姝¤繋瑷晱鑰冪爺绉樼睄鑰冪爺缍�(w菐ng)!    鐮旂┒鐢熸嫑鐢熶俊鎭恫(w菐ng)    鑰冨崥鐪熼涓嬭級    鑰冪爺鐪熼涓嬭級    鍏ㄧ珯鏂囩珷绱㈠紩
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
   
  楂樼礆(j铆)鎼滅储   

 鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 鑰冪爺绉樼睄鑰冪爺缍�(w菐ng) >> 鏂囩珷涓績 >> 鑰冪爺鏁�(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅) >> 姝f枃  鑰冪爺鏁�(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)_鎺屾彙鎶€宸� 杓曟澗鎷夸笅鑰冪爺鑻辫獮缈昏

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鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級 

鑰冪爺鑻辫獮涓�锛岀炕璀€欎竴閮ㄥ垎鍏跺(sh铆)鏄浉灏�(du矛)瀹规槗鎷垮垎鐨�銆傚彧瑕佹妸鎻″ソ缈昏鐨勬妧宸�锛屼綘灏卞彲浠ュ皣缈昏椤岀洰杓曟澗鎷夸笅銆傚垾鐪嬮€欏彧鏄垎鍊煎崰10鍒嗙殑缈昏锛屼絾鏄湪“涓€鍒嗕箣宸�锛屽ぉ鍦颁笉鍚�”鐨勮€冨牬(ch菐ng)涓婏紝閫欒兘澶�?y脿n)妲熼棾銆夌叅鑹借煯鑶�?y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)銆備笅闈㈢祼(ji茅)鍚堟骞磋嫳瑾炵炕璀湡椤�锛屽緸缈昏寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�瑕侀粸(di菐n)銆佷互鍙婂京(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鏅�(sh铆)闁撳垎閰嶅叐鏂归潰瑭崇窗(x矛)闂¤堪锛屽闈簡瑙g炕璀�锛岃畵鍚屽(xu茅)鍊戝仛閫忕炕璀�銆�
   
    姝峰勾缈昏鑰冮钖堣悆


   
    鐭ュ繁鐭ュ郊鐧炬埌(zh脿n)涓嶆畣锛岄鍏堜締浜嗚В鑰冪爺缈昏鐨勮€冮鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆傛牴鎿�(j霉)灏�(du矛)鏈€杩戜簩鍗佸骞翠締鑰冪爺缈昏鐪熼鐨勫垎鏋�锛�鑰冪爺缈昏鐨勭煭鏂囧収(n猫i)瀹瑰ぇ鑷村涓嬶細
   
    1990骞达細浜虹殑鎬ф牸鍜岃鐐哄垎鏋�
   
    1991骞达細鑳芥簮鑸囪静(n贸ng)妤�(y猫)
   
    1992骞达細鏅哄姏瑭�(p铆ng)浼扮殑绉戝(xu茅)鎬�
   
    1993骞达細绉戝(xu茅)鐮旂┒鐨勬柟娉�
   
    1994骞达細绉戝(xu茅)瀹舵妧琛�(sh霉)鑸囩瀛�(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�
   
    1995骞达細妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鍖栨脯(c猫)瑭﹁垏瑭�(p铆ng)浼�
   
    1996骞达細绉戝(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑宸垾鍜屽嫊(d貌ng)鍔�
   
    1997骞达細鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╃殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒�
   
    1998骞达細澶╅珨鐗╃悊瀛�(xu茅)涓殑澶х垎鐐哥悊璜�
   
    1999骞达細姝峰彶鐮旂┒鐨勬柟娉曡珫
   
    2000骞达細鏀垮簻瑾�(di脿o)鎺ц垏宸ユキ(y猫)鍖栫櫦(f膩)灞�
   
    2001骞达細瑷�(j矛)绠楁(j墨)鑸囨湭渚嗙敓娲�
   
    2002骞达細琛岀偤绉戝(xu茅)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�
   
    2003骞达細浜洪瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�
   
    2004骞达細瑾炶█瀛�(xu茅)
   
    2005骞达細鍌冲獟闋�(l菒ng)鍩熶腑鐨勯浕瑕栧獟浠�
   
    2006骞达細缇庡湅(gu贸)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鍒嗗瓙鐨勪綔鐢�
   
    2007骞达細娉曞(xu茅)鍦ㄦ柊鑱炲牨(b脿o)閬撲腑鐨勪綔鐢�
   
    2008骞达細閬�(d谩)鐖炬枃鐨勬€濇兂瑙€榛�(di菐n)
   
    2009骞达細姝h(gu墨)鏁欒偛鐨勫湴浣�
   
    2010骞达細缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鑸囩敓鎱�(t脿i)
   
    2011骞达細鑳藉嫊(d貌ng)鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鐨勪綔鐢�
   
    寰炴骞寸殑鑰冮鍏�(n猫i)瀹规垜鍊戝彲浠ョ湅鍑猴紝鑰冪爺缈昏鑻辫獮澶氭秹鍙婄暥(d膩ng)鍓嶄汉鍊戠殑绀炬渻(hu矛)鐢熸椿銆佹斂娌汇€佺稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)銆佹鍙层€佹枃鍖�銆佸摬瀛�(xu茅)銆佸績鐞嗗拰绉戞櫘鏂归潰鐨勯鏉�锛岄珨瑁佸熀鏈笂鏄璜栨枃銆傚湪浠ョ獊鐮�鑰冪爺缈昏鑻辫獮鐨勭洰妯�(bi膩o)涓嬶紝瑕佹眰鑰冪敓鍦ㄦ簴(zh菙n)鍌欓殠娈垫湁閲濆皪(du矛)鎬у湴娑夌嵉璀拌珫鎬у拰瑾槑鎬х殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�锛屼娇涔嬪湪鎷垮埌涓€绡囩炕璀殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛屽皪(du矛)鍏惰儗鏅拰瑾炲鏈夊ぇ鑷翠簡瑙�銆�
   
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    鑰冪爺鑻辫獮缈昏寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鐨勭浜岄粸(di菐n)锛� how to do?
   
    铏曚簬鑰冪爺寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)闅庢锛屽彲浠ュ皣鑰冪爺妯℃摤椤屾垨鑰�鑰冪爺闁辫畝涓殑闀�(zh菐ng)闆e彞鎷垮嚭渚嗙炕璀�銆�鑰冪爺缈昏瑷�(sh猫)缃湪瑭﹀嵎鐨勭涓夐儴鍒哖art C锛屾槸涓€绡�400瀛楀乏鍙崇殑鏂囩珷锛屽叾涓敤涓嬪妰绶氭(bi膩o)鍑�5鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙浣滅偤瑕佹眰缈昏鐨勯鐩€傚湪鑰冨牬(ch菐ng)鍋氶鏅�(sh铆)锛屽缓璀板湪绛旈闋嗗簭涓婄郸缈昏鍜屽浣滅暀涓嬪厖瑁曠殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撱€傚洜?y脿n)妾玿鎿囬鍗充娇娌掓湁鏅�(sh铆)闁撳畬鎴愶紝涔熷彲浠ュ湪ABCD鍥涘€�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓毃姗�(j墨)鐚滄脯(c猫)涓€鍊�(g猫)锛屽苟涓旀湁25%鐨勬簴(zh菙n)纰虹巼銆備絾鏄炕璀拰瀵綔閫欐ǎ鐨勪富瑙€椤�锛屽鏋滄矑鏈夋檪(sh铆)闁撳畬鎴愶紝閫g寽娓�(c猫)鐨勬(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)涔熸矑鏈�锛岀櫧鐧戒笩鎺夊ぇ濂界殑寰楀垎姗�(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)銆傚湪鍋氱炕璀檪(sh铆)锛屽缓璀版寜鐓ф枃绔犵殑闋嗗簭闁辫畝锛岄潪鍔冪窔閮ㄥ垎鐣ヨ畝锛屾槑鐧藉ぇ鑷存剰鎬�锛岀暥(d膩ng)璁€鍒板妰绶氶儴鍒嗙殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欒鐗瑰垾娉ㄦ剰瑾炲彞涓婁笅鏂囩殑鑱�(li谩n)绯�锛屽挨鍏舵槸鍙ュ瓙涓鏋滄湁涓嶅畾浠h锛屼竴瀹氳寮勬竻妤氬畠鎵€鎸囦唬鐨勫皪(du矛)璞℃槸浠€涔�銆傚鏋滄檪(sh铆)闁撴矑鏈夎檿鐞嗗ソ锛岀瓟椤屽墿浣欑殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撲笉澶�锛岄偅涔堝氨鍙湅鍔冪窔閮ㄥ垎鐒跺悗缈昏锛屼絾閫欐槸涓嬩笅绛栵紝鍥�?y脿n)妲婃捑x浜嗕笂涓嬫枃鑱�(li谩n)绯诲拰鏂囩珷鏁撮珨瑾炲锛屾渻(hu矛)浣块鐩殑闆e害澧炲姞锛屾簴(zh菙n)纰哄害闄嶄綆銆�
   
    鍏烽珨鐨勮В椤屾椹熷湪閫欓噷閬稿彇鑰冪爺鐪熼缈昏鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙渚嗗垎鏋愶細
   
    In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
   
    鍦ㄦ嬁鍒伴鐩檪(sh铆)锛岄鍏堜笉瑕佺湅姣忓€�(g猫)鍠鏄笉鏄兘瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)锛屽嵆浣块亣鍒颁笉鎳傜殑鍠涔熶笉鐢ㄦ厡锛屽洜?y脿n)姗涒拕Z鏈夌壒瀹氱殑妲�(g貌u)瑭炴硶锛屽緢澶氳鍖兘鏄敱瑭炴牴娲剧敓鍑轰締鐨勶紝鎵€浠ラ亣鍒扮敓瑭炴檪(sh铆)鍏堢湅鍏剁祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傛瘮濡俧orestry閫欏€�(g猫)瑭炰笉鎳傦紝浣嗘槸鐢辫鐨勪富骞瞗orest(n.妫灄)鍙煡閬撻€欏€�(g猫)瑭炵殑澶ф鎰忔€�锛屽啀鐢变笂涓嬫枃鐨勭悊瑙g煡閬撴铏曟噳(y墨ng)瑭叉槸涓€鍊�(g猫)闂�(gu膩n)浜庢.鏋楁柟闈㈢殑鍚嶈锛屽悗缍寸敱industry(n.宸ユキ(y猫))鎺ㄦ柗forestry琛�“鏋楁キ(y猫)”銆�
   
    鎶婂柈瑭炵殑鍟忛鏀惧湪涓€閭婂悗锛屾嬁鍒伴鐩殑绗竴姝ユ槸锛氱湅绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岃涓诲共銆傚彞瀛愮殑涓婚珨鏄�“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”锛屽寘鍚鍕�(d貌ng)瑾炴厠(t脿i)銆傚彞瀛愰枊闋槸涓€鍊�(g猫)where 寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�銆�
   
    绗簩姝�锛屾壘闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝鍔犱慨椋俱€備慨椋鹃棞(gu膩n)绯诲彲浠ユ槸涓€鍊�(g猫)瀹氳獮寰炲彞鐨勪慨椋鹃棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屾垨鑰呮槸鐙€瑾炲緸鍙ョ殑淇>闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屼緷鐓у畠鐨勪慨椋鹃棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屽啀鎶婁慨椋句腑蹇冭寰€鍓嶆斁锛屾垨鑰呭線鍚庡姞锛岄仼鐣�(d膩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鏁翠竴涓嬮爢搴�銆備緥鍙ヤ腑to be preserved 鏄慨椋緉oncommercial tree species 鐨勬垚鍒�銆俉ithin reason 鎰忔€濈偤鍚堟儏鍚堢悊鐨�锛岀悊鏅虹殑銆�
   
    绗笁姝ワ紝瑾�(di脿o)鏁撮爢搴忎娇寰楀彞瀛愭祦鏆�锛岄倧杓€氶爢銆傚湪閫欏彞瑭变腑瑕佹敞鎰忚鍕�(d貌ng)瑾炲彞鐨勮檿鐞嗐€傞€欏彞瑭卞鏋滃瓧灏�(du矛)瀛楀湴鐩磋鍓囪鎴愶細
   
    鍦ㄦ瓙娲�锛屾灄妤�(y猫)鍦ㄧ敓鎱�(t脿i)涓婄浉灏�(du矛)鐧�(f膩)閬�(d谩)锛岄偅浜涢潪鍟嗘キ(y猫)妯圭ó琚獚(r猫n)鐐烘槸鍘熷妫灄缇よ惤涓殑涓€鍝�锛岃鏈夌悊鐢卞湴淇濊(h霉)銆�
   
    閫欐ǎ鐨勭炕璀笉鍍呯敓纭�锛岃€屼笖閭忚集涓婄稉(j墨ng)涓嶈捣鎺ㄦ暡銆傞€欎竴榛�(di菐n)瑕佺壒鍒ユ敞鎰忋€傚湪閫欏€�(g猫)姝ラ涓�锛岃姹傝€冪敓涓嶇鑻辫獮鍘熸枃锛屽彧鐪嬭嚜宸辨墍缈昏鐨勬饥瑾炶鏂�锛岀敤淇敼婕㈣獮鐥呭彞鐨勬柟寮忓瑕栧畠鏄笉鏄竴鍙ユ甯哥殑婕㈣獮鍙ュ瓙銆傝€屼緥鍙ヤ腑鐨勯€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙锛屽鏋滃皣鍏惰鍕�(d貌ng)褰㈡厠(t脿i)鏀圭偤涓诲嫊(d貌ng)锛屾暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐒¤珫鏄緸瑾炵京涓婇倓鏄緸閭忚集涓婇兘閫氶爢寰楀锛�
   
    姝愭床鐨勬灄妤�(y猫)寰炵敓鎱�(t脿i)涓婅瑳杓冪偤鍏堥€�(j矛n)锛屽畠鎶婃矑鏈夋垚鐐哄晢妤�(y猫)鍖栧皪(du矛)璞$殑妯圭ó瑕栫偤鍘熷妫灄缇よ惤鐨勬垚鍝¤€岄仼鐣�(d膩ng)?sh霉)涓跺彸鍛橈挤o(h霉)銆�
   
    鑰冪爺鑻辫獮缈昏寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鐨勭涓夐粸(di菐n)锛欳heck your dictionary
   
    鍦ㄥ畬鎴愮炕璀互鍚�锛屼笉瑕佹€ヨ憲鐪嬬瓟妗堬紝鍏堣嚜鎴戜慨鏀�銆傞€欎竴姝ラ鍙互鏌ヨ鍏革紝缈婚柋瑾炴硶宸ュ叿鏇�锛屽垎鏋愯嫳瑾炲彞瀛愮殑闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€傛湁鐨勮€冪敓灏囩炕璀け鍒嗘绲�(ji茅)鍦ㄨ鍖晱椤屼笂锛屽叾瀵�(sh铆)寰堝鏅�(sh铆)鍊欓鐩腑娌掓湁鐢熻锛岃€冪敓灏�(du矛)瑾炴硶绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸浐瀹氭惌閰嶇殑涓嶇啛鎮�锛屼篃鏈�(hu矛)灏�(d菐o)鑷寸炕璀け鍒嗐€傚湪鏌ュ瓧鍏哥殑閬庣▼涓�锛岄倓鍙互瑷�(x霉n)绶磋嚜宸辩殑鑱�(li谩n)鎯崇祫绻旇兘鍔涳紝鍗冲亣瀹氫竴鍊�(g猫)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛岄鐩殑鍠閮借兘鐪嬫噦锛屼絾鏄€h捣渚嗗氨涓嶇煡閬撴槸浠€涔堟剰鎬�銆傛瘮濡傚湪渚嬪彞涓紝濡傛灉涓嶈兘鎶婃彙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽彧鐭ラ亾骞惧€�(g猫)闂�(gu膩n)閸佃鐨勬剰鎬濓細Europe姝愭床銆乫orestry鏋楁キ(y猫)銆乪cologically鐢熸厠(t脿i)鐨�銆乤dvanced鍏堥€�(j矛n)銆乶on-commercial闈炲晢妤�(y猫)銆乻pecies绋銆乧ommunity缇ら珨銆乸reserved淇濈暀銆乺eason鐞嗙敱锛屽湪鐞嗚В閫欎簺瑭炲尟鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓�锛岀祼(ji茅)鍚堝叏鏂囧ぇ鎰忓拰鍓嶅悗鍊掕銆佽鍕�(d貌ng)绛夊熀绀�(ch菙)鐨勮獮娉曠煡璀�(sh铆)锛屽氨鍙互绲勫悎鎴愰€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勫ぇ姒傛剰鎬濄€�鑰冪爺缈昏鑰冩煡鐨勬槸鑻辫婕�锛屽鍦ㄥ嵎闈笂鐨勬槸婕㈣獮绛旀锛屽彧瑕佽獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)涓€鍊�(g猫)鑻辫獮鍠锛岀煡閬撳畠鐨勬饥瑾炴剰鎬濆氨鑳介€g寽甯惰挋鍦扮祫鍚堝嚭涓€鍊�(g猫)绛旀銆傞€欎篃鏄�鑰冪爺缈昏鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鎶€宸�锛屽墰鍓涢枊濮嬫帴瑙哥炕璀垨鏄皪(du矛)涓€閬撻鐩畬鍏ㄦ矑鏈夐牠绶掓檪(sh铆)锛屽皣鎳傚緱鐨勫柈瑭炴剰鎬濆涓嬩締锛屽啀鎸夌収鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绲勫悎锛屼緷鐓ч倧杓鏌ヤ竴閬�銆傞渶瑕佸挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鐨勬槸锛岃€冨嵎涓婂垏蹇岀暀绌猴紝鍥�?y脿n)姗圭伆顎i姄鎳ヨ棙?n猫i)瀹癸紝瑭�(p铆ng)鍗疯€佸斧鏈夋檪(sh铆)涓嶆敞鎰忕湅锛屼篃鏈夊彲鑳界郸鍒嗭紝鑷冲皯閮芥渻(hu矛)绲﹀ⅷ姘村垎銆�
   
    鑰冪爺鑻辫獮缈昏寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鐨勭鍥涢粸(di菐n)锛欳heck your answers
   
    缈昏鏄富瑙€椤�锛屼笉鍍忚伣鍔涘拰闁辫畝閭fǎ绛旀涓€鐩簡鐒�锛屾墍浠ュ緢澶氳€冪敓涓嶇煡閬撹嚜宸辩炕璀殑绛旀鍒板簳鏄皪(du矛)閭勬槸閷�(cu貌)銆傚叾瀵�(sh铆)缈昏鐨勮⿻(p铆ng)鍒嗘(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)锛屽熀鏈笂鍙姹傛豢瓒充互涓嬪叐鍊�(g猫)姊濅欢锛氬師鏂囩悊瑙f纰猴紝婕㈣獮琛ㄩ仈(d谩)婧�(zh菙n)纰洪€氶爢銆傜炕璀涓€椤�2鍒�锛屼竴鑸笉瓒呴亷4鍊�(g猫)韪╁垎榛�(di菐n)锛屾瘡鍊�(g猫)韪╁垎榛�(di菐n)绠�0.5鍒�锛岃俯鍒嗛粸(di菐n)涓昏瑷�(sh猫)缃湪鏈夐洠搴︾殑鍠銆佸彞瀛愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屽彞鎰忕殑鐞嗚В涓婏紝鍦ㄧ反缈�(x铆)鍜岃€冨牬(ch菐ng)涓婃妸鎻″ソ閫欎簺绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜岃鍖氨鑳戒簨鍗婂姛鍊嶄簡銆備笅闈㈣垑渚嬭鏄庯細
   
    渚嬩竴锛�2009骞寸殑鑰冪爺鐪熼缈昏(姝g⒑绛旀鍙婅鲸鏋�)
   
    1.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
   
    銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦洊鐒舵垜鍊戝彲浠ヨ琛¢噺浠讳綍涓€鍊�(g猫)绀炬渻(hu矛)姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)鍍�(ji脿)鍊肩殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鏄湪鍏惰睈瀵屽拰瀹屽杽浜虹敓鏂归潰鎵€璧风殑浣滅敤锛屼絾閫欑ó浣滅敤骞朵笉鏄垜鍊戞渶鍒濈殑鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鐨勭祫鎴愰儴鍒嗐€�
   
    銆愯⿻(p铆ng)鍒嗙窗(x矛)鍓囥€慖t may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution /is its effect in enlarging and (0.5鍒�)improving experience0.5鍒�;but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(1鍒�)
   
    2. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
   
    銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜汉鍊戝彧鏄€愭几鍦版墠娉ㄦ剰鍒版(j墨)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯€欎竴鍓敘(ch菐n)鍝�锛岃€屼汉鍊戞妸閫欑ó浣滅敤瑕栫偤姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)閬�(y霉n)琛岀殑鎸囧皫(d菐o)鎬у洜绱犵殑閬庣▼鍓囨洿鐐虹珐鎱�銆�
   
    銆愯⿻(p铆ng)鍒嗙窗(x矛)鍓囥€� Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, /and only more gradually still(1鍒�) was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(1鍒�)
   
    3. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
   
    銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦洊鐒跺湪鑸囧勾杓曚汉鐨勬帴瑙镐腑鎴戝€�?n猫i)鑿€缂€椴嗘泴绾︽棻鐢疯ⅷ闁�?du矛)浠栧€戠殑鎬ф儏鎵€鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑褰遍熆锛岀劧鑰屽湪鑸囨垚骞翠汉鎵撲氦閬撴檪(sh铆)閫欑ó鎯呮硜灏变笉閭d箞瀹规槗鐧�(f膩)鐢�銆�
   
    銆愯⿻(p铆ng)鍒嗙窗(x矛)鍓囥€慦hile it is easy to ignore in our contact with them (0.5鍒�)/the effect of our acts upon their disposition(0.5鍒�), it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (1鍒� )
   
    4. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.
   
    銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠敱浜庢垜鍊戝皪(du矛)骞磋紩浜烘墍鍋氱殑棣栬宸ヤ綔鍦ㄤ簬浣夸粬鍊戣兘澶犲湪鐢熸椿涓郊姝ょ浉铻嶏紝鍥犳鎴戝€戜笉绂佽鑰冩叜鑷繁鏄惁鍦ㄥ舰鎴愯畵浠栧€戠嵅寰楅€欑ó鑳藉姏鐨勫姏閲�銆�
   
    銆愯⿻(p铆ng)鍒嗙窗(x矛)鍓囥€慡ince our chief business with them (0.5鍒� )/ is to enable them to share in a common life (0.5鍒�)/we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers(0.5鍒�)/ which will secure this ability.(0.5鍒�)
   
    5. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.
   
    銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欏氨浣垮緱鎴戝€戝緱浠ュ湪涓€鐩磋◣璜栫殑寤g京鐨勬暀鑲查亷绋嬩腑閫�(j矛n)涓€姝ュ崁(q奴)鍒嗗嚭涓€绋洿鐐烘寮忕殑鏁欒偛褰㈠紡锛屽嵆鐩存帴璎涙巿鎴�?q奴)W鏍℃暀鑲�銆�
   
    銆愯⿻(p铆ng)鍒嗙窗(x矛)鍓囥€慦e are thus led to distinguish,(0.5鍒�)/ within the broad educational process(0.5鍒�)/ which we have been so far considering,(0.5鍒�) / a more formal kind of education--- that of direct tuition or schooling.(0.5鍒�)
   
    渚嬩簩锛�2011骞寸殑鑰冪爺鐪熼缈昏(閷�(cu貌)瑾ょ瓟妗堝強杈ㄦ瀽)
   
    1. Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.
   
    銆愰尟(cu貌)瑾ょ瓟妗堛€戣壘鍊殑璨㈢嵒(xi脿n)鍦ㄤ簬鐢ㄦ垜鍊戝叡浜殑鍋囪ō(sh猫)——鍥�?y脿n)妲茶鍏岀柧鐨囪彛C(j墨)鍣ㄤ汉锛屾墍浠ユ垜鍊戣兘澶犳帶鍒惰嚜宸辩殑鎬濇兂——骞跺弽鎳�(y墨ng)閷�(cu貌)瑾ょ殑鏈€�銆�
   
    銆愭纰虹瓟妗堛€戣壘鍊殑璨㈢嵒(xi脿n)鍦ㄤ簬鎻愪緵浜嗘垜鍊戣兘鍒嗘摂(d膩n)鍜屾彮绀洪尟(cu貌)瑾ゆ€ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫亣瑷�(sh猫)——鍥�?y脿n)妲茶鍎剧殗鑿(j墨)鍣ㄤ汉锛屽洜姝ゆ垜鍊戣兘澶犳帶鍒舵垜鍊戠殑鐞嗘兂銆�
   
    銆愰尟(cu貌)瑾よ鲸鏋愩€戞椤岄尟(cu貌)鍦ㄦ矑鏈夌悊瑙eソ鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)鐨勬剰鎬濓紝骞朵笖蹇界暐浜嗙浜屽€�(g猫)鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)锛屽皣涓诲彞and閫f帴鐨勫悗闈竴閮ㄥ垎缈昏鎴愭彃鍏ヨ獮鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎銆傞鐩腑鏈夊叐鍊�(g猫)鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)锛岀牬鎶樿櫉(h脿o)涔嬮枔鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规槸鎻掑叆瑾�锛屾噳(y墨ng)瑭插厛缈昏瀹屼富鍙ュ啀鎶婃彃鍏ヨ獮鎻愬嚭鍙﹀缈昏銆傞尟(cu貌)瑾ょ瓟妗堝皪(du矛)鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎶婃彙涓嶇暥(d膩ng)锛屾剰鎬濊〃閬�(d谩)涓嶆竻鏅�锛屽緱鍒�0.5鍒�銆�
   
    2.While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”
   
    銆愰尟(cu貌)瑾ょ瓟妗堛€戠暥(d膩ng)鎴戝€戣兘澶犻€氶亷鎰忚瓨(sh铆)灏变繚鎸佸够璞$殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛屽湪鐝�(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)涓垜鍊�?n猫i)鍖€骞诲R涓€鍊�(g猫)鍟忛锛�“鐐轰粈涔堟垜涓嶈兘鑷繁瀹屾垚閫欎簺鎴栬€呮垚灏遍偅浜涘憿?”
   
    銆愭纰虹瓟妗堛€戞垜鍊戝彲浠ュ柈鐛�(d煤)閫氶亷鎰忚瓨(sh铆)缍寔鎺у埗鐨勬劅瑕猴紝浣嗗(sh铆)闅涗笂鎴戝€戜竴鐩撮潰鑷ㄨ憲涓€鍊�(g猫)鍟忛锛�“鐐轰粈涔堟垜涓嶈兘瀹屾垚閫欎欢浜嬫儏鎴栭偅浠朵簨鎯�銆�”
   
    銆愰尟(cu貌)瑾よ鲸鏋愩€戞椤岄棞(gu膩n)閸靛湪浜庡皣While鐨勭敤娉曠悊瑙i尟(cu貌)瑾わ紝鍦ㄦ枃绔犱腑While鏄〃绀烘瘮鍠昏綁(zhu菐n)鎶�锛岄尟(cu貌)瑾ょ瓟妗堥噷灏嘩hile缈昏鎴�“鐣�(d膩ng)……鏅�(sh铆)”銆傚彟澶栵紝姝ら閭勮娉ㄦ剰鑻辫獮鐨勮獮搴忓晱椤�锛岃嫳瑾炲彞娉曞拰婕㈣獮鍙ユ硶涓嶅悓锛岄€欏彞瑭卞鏋滄寜鐓ф饥瑾炶獮搴忓墖鏄痶hrough the conscious mind alone we may be able to sustain the illusion of control锛屽缓璀板湪缈昏鏅�(sh铆)锛岃€冪敓鍏堝湪鑵︽捣閲屾妸鍙ュ瓙闋嗗簭杞�(zhu菐n)鎻涙垚鏈夊埄浜庤嚜宸辫獮瑷€绲勭箶鐨勫舰寮�銆傞尟(cu貌)瑾ょ瓟妗堝彧缈昏灏�(du矛)浜嗗彞瀛愪竴鍗婏紝寰楀垎1鍒�銆�
   
    鏀瑰嵎鏄祦姘翠綔妤�(y猫)锛岃⿻(p铆ng)鍗疯€佸斧鍩烘湰涓婃壒鏀逛竴寮�?ji膩n)鍤茬牘绯诲顓恎椤屽钩鍧囧彧鑺辫不(f猫i)2鍒嗛悩鏅�(sh铆)闁�锛屽嵆10閬撶炕璀2鍒嗛悩鏀瑰畬锛屽緢澶氭儏娉佹槸鐪嬩竴鐪奸亷鍘诲氨鍒ゅ垎锛岃€冪敓鍦ㄧ瓟椤屾檪(sh铆)瑕佹敞鎰忓嵎闈㈠伐鏁�銆佸瓧璺℃竻鏅�锛岄倓瑕侀伩鍏嶆紡璀�銆佸姞璀€欑ó涓€鐪煎氨鑳界湅鍑轰締鐨勫晱椤屻€�
   
    鑻辫獮缈昏寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鏅�(sh铆)闁撳垎閰�
   
    鏈夌殑鑰冪敓瑾�(r猫n)鐐�鑰冪爺鑻辫獮涓炕璀鎵€鍗犲垎鍊间笉楂�锛屽彧瑕佹壘灏�(du矛)鏂规硶灏卞鏄撹鎴愭晥锛屾槸鍚﹀彲浠ユ斁鍦ㄥ悗闅庢寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鈥�鍛�?闈炰篃銆傚拰鑰冪爺鑻辫獮鐨勫叾浠栭鍨嬩竴妯�锛岀炕璀涔熼渶瑕佹瘡澶╄〒(x霉n)绶�銆傚叾涓€鏄偤浜嗕繚璀夌炕璀殑瑾炴劅;鍏朵簩鏄洜?y脿n)姒夘厫g瑷�(x霉n)绶村湴鎻愰珮涓嶅儏鍍呭彧鏄炕璀€欎竴闋�(xi脿ng)锛岀稉(j墨ng)閬庨暦(zh菐ng)鏈熷湴瑷�(x霉n)绶�锛岀浉鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勯柋璁€鍜屽浣滆兘鍔涗篃鑳藉緱鍒版彁楂橈紝濡傛涓€鑸夊寰�锛屼綍妯備笉鐐�?
   
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