鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
銆€銆€鏅傞枔鐙€瑾炲緸鍙ラ洠搴︿腑绛�锛屽嚭椤岄牷鐜囧嵒寰堥珮銆傞€氬父鐢眀efore锛寃hen锛寃hile锛寀ntil绛夐€h寮曞皫銆�
銆€銆€1. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.锛�2004—缈昏-61锛�
銆€銆€鑰冮粸锛�
銆€銆€Greek甯岃嚇浜猴紙寰炲垵涓埌鐝�(xi脿n)鍦紝浠闁嬮牠鐨勯渶瑕佹帉鎻$殑鍦嬪鍚嶅氨鍏╁€�锛屼竴鍊婫ermany锛屼竴鍊婫reece锛屽笇鏈涘ぇ瀹堕兘鑳芥敞鎰�銆傦級
銆€銆€assumed 鍋囧畾锛涜獚鐐�锛涗互鐐�
銆€銆€the process of thought鎬濇兂鐨勯亷绋�锛涙€濈董閬庣▼锛堟敞鎰忥細A of B鐨勭祼妲嬬炕璀偤B鐨凙锛�
銆€銆€took root in鐢熸牴锛涘湪…鎵庝笅浜嗘牴
銆€銆€long before 鏃╁湪…涔嬪墠锛�“鍦�…涔嬪墠鏃╁氨…”
銆€銆€diverse “璞愬瘜锛涘樊鐣版€�锛涘妯f€э紱鍗冨樊钀垾”
銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�閫欏€嬪彞瀛愮殑闆e害绱氬垾闈炲父楂橈紝鍙湁灏戞暩(sh霉)瀛哥敓鑳芥妸瀹冪炕璀皪銆傚洜鐐哄彞瀛愮祼妲嬫瘮杓冨京闆�锛屾槸涓诲彞+寰炲彞+寰炲彞+寰炲彞鐨勭祼妲�銆傚彞瀛愮殑涓诲彞鏄妰绶氶儴鍒�锛寃hich寮曞皫涓€鍊嬮潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛屽厛琛岃鐐烘暣鍊嬪彞瀛愶紝鎵€浠ョ炕璀檪瑕佹妸閫欏€媤hich缈昏鐐�“閫欑ó鐪嬫硶”锛岄櫎姝や箣澶栵紝閫欏€嬪彞瀛愰倓瑕佹敞鎰弆ong before鐨勭炕璀�“鏃╁湪….涔嬪墠”锛屾檪闁撶媭瑾炰竴鑸炕璀埌涓诲彞鐨勬渶鍓嶉潰锛屾渶鍚庨渶瑕佹敞鎰忕殑鏄痟ow寮曞皫涓€鍊嬭硴瑾炲緸鍙�锛岃硴瑾炲緸鍙ョ殑鎰忔€濇槸“瑾炶█鏄涔堢殑璞愬瘜”銆�
銆€銆€缈昏锛�甯岃嚇浜鸿獚鐐鸿獮瑷€绲愭鍚屾€濈董閬庣▼涔嬮枔瀛樺湪钁楁煇绋棞绯�銆傛棭鍦ㄤ汉鍊戣獚璀樺埌鍚勭ó瑾炶█鐨勫崈宸惉鍒ヤ箣鍓�锛岄€欑ó鐪嬫硶灏卞凡缍撴墡鏍逛簬姝愭床銆�
銆€銆€闆i粸绺界祼锛�Which鐨勬寚浠�锛孊efore long鍜宭ong before 鐨勫崁(q奴)鍒ュ拰缈昏锛屾暣鍊嬪彞瀛愮祼妲嬬殑鍒嗘瀽銆�
銆€銆€2. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont __5__ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.(2000-)
銆€銆€[A] which
銆€銆€[B] where
銆€銆€[C] when
銆€銆€[D] that
銆€銆€瑙f瀽锛�棣栧厛鎴戝€戣寮疯涓€涓嬪仛椤屾柟娉�锛屽厛鐪嬮€欏€嬪彞瀛愪富鍙ュ拰寰炲彞缂轰笉缂烘垚鍒嗭紝涓诲彞鍜屽緸鍙ラ兘涓嶇己鎴愬垎锛屾墍浠ワ紝鎴戝€戞帓闄hich鍜宼hat閫欏叐鍊嬮€h锛岋紙鍥犵偤which寮曞皫瀹氳獮寰炲彞锛屼富瑾炲緸鍙ュ拰璩撹獮寰炲彞锛屽湪鍙ュ瓙涓鎵挎摂鎴愬垎锛宼hat鍦ㄥ畾浜庡緸鍙ヤ腑涔熻鍋氭垚鍒�锛屽紩灏庤硴瑾炲緸鍙ュ拰琛ㄨ獮鏅�锛屽墠闈㈠繀闋堟槸鍕曡銆傦級鎵€浠ュ緸鍙ヨ鍦˙,C閲岄伕鎿�锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)鍙ユ剰锛屾垜鍊戝緢瀹规槗灏遍伕鍑烘槸C.
銆€銆€缈昏锛�鍦ㄤ竴鍊嬩笅闆ㄥぉ锛屾垜闁嬭粖缍撻亷鍖椾經钂欑壒鏅傦紝鐪嬪埌涓€鍊嬪勾杓曚汉鎷胯憲鐗屽瓙瀵憲“娉㈠+闋�”銆�
銆€銆€3. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. (2006-4-5)
銆€銆€鑰冮粸锛�
銆€銆€reminder浠や汉鍥炴喍鐨勬澅瑗�锛涢€氱煡鍠�
銆€銆€misery鐥涜嫤锛涚棝鑻︾殑浜�
銆€銆€exhausted鑰楃洝鐨�,鐢ㄥ畬鐨�
銆€銆€瑙f瀽锛�until鐢ㄤ簬鑲畾鍙ヤ腑鏅�锛寀ntil鍓嶇殑涓诲彞璎傝獮蹇呴爤鏄欢绾�(x霉)鐨�锛岃€寀ntil鍚庣殑寰炲彞璎傝獮蹇呴爤鏄煭鏆嫊瑭炴垨鑰呮槸鎺ユ檪闁撻粸銆傞€欏€嬪彞瀛愪腑work鏄欢绾�(x霉)鐨�锛宔xhaust鏄煭鏆殑銆�
銆€銆€缈昏锛�鏃╂湡鐨勪汉鍊戣涓嶅垢鐨勬殫绀哄寘鍦�锛屼粬鍊戠殑宸ヤ綔鍒扮瓔鐤插姏鐩★紝鍦ㄥ咕涔庣劇淇濊鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)涓嬬敓娲�锛屽苟涓斿緢骞磋紩灏卞き鎶樹簡銆�
鍏嶈铂鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞夎級鑷恫绲�锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠h〃浣滆€呭€嬩汉瑙€榛�锛岃垏鏈恫绔欑劇闂�銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏у鏈稉鏈珯璀夊锛屽皪鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅傛€ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜嬭嚜琛屾牳瀵︾浉闂滃収瀹�銆�