銆€銆€鑺变簡涓夊€嬪皬鏅�锛屾妸鐪熼锛岀湡椤屼締婧愰偅鏈浉鐨勯偅涓€绔犱粩绱拌畝浜�锛涗竴鍊嬪瓧涓€鍊嬫暡鍑轰簡涓嬮潰閫欎簺鍒嗘瀽(澶暦浜嗭紝鎴戜竴璨殑瀵綔棰ㄦ牸锛氬暟鍡�锛�)銆傚ぇ瀹剁湅鐪嬪氨濂戒簡銆�

銆€銆€鑰冨畬浜嗭紝濂枟閬庝簡锛岀稉(j墨ng)姝烽亷浜嗐€傝┎姝囨渻锛屾敹鎷惧績鎯咃紝婧栧倷涓嬩竴娆″ギ鏂�銆�

銆€銆€鍖椾含鏂版澅鏂瑰鏍�  鍞愰潨 涓�

銆€銆€One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its inteyrity, they are entitled to continuance銆�

銆€銆€When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing. 46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them. The evideuce had to be economic in order to be valid銆�

銆€銆€It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet, 47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�

銆€銆€A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. 48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on 鈥渨orthless species銆�

銆€銆€Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. 49)In europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason銆�

銆€銆€To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts, It tends to relegate to government many functions eventually too large, too complex, or too widely dispersed to be performed by government銆�

銆€銆€46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them銆�

銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�

銆€銆€1.鏁村€嬪彞瀛愮殑涓诲共绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄痵cientists jumped to the rescue锛岄€欓噷鏈変竴鍊嬪緢鐢熷嫊鐨勫嫊瑭瀓umped锛岀洿鎺ョ炕璀殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥滆烦钁椻€�锛屽紩鐢崇偤鈥滆稌绶婏紝鎬ュ繖锛岃繀閫熼噰鍙栬鍕曗€濄€俁escue鏄€滄晳鎻�锛屾彺鍔┾€濈殑鎰忔€�锛屾墍浠�锛屽嵆浣垮悓瀛稿€戜笉鐭ラ亾鈥渢o the rescue鈥濇湰韬槸涓€鍊嬬繏鎱ｇ敤娉曚篃鐭ラ亾鎬庝箞缈昏锛氱瀛稿鍊戞€ュ繖渚嗘尳鏁戦€欑ó灞€闈�锛涙垨鑰呯炕璀偤锛岀瀛稿鍊戣繀閫熻稌渚嗘晳鎻�銆�

銆€銆€2.With some distinctly shaky evidence鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾炰綔鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓湁涓€鍊嬫瘮杓冩牳蹇冪殑璩撹獮瑭瀍vidence(璀夋摎(j霉))锛岄€欏€嬪柈瑭炲湪鑰冪爺缈昏20渚嗕腑鑰冮亷鍏╂锛屽垎鍒ュ嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍦�95骞�73椤屽拰99骞寸殑73椤屻€傛墍浠ヤ粙瑭瀢ith鎳夎┎缈昏鐐衡€滅敤锛屼娇鐢ㄢ€�锛屽洜鐐轰笅鏂囪硴瑾炴槸鈥滆瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾墍浠ユ槸鈥滀娇鐢ㄨ瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾渶濂戒笉瑕佺炕璀偤鈥滃付钁楄瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥濄€傝€宔vidence鍓嶉潰鐨勪慨椋捐獮distinctly閫欏€嬭锛屾槸鈥滄竻妤氬湴锛岀⒑瀵﹀湴锛屾槑椤湴鈥濓紝閫欏€嬪柈瑭炲湪鑰冪爺缈昏2003骞�63椤岃€冮亷锛屽湪鏈彞瑭变腑锛屽畠淇＞褰㈠瑭瀞haky銆係haky鏄嫊瑭瀞hake(鎼栧嫊)鐨勫舰瀹硅锛屾剰鎬濇槸鈥滀笉绌�(w臎n)鍥虹殑锛屾悥鏅冪殑鈥�锛屽湪鏈彞瑭变腑瀹冧慨椋锯€滆瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛岃鏄庘€滆瓑鎿�(j霉)绔欎笉浣忚叧鈥�銆�

銆€銆€鎵€浠ラ€欏€嬮儴鍒嗗悎璧蜂締鍙互缈昏鐐猴細绉戝瀹跺€戜娇鐢ㄤ竴浜涙槑椤珯涓嶄綇鑵崇殑璀夋摎(j霉)锛屾€ユ€ュ繖蹇欒稌渚嗘晳鎻�?锛涜洏鍜儴姊㈢伨鑻噧顓恎鐐猴細绉戝瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚嗘尳鏁戦€欑ó灞€闈紝浠栧€戜娇鐢ㄧ殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧銆�

銆€銆€3.to the effect that... 閫欏€嬬煭瑾炴槸鏁村€嬪彞瀛愭渶闆ｇ炕璀殑閮ㄥ垎銆侲ffect閫欏€嬭鍊掍笉闆�锛岃€冪爺缈昏鑰冮亷浜嗗緢澶氭锛岄倓鑰冮亷閫欏€嬪柈瑭炵殑涓嶅悓褰㈠紡鐨勮鎬�锛屾瘮濡俥ffective銆備絾閬烘喚鐨勬槸锛屽ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)鍚屽骞句箮娌掓湁鎺屾彙閫欏€嬬煭瑾炵殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥渨ith the meaning鈥�锛岀炕璀垚婕㈣獮灏辨槸锛氣€滃ぇ鎰忔槸锛屾剰鎬濇槸瑾�.銆�?锛佽竟@妯ｇ殑鎰忔€�銆�

銆€銆€4.insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them鏄痶o the effect that.銆�銆傛墍甯剁殑寰炲彞锛屾湰韬篃鏄竴鍊嬪京闆滃彞锛屼絾鏄緢濂界炕璀紝绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨″柈锛屾剰缇╂竻鏅�銆備絾鏄繀闋堣鎸囧嚭鍏╅粸銆傚叾涓€锛宔at us up锛屽彲浠ョ洿璀偤鈥滄妸鎴戝€戝悆鍏夆€濓紝鍥犵偤婕㈣獮瑾炶█鏈韩涓嶅叿鏈夐倧杓�锛屾瘮濡傛饥瑾炴垜鍊戝彲浠ヨ鈥滀粬浠婂ぉ鎶婃垜鍚冨灝浜嗏€斺€旇█涓嬩箣鎰忔槸锛氭垜璜嬪锛屼粬浠婂ぉ鍚冨緱澶犵寷锛屽児鏍奸倓寰堣泊鈥�锛涙墍浠ラ€欏€嬭鏂囨噳瑭叉槸姝ｇ⒑鐨勩€備絾鏄€滆煵瀛愭槸涓嶈兘鍚冧汉鐨勨€�锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠ョ偤鏈€濂界炕璀偤锛氬悆鍏変竴鍒囨澅瑗�銆傚叾浜�锛宖ail閫欏€嬭锛屽崈钀笉瑕佺炕璀偤鈥滃け鏁椻€�锛屽彲浠ョ炕璀偤鈥滀笉鑳藉仛.銆�銆傗€�銆傜暥鐒讹紝浠ｈthem琛�(sh霉)瑾炵涓変汉绋变唬瑭�锛屾渶濂芥寚浠ｆ槑纰猴紝瀹冩寚鐨勬槸鍓嶉潰鐨勯€欎簺鈥滆煵瀛愨€�銆�

銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細

銆€銆€绉戝瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚嗘尳鏁戦€欑ó灞€闈�锛屼粬鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧锛屽ぇ鎰忔槸瑾細濡傛灉槌ヤ笉鑳芥帶鍒堕€欎簺锜插瓙锛岃煵瀛愬氨鏈冨悆鍏変竴鍒囥€�

銆€銆€47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�

銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�

銆€銆€1.鍔冪窔閮ㄥ垎鏄暣鍊嬪彞瀛愮殑鍚庡崐鍊嬪苟鍒楀彞锛屽墠闈㈤倓鏈変竴鍊嬪皬鍙ュ瓙锛屾剰鎬濇槸瑾細鎴戝€戦倓涓嶅叿鏈変竴绋湡鍦板€悊鎰忚瓨銆侭ut骞跺垪浜嗗悗鍗婂€嬪彞瀛愩€俉e have at least drawn nearer the point鏄富骞查儴鍒�锛屾瘮杓冨ソ缈昏锛氭垜鍊戞洿璧风⒓鎺ヨ繎浜嗕竴榛�锛屽緱鍑轰簡涓€绋榛�銆�

銆€銆€2.of admitting鈥︽槸涓€鍊媜f鐭獮锛屼慨椋惧墠闈㈢殑鈥滆榛炩€�锛涗絾鏄敱浜巃dmitting鍚庨潰閭勫付浜嗕竴鍊嬪緢闀风殑that璩撹獮寰炲彞锛屾墍浠ョ炕璀殑鏅傚€�锛屽崈钀笉瑕佹妸of admitting閫欏€嬬煭瑾炲悗闈㈤儴鍒嗙炕璀埌鈥滆榛炩€濆墠闈€€傞€欑ó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽湪2008骞�46椤屼篃鍑虹従(xi脿n)閬庯紝涔熸槸鎴戝湪09骞村勾搴︾殑寮峰寲娌栧埡绛夌彮涓婂挤瑾�(di脿o)寰楁瘮杓冨鐨勪竴榛炲晱椤�?锛熸ⅱ鐏捐嫰褰辫２f鈥﹀悗闈㈤儴鍒嗙炕璀湪鈥滆榛炩€濆悗闈�锛岀敤涓€鍊嬪啋铏熼殧闁嬪嵆鍙�銆�

銆€銆€3.that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right鏄湰鍙ユ渶闆ｇ炕璀殑閮ㄥ垎锛岄棞(gu膩n)閸垫湁涓€鍊媔ntrinsic閫欏€嬪柈瑭烇紝鍙兘濂藉鍚屽涓嶈獚璀�锛屽畠鏄€滄湰韬殑锛屽浐鏈夌殑锛屽収(n猫i)鍦ㄧ殑鈥濈瓑鎰忔€�銆傞€欏€嬪柈瑭炴槸鍑洪浜烘敼瀵嚭渚嗙殑銆傚ぇ瀹跺彲浠ョ湅鍒�锛屾垜鏄ㄥぉ鎻愪緵鐨勬潕濂у笗澶氬鐨勩€婃矙閮℃鏈堛€嬪師鏇镐腑涓嶆槸鐢ㄧ殑閫欏€嬭锛岄€欏€嬪彞瀛愬湪閫欓噷鏈夊緢澶х殑鏀瑰銆傜◢寰洖鏈斾竴涓嬪師鏂囧氨鐭ラ亾锛屽湪绗竴娈靛氨鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗏€淵et these creatures are members of the biotic community and鈥︹€�锛屾墍浠ラ€欓噷鐨勯偿椤炵殑鍥烘湁娆�(qu谩n)鍒╂槸鎸囧叾鈥滃浐鏈夌殑浣滅偤涓€绋敓鐗╃墿绋殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒┾€濄€傞€欐ǎ鐨勮┍锛岄€欏€嬮儴鍒嗗氨鍙互缈昏鐐猴細槌ラ鎳夎┎绻肩簩(x霉)浜湁鍏朵綔鐐轰竴绋敓鐗╃墿绋浐鏈夌殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒�銆�