姣斿瑾細“Mr.Song is my English teacher who is fat, short, bold but still attractive.”閫欏€嬪彞瀛愮殑涓诲彞鏄疕e is my teacher锛屽悗闈㈢殑閮ㄥ垎鏄竴鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝渚嗕慨椋総eacher閫欏€嬪柈瑭�銆傞偅涔堟垜鍊戠敤浜嗕竴鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ皣鍏惰畩?y艒u)姗愮矉鈧純闀风殑鍙ュ瓙锛岄偅涔堟饥瑾炴垜鍊�?n猫i)缁活巶f鎴�“瀹嬪厛鐢熸槸鎴戠殑閭e€嬮珨鎱�(t脿i)鑲ヨ儢銆佽韩鏉愮煯灏�銆侀牠鐧�(f膩)鎺夊厜浣嗕粛榄呭姏鐒¢檺鐨勮嫳瑾炶€佸斧”銆傚氨鏈冮’寰楀緢绱磪鑷冭叓锛屾噳瑭叉€庝箞瑾憿锛屾垜鍊戞妸涓诲彞鍜屽畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ垎闁嬩締缈昏锛屽嵆锛�“浠栨槸鎴戝€戠殑鑻辫獮鏁欏斧锛岄珨鎱�(t脿i)鑲ヨ儢锛岃韩鏉愮煯灏�锛岄牠鐧�(f膩)鎺夊厜锛屼絾浠嶉瓍鍔涘洓灏�銆�”
鎴戝€戠湅99骞寸殑涓€閬撹€冮銆�
Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.锛堝弮鑰冭鏂囷細浜哄€戝皪姝峰彶鐮旂┒鏂规硶鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熶簡鑸堣叮锛岄€欒垏鍏惰鏄洜鐐哄閮ㄥ皪姝峰彶浣滅偤涓€闁€瀛稿晱鐨勬湁鏁堟€ф彁鍑轰簡鎸戞埌(zh脿n)锛岄倓涓嶅瑾槸鍥犵偤姝峰彶瀛稿鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ櫦(f膩)鐢熶簡鐖惖銆傦級
鑻辨枃鍘熷彞鏄€嬪吀鍨嬬殑闀峰彞锛岀敱27鍊嬭绲勬垚锛屼腑闁撴矑鏈変娇鐢ㄤ换浣曟榛炵铏�锛屽畬鍏ㄩ潬瑾炴硶绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)浣挎暣鍊嬪彞瀛愮殑鎰忔€濆寲闆剁偤鏁达細less through…and more from妲�(g貌u)鎴愪竴鍊嬪京闆滅殑鐙€瑾炰慨椋惧嫊瑭瀉risen.鍦ㄤ腑鏂囩炕璀腑锛�“鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻垐瓒�”閫欎竴閲嶈鍏�(n猫i)瀹归€氶亷涓€鍊嬬崹绔嬬殑鍙ュ瓙琛ㄩ仈锛屽叐鍊嬩笉鍚岀殑鍘熷洜鍓囧垎鍒ョ敱涓嶅悓鐨勫彞瀛愯〃閬�锛屾暣鍊嬪彞瀛愯鍖栨暣鐐洪浂“…鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻垐瓒�…锛岄€欒垏鍏惰鏄洜鐐�…锛岄倓涓嶅瑾槸鍥犵偤…”
姣斿99骞寸殑73椤岋紝“During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.”
姣斿02骞寸殑绗�63椤�銆�“The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.”锛堣嚜鐒堕伕鎿囧湪閫插寲涓殑浣滅敤鍍呭湪涓€鐧惧骞村墠寰椾互闂℃槑锛岃€岀挵(hu谩n)澧冨湪濉戦€犲拰淇濇寔鍊嬮珨琛岀偤鏅傜殑閬告搰浣滅敤鍓囧墰鍓涢枊濮嬪緱鍒拌獚璀樺拰鐮旂┒銆傦級
鎴戝€戠湅閫欏€嬪彞瀛愪腑鐨凾he role of natural selection in evolution. Role 閫欏€嬭澶у閮界煡閬撴槸瑙掕壊鐨勬剰鎬�锛宯atural selection鐨勬剰鎬濆ぇ瀹朵篃閮借兘鑰崇啛鑳借┏锛屽嵆鑷劧閬告搰锛岄偅涔坕n evolution 鍛�锛屾垜鍊戞湁鐨勫悓瀛歌獚璀榚volution锛屼粬鏄€插寲鐨勬剰鎬濓紝閭d箞鐭ラ亾浜嗘瘡涓€鍊嬭鐨勬剰鎬濇槸涓嶆槸灏卞彲浠ョ炕璀簡鍛�锛熸垜鍊戣│璀細“閫插寲涓殑鑷劧閬告搰鐨勮鑹诧紙鍔熻兘锛�”锛屾槸涓嶆槸鎰熻鐗瑰垾鍒ユ壄鍛�锛屽ソ鍍忔槸缂轰簡浠€涔堟澅瑗裤€傚垾鎵殑鍘熷洜鏄洜鐐洪€插寲閫欏€嬭鏈韩灏辨槸寰堟娊璞$殑锛屾垜鍊戠湅鍒伴€欏€嬭骞舵矑鏈変粈涔堟蹇�锛岄偅涔堟垜鍊�?n猫i)缁活嵓鍒栧敡w涓€榛�锛屽洜瑭茬炕璀垚“閫插寲閬庣▼涓殑鑷劧閬告搰鐨勫姛鑳�”閫欐ǎ姣旇純绗﹀悎婕㈣獮鐨勭繏鎱c€傛墍浠ュぇ瀹跺湪缈昏鐨勯亷绋嬩腑纰板埌涓€浜涙娊璞$殑瑭炵殑鏅傚€�锛屾垜鍊戣鏍规摎(j霉)婕㈣獮鐨勭繏鎱o紝鍦ㄨ鏂囦腑澧炲姞琛ㄧず鑼冪枃鍜屾蹇电殑瑭炰締浣挎娊璞$殑瑭炲尟璁婂緱鍏烽珨銆�
鍐嶆瘮濡�锛�98骞寸71椤�锛�“But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.”锛堣鏂囷細浣嗘洿鐐洪噸瑕佺殑鏄�锛岄€欐槸绉戝瀹跺€戞墍鑳借娓埌鐨勬渶閬欓仩鐨勯亷鍘荤殑鏅薄锛屽洜鐐轰粬鍊戠湅鍒扮殑鏄�150鍎勫勾鍓嶅畤瀹欎簯鐨勫舰鐙€鍜岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傦級
閫欏€嬪彞瀛愪腑鐨刲ook into the past. 鎴戝€戠啊鍠炕璀氨鏄�“鐪嬪埌閬庡幓”锛岄偅涔堥倓鏄寰楀垾鎵�锛岄偅涔堝湪閬庡幓鐨勫悗闈㈠姞涓婏紝“鏅薄”鎴栨槸“鏉辫タ”锛屽氨椤緱鍏烽珨澶氫簡銆傚氨鏄�“鐪嬪埌閬庡幓鐨勬櫙璞℃垨鏄澅瑗�”銆�
姣斿99骞寸殑75椤�“It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.”锛� 璀枃锛氶€欑ó璎鍚屾ǎ瀛樺湪浜庢鍙插偝绲�(t菕ng)娲惧拰姝峰彶绀剧娲�锛屽墠鑰呰獚鐐烘鍙插氨鏄彶瀛哥晫鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄥ拰澶栭儴浜哄+灏嶅悇绋彶鏂欎締婧愮殑瑭曡珫锛屽悗鑰呰獚鐐烘鍙茬殑鐮旂┒灏辨槸鍏烽珨鏂规硶鐨勭爺绌�銆� 锛�