀵殑銆婃矙閮℃鏈堛€嬪師鏇镐腑涓嶆槸鐢ㄧ殑閫欏€�(g猫)瑭�锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鍦ㄩ€欓噷鏈夊緢澶х殑鏀瑰銆傜◢寰洖鏈斾竴涓嬪師鏂囧氨鐭ラ亾锛屽湪绗竴娈靛氨鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗏€淵et these creatures are members of the biotic community and鈥︹€�锛屾墍浠ラ€欓噷鐨勯偿椤炵殑鍥烘湁娆�(qu谩n)鍒╂槸鎸囧叾鈥滃浐鏈夌殑浣滅偤涓€绋敓鐗╃墿绋殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒┾€濄€傞€欐ǎ鐨勮┍锛岄€欏€�(g猫)閮ㄥ垎灏卞彲浠ョ炕璀偤锛氶偿椤炴噳(y墨ng)瑭茬辜绾�(x霉)浜湁鍏朵綔鐐轰竴绋敓鐗╃墿绋浐鏈夌殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒┿€�