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銆€Fair and square
銆€銆€Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness
銆€銆€EVERYBODY loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
銆€銆€The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys, which have all the necessary ingredients to capture the public imagination. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their finicky female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males (although why this is so remains a mystery).
銆€銆€Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr Brosnan's and Dr de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to swap pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
銆€銆€In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (in the absence of an actual monkey able to eat it) was enough to induce sullen behaviour in a female capuchin.
銆€銆€Dr Brosnan and Dr de Waal report that such behaviour is unusual in their trained monkeys. During two years of bartering prior to these experiments, failure to exchange tokens for food occurred in fewer than 5% of trials. And what made the behaviour even more extraordinary was that these monkeys forfeited food that they could see—and which they would have readily accepted in almost any other set of circumstances.
銆€銆€The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35m years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
銆€銆€绺介珨浠嬬垂
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銆€銆€21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
銆€銆€[A] posing a contrast.
銆€銆€[B] justifying an assumption.
銆€銆€[C] making a comparison.
銆€銆€[D] explaining a phenomenon.
銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撲富鏃ㄩ锛岄洠搴﹀緢澶с€傞洠搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐐�0.246(鍗冲彧鏈�24.6%鐨勮€冪敓绛斿皪姝ら)銆傚晱椤屾槸“浣滆€呬竴娈靛紩鍑轰富椤岀殑鏂瑰紡”鏄粈涔堬紝閫欑瓑浜庡晱涓€娈电殑瀵綔鏂规硶鍜屾枃绔犵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆備竴娈靛厛绲﹀嚭涓€鍊嬬従(xi脿n)璞★細涓€鍊嬩汉浜嗚В鍒版嚩鏁g殑(slack)鍚屼簨姣旇嚜宸卞緱鍒扮殑鍔犺柂鏇村鏅傦紝鏈冨ぇ鐧�(f膩)闆烽渾(outraged)锛岃€屼笖涓€鑸汉瑾�(r猫n)鐐哄彧鏈変汉灏嶄簬閫欑ó涓嶅叕骞冲緟閬囨湁鎬ㄦ仺鎰�(sense of grievance)銆備綔鑰呮帴钁楁寚鍑轰竴鍊嬬爺绌惰〃鏄庣尨瀛愪篃鏈夐€欑ó蹇冪悊(it is all too monkey, as well)銆傜敱姝ゅ彲瑕嬩綔鑰呴€氶亷浜哄拰鐚村瓙鐨勯姣斿紩鍑烘枃绔犵殑涓婚銆侰“姣旇純(浜哄拰鐚村瓙)浜岃€呯殑鐩镐技涔嬭檿”绗﹀悎姝ゆ剰锛岀偤姝g⒑绛旀銆侫“鎻愬嚭涓€鍊嬪皪姣�”鑸囦綔鑰呯殑瀵綔鏂规硶鐩稿弽銆侭“璀夋槑涓€鍊嬪亣瑷�(sh猫)鍚堢悊”鍜孌“瑙i噵涓€鍊嬬従(xi脿n)璞�”閮借垏浣滆€呭湪涓€娈甸亱(y霉n)鐢ㄧ殑瀵綔鏂规硶涓嶇锛屾墍浠ラ兘鏄共鎿鹃伕闋�銆�
銆€銆€22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that
銆€銆€[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
銆€銆€[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.
銆€銆€[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
銆€銆€[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撳彞瀛愮悊瑙i銆傚晱椤屽皪鎳�(y墨ng)涓€娈垫湯鍙ワ細浣嗘槸涓€鍊嬬爺绌�…琛ㄦ槑閫欑ó鎯呮劅(鎸囦笂鏂囨墍瑾殑sense of grievance---涓嶅钩鎰�)涔熸槸“鐚翠箣甯告儏”(it is all too monkey)銆備綔鑰呭湪鏂囩珷闁嬪鎸囧嚭浜哄皪涓嶅叕骞冲緟閬囨湁濮斿眻鎰�锛屾帴钁楁寚鍑虹尨瀛愪篃鍏锋湁閫欑ó鎰熻銆侭“鎬ㄦ仺涓嶅叕骞充篃鏄尨瀛愮殑鏈€�”绗﹀悎姝ゆ剰锛岀偤姝g⒑绛旀銆侫“鐚村瓙灏嶄簬鎳舵暎鐨勫皪鎵嬩篃鏈冪媯鎬�”鍙槸瑾埌浜嗚〃闈㈢従(xi脿n)璞�锛屽苟鏈寚鍑鸿垏浜虹殑椤炴瘮鎵€鎻ず鐨勬洿娣辩殑閬撶悊---閫欎篃鏄尨瀛愮殑鏈€�銆侰“鐚村瓙鍍忎汉涓€妯o紝涔熷父甯哥浉浜掑珘濡�”鑸囧師鏂囦笉绗�锛屽洜?y脿n)妯殿厙鎭糵鐨勬槸濮斿眻鎰燂紝鑰屼笉鏄珘濡掗€欑ó蹇冪悊銆侱閬搁爡鑸囧師鏂囩浉鐭涚浘锛屽洜?y脿n)妲胯墭鐏跨緸@绋劅瑕�銆傛湰椤岃純闆�锛岄洠搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐐�0.368銆�
銆€銆€23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
銆€銆€[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
銆€銆€[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.
銆€銆€[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
銆€銆€[D] more generous than their male companions.
銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撲簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤�銆傚晱椤屾槸“閬哥敤female capuchin monkeys鍋氱爺绌讹紝鏈€鏈夊彲鑳芥槸鍥�?y脿n)妯楅紙鍏欏搨鎯鸿鍒烘敻c(di菐n)”銆傛牴鎿�(j霉)鍟忛涓殑闂�(gu膩n)閸佃female capuchin monkeys瀹氫綅鍘熸枃浜屾锛屼簩娈垫弿杩颁簡female capuchin monkeys閬╁悎浜庡仛鐮旂┒鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)锛屽叾涓簩娈垫湯鍙ユ寚鍑轰簡瀹冨€戞渶閲嶈鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)锛氭渶閲嶈鐨勬槸锛屽畠鍊戝儚浜洪鐨勯泴鎬т竴妯�锛屾瘮闆勬€ф洿浠旂窗(x矛)鍦伴棞(gu膩n)娉�“鐢�(ch菐n)鍝佸拰鏈嶅嫏(w霉)”鐨勫児鍊笺€侫“鏇村偩鍚戜簬娆�(qu谩n)琛″畠鍊戞墍鐛插緱鐨勬澅瑗�”绗﹀悎姝ゆ剰锛岀偤姝g⒑绛旀銆傛敞鎰忥細A閬搁爡涓殑more inclined灏嶆噳(y墨ng)浜屾鏈彞涓殑tend to锛寃eigh灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鍘熸枃涓殑pay attention to锛寃hat they get 灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鍘熸枃涓殑goods and services銆侰“澶栬〃鍜岃劸姘i兘寰堝ソ”鍦ㄤ簩娈典腑鎻愰亷锛屼絾涓嶆槸female capuchin monkeys鐨勪富瑕佺壒榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏椤屾剰涓嶇锛屾墍浠ユ槸骞叉摼閬搁爡銆傛湰椤岄洠搴︿篃杓冨ぇ锛岄洠搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐐�0.383銆�
銆€銆€24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
銆€銆€[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
銆€銆€[B] can be taught to exchange things.
銆€銆€[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
銆€銆€[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
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銆€銆€25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
銆€銆€[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
銆€銆€[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
銆€銆€[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
銆€銆€[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
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