姝¤繋瑷晱鑰冪爺绉樼睄鑰冪爺缍�(w菐ng)!    鐮旂┒鐢熸嫑鐢熶俊鎭恫(w菐ng)    鑰冨崥鐪熼涓嬭級    鑰冪爺鐪熼涓嬭級    鍏ㄧ珯鏂囩珷绱㈠紩
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
   
  楂樼礆鎼滅储   

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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗堬紝閮ㄥ垎瀛告牎鏇存柊鑷�2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級 

    浜�銆�鑻辫獮澶氱箒闆� 婕㈣獮澶氱啊鐭�
    
    姝f槸鍥犵偤鑻辫獮鏄€氶亷涓€鏁村瀹屾暣鐨勭郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勮獮娉曠祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绲勫悎鍦ㄤ竴璧风殑锛岄偅涔堜竴鍊嬭嫳瑾炲彞瀛愬彧瑕佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)瀹屾暣锛屼綔鑰呴€氶亷澧炲姞闄愬埗鎴愬垎銆佷慨椋捐獮浠ュ強瑁滃厖鎴愬垎鍙互浣垮緱涓€鍊嬪彞瀛愯畩寰楅潪甯哥殑闀枫€傛瘮濡傚湪寰€骞寸殑鑰冪爺鑻辫獮缈昏椤屼腑锛屾渶闀风殑涓€鍙ヨ┍绔熺劧閬斿埌浜�58鍊嬪柈瑭�銆傝€屾鏄洜鐐烘饥瑾炴槸寮疯(di脿o)鎰忕京涓婄殑瀹屾暣锛岄偅涔堜竴鍊嬫饥瑾炲彞瀛愬氨鍙互绨$煭鑰屾剰缇╂繁鍒�锛岃█绨¤€屾剰璩�銆傞偅涔堟垜鍊戝湪缈昏鐨勬檪鍊欏氨瑕佷竴瀹氳灏囩箒闆滅殑鑻辫獮鍙ュ瓙缈昏鎴愮啊鐭殑婕㈣獮锛屽氨瑕佺牬鍙ラ噸绲�锛屽寲鑻辫獮闀峰彞鐐烘饥瑾炵殑鐭彞锛屼笉鍙嫎娉ヤ簬鍘熸枃鐨勫堡娆$祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
    
    姣斿瑾細“Mr.Song is my English teacher who is fat, short, bold but still attractive.”閫欏€嬪彞瀛愮殑涓诲彞鏄疕e is my teacher锛屽悗闈㈢殑閮ㄥ垎鏄竴鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝渚嗕慨椋総eacher閫欏€嬪柈瑭�銆傞偅涔堟垜鍊戠敤浜嗕竴鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ皣鍏惰畩?y艒u)姗愮矉鈧純闀风殑鍙ュ瓙锛岄偅涔堟饥瑾炴垜鍊�?n猫i)缁活巶f鎴�“瀹嬪厛鐢熸槸鎴戠殑閭e€嬮珨鎱�(t脿i)鑲ヨ儢銆佽韩鏉愮煯灏�銆侀牠鐧�(f膩)鎺夊厜浣嗕粛榄呭姏鐒¢檺鐨勮嫳瑾炶€佸斧”銆傚氨鏈冮’寰楀緢绱磪鑷冭叓锛屾噳瑭叉€庝箞瑾憿锛屾垜鍊戞妸涓诲彞鍜屽畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ垎闁嬩締缈昏锛屽嵆锛�“浠栨槸鎴戝€戠殑鑻辫獮鏁欏斧锛岄珨鎱�(t脿i)鑲ヨ儢锛岃韩鏉愮煯灏�锛岄牠鐧�(f膩)鎺夊厜锛屼絾浠嶉瓍鍔涘洓灏�銆�”
    
    鎴戝€戠湅99骞寸殑涓€閬撹€冮銆�
    
    Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.锛堝弮鑰冭鏂囷細浜哄€戝皪姝峰彶鐮旂┒鏂规硶鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熶簡鑸堣叮锛岄€欒垏鍏惰鏄洜鐐哄閮ㄥ皪姝峰彶浣滅偤涓€闁€瀛稿晱鐨勬湁鏁堟€ф彁鍑轰簡鎸戞埌(zh脿n)锛岄倓涓嶅瑾槸鍥犵偤姝峰彶瀛稿鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ櫦(f膩)鐢熶簡鐖惖銆傦級
    
    鑻辨枃鍘熷彞鏄€嬪吀鍨嬬殑闀峰彞锛岀敱27鍊嬭绲勬垚锛屼腑闁撴矑鏈変娇鐢ㄤ换浣曟榛炵铏�锛屽畬鍏ㄩ潬瑾炴硶绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)浣挎暣鍊嬪彞瀛愮殑鎰忔€濆寲闆剁偤鏁达細less through…and more from妲�(g貌u)鎴愪竴鍊嬪京闆滅殑鐙€瑾炰慨椋惧嫊瑭瀉risen.鍦ㄤ腑鏂囩炕璀腑锛�“鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻垐瓒�”閫欎竴閲嶈鍏�(n猫i)瀹归€氶亷涓€鍊嬬崹绔嬬殑鍙ュ瓙琛ㄩ仈锛屽叐鍊嬩笉鍚岀殑鍘熷洜鍓囧垎鍒ョ敱涓嶅悓鐨勫彞瀛愯〃閬�锛屾暣鍊嬪彞瀛愯鍖栨暣鐐洪浂“…鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻垐瓒�…锛岄€欒垏鍏惰鏄洜鐐�…锛岄倓涓嶅瑾槸鍥犵偤…”
    
    涓�銆佽嫳瑾炲琚嫊 婕㈣獮澶氫富鍕�
    
    鑻辫獮姣旇純鍠滄琚嫊锛岀鎶€鑻辫獮鎴栨槸璜栨枃涓挨鍏跺姝�锛岃€屾垜鍊戠殑鑰冪爺缈昏涓殑缈昏椤屽ぇ閮芥槸绉戞櫘鐭ヨ瓨鐨勬枃绔狅紝閭d箞琚嫊鍙ュ氨鏇村浜�銆傝€屾饥瑾炲張鏄瘮杓冨枩姝$敤涓诲嫊鍙ョ殑锛屼竴鑸兘鏄垜鎬庝箞鎬庝箞妯�锛屼粬鎬庝箞鎬庝箞妯o紝浣犳€庝箞鎬庝箞妯�銆傞偅涔堢煡閬撲簡閫欎箞涓€鍊嬬壒榛炵殑瑭憋紝鎴戝€戝湪鎷垮埌涓€鍊嬭嫳璀饥缈昏椤岀殑鏅傚€�锛屽鏋滈€欏€嬪彞瀛愭槸琚嫊鍙�锛屾垜鍊戝氨瑕佹湁鎰忚瓨鐨勫湪婕㈣獮璀枃涓(di脿o)鏁寸偤涓诲嫊褰㈠紡銆�
    
    姣斿99骞寸殑73椤岋紝“During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.”
    
    瑭﹁锛氬湪閫欏€嬭綁(zhu菐n)璁婇亷绋嬩腑锛屽偝绲�(t菕ng)鐨勬鍙茬爺绌舵柟娉曡澧炲姞浜嗛檮鍔犵殑鏂规硶璜�锛岄€欎簺闄勫姞鐨勬柟娉曡珫鏄敤渚嗚В閲嬫鍙茬爺绌朵腑鐨勬柊鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)褰㈠紡鐨勩€�
    
    閫欏€嬬炕璀矑鏈夋妸鑻辫獮鐨勮鍕曠祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)璁�?y艒u)姗归矁鍜廦(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岃€岄倓鏄部鐢ㄤ簡琚嫊绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岄偅涔堣鏂囧氨椤緱鏈夐粸鐢熺‖浜�銆傞偅涔堟垜鍊戣│钁楁妸瀹冭(di脿o)鏁翠竴涓嬬湅鐪嬶細鍦ㄩ€欏€嬭綁(zhu菐n)璁婇亷绋嬩腑锛屽偝绲�(t菕ng)鐨勬鍙茬爺绌舵柟娉曚腑澧炲姞浜嗘柊鐨勶紙鐮旂┒锛夋柟娉�锛岄€欎簺鏂版柟娉曟槸鐢ㄤ締瑙i噵姝峰彶鐮旂┒涓竴浜涙柊鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鐨�銆�
    
    鍥�銆佹娊璞¤垏鍏烽珨
    
    鑻辫獮涓浣跨敤鎶借薄鐨勫柈瑭�锛岃€屾饥瑾炲墖澶氱敤鍏烽珨鐨勫舰璞″湴瑭炲尟銆�
    
    姣斿02骞寸殑绗�63椤�銆�“The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.”锛堣嚜鐒堕伕鎿囧湪閫插寲涓殑浣滅敤鍍呭湪涓€鐧惧骞村墠寰椾互闂℃槑锛岃€岀挵(hu谩n)澧冨湪濉戦€犲拰淇濇寔鍊嬮珨琛岀偤鏅傜殑閬告搰浣滅敤鍓囧墰鍓涢枊濮嬪緱鍒拌獚璀樺拰鐮旂┒銆傦級
    
    鎴戝€戠湅閫欏€嬪彞瀛愪腑鐨凾he role of natural selection in evolution. Role 閫欏€嬭澶у閮界煡閬撴槸瑙掕壊鐨勬剰鎬�锛宯atural selection鐨勬剰鎬濆ぇ瀹朵篃閮借兘鑰崇啛鑳借┏锛屽嵆鑷劧閬告搰锛岄偅涔坕n evolution 鍛�锛屾垜鍊戞湁鐨勫悓瀛歌獚璀榚volution锛屼粬鏄€插寲鐨勬剰鎬濓紝閭d箞鐭ラ亾浜嗘瘡涓€鍊嬭鐨勬剰鎬濇槸涓嶆槸灏卞彲浠ョ炕璀簡鍛�锛熸垜鍊戣│璀細“閫插寲涓殑鑷劧閬告搰鐨勮鑹诧紙鍔熻兘锛�”锛屾槸涓嶆槸鎰熻鐗瑰垾鍒ユ壄鍛�锛屽ソ鍍忔槸缂轰簡浠€涔堟澅瑗裤€傚垾鎵殑鍘熷洜鏄洜鐐洪€插寲閫欏€嬭鏈韩灏辨槸寰堟娊璞$殑锛屾垜鍊戠湅鍒伴€欏€嬭骞舵矑鏈変粈涔堟蹇�锛岄偅涔堟垜鍊�?n猫i)缁活嵓鍒栧敡w涓€榛�锛屽洜瑭茬炕璀垚“閫插寲閬庣▼涓殑鑷劧閬告搰鐨勫姛鑳�”閫欐ǎ姣旇純绗﹀悎婕㈣獮鐨勭繏鎱c€傛墍浠ュぇ瀹跺湪缈昏鐨勯亷绋嬩腑纰板埌涓€浜涙娊璞$殑瑭炵殑鏅傚€�锛屾垜鍊戣鏍规摎(j霉)婕㈣獮鐨勭繏鎱o紝鍦ㄨ鏂囦腑澧炲姞琛ㄧず鑼冪枃鍜屾蹇电殑瑭炰締浣挎娊璞$殑瑭炲尟璁婂緱鍏烽珨銆�
    
    鍐嶆瘮濡�锛�98骞寸71椤�锛�“But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.”锛堣鏂囷細浣嗘洿鐐洪噸瑕佺殑鏄�锛岄€欐槸绉戝瀹跺€戞墍鑳借娓埌鐨勬渶閬欓仩鐨勯亷鍘荤殑鏅薄锛屽洜鐐轰粬鍊戠湅鍒扮殑鏄�150鍎勫勾鍓嶅畤瀹欎簯鐨勫舰鐙€鍜岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傦級
    
    閫欏€嬪彞瀛愪腑鐨刲ook into the past. 鎴戝€戠啊鍠炕璀氨鏄�“鐪嬪埌閬庡幓”锛岄偅涔堥倓鏄寰楀垾鎵�锛岄偅涔堝湪閬庡幓鐨勫悗闈㈠姞涓婏紝“鏅薄”鎴栨槸“鏉辫タ”锛屽氨椤緱鍏烽珨澶氫簡銆傚氨鏄�“鐪嬪埌閬庡幓鐨勬櫙璞℃垨鏄澅瑗�”銆�
    
    浜�銆佽嫳瑾炲璁婂寲 婕㈣獮澶氶噸寰�
    
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    姣斿99骞寸殑75椤�“It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.”锛� 璀枃锛氶€欑ó璎鍚屾ǎ瀛樺湪浜庢鍙插偝绲�(t菕ng)娲惧拰姝峰彶绀剧娲�锛屽墠鑰呰獚鐐烘鍙插氨鏄彶瀛哥晫鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄥ拰澶栭儴浜哄+灏嶅悇绋彶鏂欎締婧愮殑瑭曡珫锛屽悗鑰呰獚鐐烘鍙茬殑鐮旂┒灏辨槸鍏烽珨鏂规硶鐨勭爺绌�銆� 锛�
    
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