TEXT TEN

A boy or a girl? That is usually the first question asked when a woman gives birth. Remarkably, the answer varies with where the mother lives. In rich countries the chances of its being a boy are about 5% higher than in poor ones. Equally remarkably, that figure has been falling recently. Several theories have been put forward to explain these observations. Some argue that smoking plays a role, others that diet may be important. Neither of these ideas has been supported by evidence from large studies. But new research points to a different factor: stress.

Strange as it might seem, the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 shed light on the enigma. Studies noting the sex of babies conceived in New York during the week of the attacks found a drop in the ratio of males to females. That is consistent with earlier studies, which revealed a similar shift in women who became pregnant during floods and earthquakes and in time of war. Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.

Taken together, these results suggest that acute stress to a woman at the time of conception shifts the sex ratio towards girls. However, Carsten Obel, a researcher at Aarhus who was not involved in the earlier study, wondered if the same might be true of chronic stress too. In a paper just published in Human Development, he shows that it is.

Dr Obel used a set of data collected between 1989 and 1992. During that period 8,719 expectant mothers were asked to fill in questionnaires that inquired, among other things, about their level of stress. Dr Obel found that the more stressed a mother had been, the less chance she had of having given birth to a boy. Only 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males. That compared with 52% for women in the bottom quartile. Dr Obel suspects the immediate cause is that male pregnancies are more likely to miscarry in response to stress than female pregnancies are, especially during the first three months. However, that is difficult to prove. More intriguing, though, is the ultimate cause, for he thinks it might be adaptive, rather than pathological.

That is because the chances are that a daughter who reaches adulthood will find a mate and thus produce grandchildren. A son is a different matter. Healthy, strapping sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren, by several women—or would have done in the hunter-gatherer societies in which most human evolution took place. Weak ones would be marginalised and maybe even killed in the cut and thrust of male competition. If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.

That, in turn, would explain why women in rich countries, who are less likely to suffer from hunger and disease, are more likely to give birth to sons. That this likelihood is, nevertheless, falling suggests that rich women's lives may be more stressful than they used to be.

1. The author begins the passage by_____.

[A] presenting an argumentation

[B] explaining a phenomenon

[C] raising a question

[D] making a comparison

2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____.

[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact

[B] women are facing greater pressure than past

[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past

[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry

3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel鈥檚 opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?

[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.

[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys

[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.

[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.

4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____.

[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense

[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women

[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate

[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.

5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____.

[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.

[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.

[C] more girls will be born in the future because today鈥檚 women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.

[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women鈥檚 pregnancies.

鏂囩珷鍓栨瀽锛�

閫欑瘒鏂囩珷鏄粙绱瑰奖闊垮鍏掑嚭鐢熸€у垾鍘熷洜鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鏂扮殑鐮旂┒鎴愭灉锛嶏紞澹撳姏銆傛枃绔犵涓€娈垫彁鍑轰互寰€浜哄€戝皪(du矛)瑭插晱(w猫n)椤岀殑鐪嬫硶锛岀劧鍚庡紩鍑烘柊鐨勭爺绌剁祼(ji茅)鏋�锛涚浜屾鐢ㄤ竴浜涗簨渚嬩締(l谩i)璀夋槑绐佺櫦(f膩)澹撳姏灏�(du矛)浜庡鍏掓€у垾鐨勫奖闊匡紱绗笁娈�銆佺鍥涙璎涜堪Obel鍗氬＋瑾�(di脿o)鏌ョ爺绌惰〃鏄庢參鎬у鍔涘湪閫欐柟闈㈢殑褰遍熆锛涚浜旀灏�(du矛)Obel鍗氬＋鐨勭爺绌剁祼(ji茅)鏋滀綔浜嗕竴浜涜珫璀�锛涚鍏鏄皪(du矛)绗竴娈垫彁鍒扮殑鐝�(xi脿n)璞＄敤寰楀嚭鐨勭祼(ji茅)璜栧仛瑙ｉ噵銆�

瑭炲尟娉ㄩ噵锛�

enigma n. 璎� chronic adj. 闀�(zh菐ng)鏈熺殑锛屾寔绾�(x霉)鐨�

conception n. 鍙楃簿 fetus n. 鑳庡厭

questionnarie n. 瑾�(di脿o)鏌ヨ〃 quartile n. 鍥涘垎浣嶅€�

miscarry v. 娴佺敘(ch菐n) pathological adj. 鐥呯悊鐨�

strapping adj. 鍋夊哺鐨�锛岄瓉姊х殑

闆ｅ彞绐佺牬锛�

(1) Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.

[涓婚珨鍙ュ紡] A study revealed that鈥�

[绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽]閫欐槸涓€鍊�(g猫)寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞锛屼富瑾�(y菙)鍚庨潰鏄竴鍊�(g猫)閬�(gu貌)鍘诲垎瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)鍋氬畾瑾�(y菙)锛況evealed鍚庨潰鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞姣旇純寰�(f霉)闆�锛屽緸鍙ョ殑涓婚珨鍙ュ紡鐐簑omen or spouse were likely to 鈥�锛岀媭瑾�(y菙)涓璽hat 寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鐢ㄤ締(l谩i)淇＞time, 绗竴鍊�(g猫)涓昏獮(y菙)women鍚庢湁涓€鍊�(g猫)浠ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞銆�

[鍙ュ瓙璀枃] 銆傝€屼笖锛屽叓骞村墠濂х埦鑳℃柉澶у(xu茅)鐮旂┒鑰呭€戝仛鐨勪竴闋�(xi脿ng)鐮旂┒涔熻〃鏄庣稉(j墨ng)閬�(gu貌)浜嗙涓€鍊�(g猫)瀛╁瓙姝讳骸鐨勫│濂虫垨鍦ㄦ嚪瀛曟湡闁撶稉(j墨ng)姝烽亷(gu貌)涓€浜涚伣(z膩i)闆ｆ€х柧鐥呯殑澶│鏇存湁鍙兘鐢熷コ瀛�銆�

(2) If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.

[涓婚珨鍙ュ紡] If鈥� then selectively aborting boys鈥ould make sense.

[绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽] 閫欐槸涓€鍊�(g猫)甯舵湁姊濅欢鐙€瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勫京(f霉)鍚堝彞锛屼富瑾�(y菙)鐢辩従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ垎瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)妲�(g貌u)鎴�銆�

[鍙ュ瓙璀枃]濡傛灉姣嶈Κ鐨勫鍔涘皪(du矛)鑳庡厭鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曡捣浜嗙浉鍙嶇殑褰遍熆锛岄伕鎿囨€у湴灏囩敺瀛╂祦鐢�(ch菐n)锛岃€屼笉鏄氮璨�(f猫i)鏅�(sh铆)闁撳拰璩囨簮灏囦粬鍊戦(y菐ng)瓒虫湀锛岄偅涔堝氨鑳借(shu艒)鏄庨€�(j矛n)鍖栫殑鍟�(w猫n)椤屼簡銆�

椤岀洰鍒嗘瀽:

1. The author begins the passage by_____.

1. 浣滆€呭睍闁�(k膩i)閫欑瘒鏂囩珷涓€闁�(k膩i)濮媉____銆�

[A] presenting an argumentation

[A] 鎻愬嚭涓€鍊�(g猫)璜栭粸(di菐n)

[B] explaining a phenomenon

[B] 瑙ｉ噵涓€鍊�(g猫)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�

[C] raising a question

[C] 鎻愬嚭涓€鍊�(g猫)鍟�(w猫n)椤�

[D] making a comparison

[D] 鍋氫簡涓€鍊�(g猫)姣旇純

[绛旀]A

[闆ｅ害绯绘暩(sh霉)] 鈽�

[鍒嗘瀽]鎺ㄧ悊椤屻€備綔鑰呭湪鏂囩珷涓€闁�(k膩i)濮嬪氨鎸囧嚭鍦ㄥ瘜瑁曞湅(gu贸)瀹朵腑濠﹀コ鐢熺敺瀛╃殑姣旂巼姣旇钵绐湅(gu贸)瀹堕珮鍑�5%锛屼絾鐩墠閫欏€�(g猫)姣旂巼鍦ㄤ笅闄�锛屾湁瑷卞浜虹郸鍑鸿嚜宸辩殑瑙ｉ噵锛屼絾閮戒笉鑳借澶у瀷鐨勭爺绌舵墍璀夋槑锛岃€岀従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ張鏈夋柊鐨勮珫榛�(di菐n)锛屽氨鏄鍔涚殑浣滅敤銆傛帴涓嬩締(l谩i)鐨勫咕娈靛氨鏄皪(du矛)閫欏€�(g猫)璜栭粸(di菐n)鐨勮瓑瀵�(sh铆)?锛熸ⅱ?ji脿n)锛屼綔鑰呮槸浠ユ彁鍑轰竴鍊�(g猫)璜栭粸(di菐n)鐨勫舰寮忎締(l谩i)闁�(k膩i)濮嬮€欑瘒鏂囩珷鐨勩€�

2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____.

2.鍦ㄥ瘜瑁曞湅(gu贸)瀹朵腑鐢峰鐨勫嚭鐢熺巼涓嬮檷浜嗘槸鍥�?y脿n)闁�(k膩i)____銆�

[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact

[A] 2001骞�9鏈�11鏃ユ亹鎬栦富缇╄ゲ鎿婂付渚�(l谩i)浜嗗法澶х殑璨�(f霉)闈㈠奖闊�

[B] women are facing greater pressure than past

[B] 濠﹀コ鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄩ潰鑷ㄧ殑澹撳姏姣斾互鍓嶅ぇ

[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past

[C] 濠﹀コ鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄨ闈㈣嚚鏂扮殑澹撳姏锛岄€欐槸濂瑰€戜互鍓嶆矑(m茅i)鏈夐亣鍒伴亷(gu貌)鐨�

[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry

[D] 鎳蜂簡鐢峰鐨勫コ鎬ф洿鍔犲鏄撴祦鐢�(ch菐n)

[绛旀]B

[闆ｅ害绯绘暩(sh霉)] 鈽嗏槅鈽�

[鍒嗘瀽]鎺ㄧ悊椤�銆傞鍏圓閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鏄庨’鏄尟(cu貌)瑾ょ殑锛屽洜?y脿n)妾獲鍊�(g猫)褰遍熆鍙檺浜庣編鍦�(gu贸)锛屽苟涓嶅寘鎷墍鏈夌殑瀵岃鍦�(gu贸)瀹�銆侱涔熸槸閷�(cu貌)瑾ら伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛屽洜?y脿n)妲叉伡纰岃皰浜╂矁鍒戝铂鎼呰瘔@涓€榛�(di菐n)锛屼絾鏄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓嵒涓熸帀浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)閲嶈鍓嶆彁锛屼篃灏辨槸鍦ㄨ純澶х殑澹撳姏涓�锛屾嚪浜嗙敺瀛╃殑濂虫€ф墠鏇村姞瀹规槗娴佺敘(ch菐n)銆傞骞茶姹傛壘鍑哄瘜瑁曞湅(gu贸)瀹剁洰鍓嶇敺瀛╁嚭鐢熺巼涓嬮檷鐨勫師鍥�锛屾枃绔犳暣绡囬兘鍦ㄨ◣璜栧鍔涘皪(du矛)浜庡鍏掓€у垾鐨勪綔鐢�锛岃€屾渶鍚庝竴娈电殑鏈€鍚庝竴鍙ヨ┍浣滆€呮寚鍑�锛岀洰鍓嶉€欏€�(g猫)姣旂巼涓嬮檷鍙兘鏄洜?y脿n)妤﹁緣顥�?gu贸)瀹跺│濂崇従(xi脿n)鍦ㄦ壙鍙楃殑澹撳姏瑕佹瘮浠ュ墠澶�锛屼絾鏄矑(m茅i)鏈夎(shu艒)鏄庢湁鏂扮殑澹撳姏銆傚洜姝�锛岀瓟妗堢偤B銆�

3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel鈥檚 opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?

3.浠ヤ笅閭ｄ竴闋�(xi脿ng)鍙互瑙ｉ噵Obel鍗氬＋瑾�(r猫n)鐐烘渶鏍规湰鐨勫師鍥犳槸閬╂噳(y墨ng)鎬х殑鑰屼笉鏄敓鐞嗘€х殑閫欏€�(g猫)瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛�

[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.

[A]澹撳姏鏈€澶х殑鍥涙垚濠﹀コ47%鐢熻偛鐨勬槸鐢峰锛岃€屽鍔涙渶灏忕殑鍥涙垚濠﹀コ52%鐢熻偛鐨勬槸鐢峰銆�

[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys because they are more stressful

[B]瀵岃鍦�(gu贸)瀹剁殑濠﹀コ鐢熻偛鐢峰鐨勫咕鐜囨洿澶�锛屽洜?y脿n)妯楅交鍏姢鎯鸿壙鑶叉惟顜胯焼?

[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.

[C]濠﹀コ鍥�?y脿n)妤刮靛饱琛屾効?j矛ng)鐖�(zh膿ng)鑰岄伕鎿囧皣鐢峰娴佺敘(ch菐n)锛岃€屼笉鏄氮璨�(f猫i)鏅�(sh铆)闁撳拰椁�(y菐ng)鏂欏皣浠栧€戠櫦(f膩)鑲插畬鏁�銆�

[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.

[D]鍙楃簿鏈熺稉(j墨ng)姝蜂簡鐏�(z膩i)闆ｇ殑濠﹀コ鐢熻偛濂冲鐨勬瘮鐜囨洿澶�銆�

[绛旀]C

[闆ｅ害绯绘暩(sh霉)] 鈽嗏槅鈽�

[鍒嗘瀽]绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤�銆傜鍥涙涓彁鍒�锛孫bel鍗氬＋瑾�(r猫n)鐐哄皫(d菐o)鑷村コ鎬у湪闈㈣嚚澹撳姏鏅�(sh铆)鐢熷コ瀛╃殑骞剧巼鏇村ぇ锛屽叾鏍规湰鍘熷洜鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸閬╂噳(y墨ng)鎬х殑鍘熷洜鑰屼笉鏄敓鐞嗘€у師鍥�銆傜鍥涙鎻愬埌锛孫bel鎳风枒鏄叾鐩存帴鍘熷洜鏄潰鑷ㄥ鍔涙檪(sh铆)濡傛灉鎳峰瓡鐨勬槸鐢峰閭ｄ箞灏辨洿瀹规槗娴佺敘(ch菐n)銆傜穵鎺ヨ憲绗簲娈靛氨绲﹀嚭浜嗚В閲�锛岄偅灏辨槸鍦ㄨ硣婧愮穵缂虹殑鐢锋€х(j矛ng)鐖�(zh膿ng)绀炬渻(hu矛)涓紝寮卞皬鐨勭敺鎬ф洿瀹规槗琚倞绶ｅ寲锛岃娣樻卑锛岃€屽コ鎬у墖涓嶅瓨鍦ㄩ€欏€�(g猫)鍟�(w猫n)椤�锛屾墍浠ラ潰灏�(du矛)閫欑ó澹撳姏锛屽│濂崇敓鑲插瀛愭檪(sh铆)鏈�(hu矛)閬告搰灏囩敺瀣版祦鐢�(ch菐n)锛岄€欐槸涓€绋仼鎳�(y墨ng)鐠�(hu谩n)澧冪殑鍋氭硶銆傚洜姝�锛岀瓟妗堜腑C鏄彲浠ヨ(shu艒)鏄庝粬鐨勯€欏€�(g猫)瑙€榛�(di菐n)鐨�锛孉BD鍙槸涓€浜涜〃璞�銆�

4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____.

4.鍦ㄥ師濮嬬嫨鐛电ぞ鏈�(hu矛)涓�锛屽│濂崇敓鑲插コ鍏掔殑姣旂巼鏇村ぇ鏄洜?y脿n)闁�(k膩i)____銆�

[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense

[A] 浠栧€戜竴鑷磋獚(r猫n)鐐哄湪閫�(j矛n)鍖栫殑鎰忕京涓�锛岀敓濂冲厭鍦ㄦ湁鍒╃殑銆�

[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women

[B] 鍏掑瓙鏈�(hu矛)鍜屽咕浣嶅コ鎬т竴璧风敓鑲茶ū澶氬悗浠�

[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate

[C]浠栧€戣獚(r猫n)鐐哄コ鍏掑彧鍜屼竴鍊�(g猫)閰嶅伓鐢熷厭鑲插コ鏄竴鍊�(g猫)鏇村ソ鐨勫仛娉�

[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.

[D]浠栧€戣獚(r猫n)鐐哄皣鐢峰椁�(y菐ng)鑷宠冻鏈堟槸娴不(f猫i)鏅�(sh铆)闁撳拰璩囨簮鐨�銆�

[绛旀]D

[闆ｅ害绯绘暩(sh霉)] 鈽嗏槅鈽�

[鍒嗘瀽]鎺ㄧ悊椤�銆傛枃绔犵浜旀鎸囧嚭鍦ㄥ師濮嬬嫨鐛电ぞ鏈�(hu矛)涓�锛屽仴搴�銆佸挤(qi谩ng)澹殑鐢锋€у彲浠ュ拰骞句綅濂虫€т竴璧风箒娈栬ū澶氬悗浠�锛岃€屽急灏忕殑鍓囨渻(hu矛)琚倞绶ｅ寲鐢氳嚦鍦ㄧ敺鎬х(j矛ng)鐖�(zh膿ng)涓娈烘銆傚│濂冲湪鐢熻偛瀛╁瓙鏅�(sh铆)灏辨渻(hu矛)闈㈣嚚閫欐ǎ鐨勫鍔涳紝濂规洿鎯呮効灏囩敺瀣版祦鐢�(ch菐n)锛屼篃涓嶆効鎰忚姳璨�(f猫i)浜嗗姝ゅ鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁撳拰绮惧姏鍚庡皣鐢峰鐢熷嚭渚�(l谩i)锛屽嵒闈㈣嚚琚窐姹扮殑澹撳姏銆傚洜姝�锛屽湪鍘熷鐙╃嵉绀炬渻(hu矛)涓�锛屽コ瀛╁嚭鐢熺巼杓冮珮鐨勫師鍥犳槸鍥�?y脿n)闁禗濂崇敓鑲叉檪(sh铆)闈㈣嚚鐨勯€欑ó澹撳姏銆傜瓟妗堜腑锛孌鐐烘纰虹瓟妗�銆侫閬搁爡(xi脿ng)椤劧鏄尟(cu貌)瑾ょ殑锛屽師濮嬩汉涓嶆渻(hu矛)浠ラ€�(j矛n)鍖栫殑瑙€榛�(di菐n)鍘绘€濊€冨晱(w猫n)椤�銆侭閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鐨勮(shu艒)娉曞彧鏄竴鍊�(g猫)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛屽苟涓嶆槸椤屽共鐨勫師鍥�銆侰閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鐨勮(shu艒)娉曡垏鍘熸枃鐩稿弽銆�

5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____.

5.寰為€欑瘒鏂囩珷鎴戝€戝彲浠ュ緱鍑轰竴鍊�(g猫)绲�(ji茅)璜朹___銆�

[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.

[A]绐佺櫦(f膩)鐨勫鍔涙瘮鎸佺簩(x霉)鐨勫鍔涙洿鑳藉皫(d菐o)鑷村│濂抽伕鎿囧皣鐢峰娴佺敘(ch菐n)銆�

[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.

[B]濠﹀コ鎳峰瓡鏈熼枔缍�(j墨ng)鍙楀鍔�锛岀劇(w煤)璜栨槸绐佺櫦(f膩)鐨勯倓鏄寔绾�(x霉)鐨勶紝閮芥渻(hu矛)灏�(d菐o)鑷村鍏掓€у垾姣斾緥鍋忓悜濂冲銆�

[C] more girls will be born in the future because today鈥檚 women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.

[C] 鏈締(l谩i)鏈�(hu矛)鏈夋洿澶氱殑濂冲鍑虹敓锛屽洜?y脿n)妤滷(xi脿n)鍦ㄤ笉璜栨槸鍦ㄥ瘜瑁曞湅(gu贸)瀹堕倓鏄湪璨х鍦�(gu贸)瀹�锛屽コ鎬ч兘闈㈣嚚钁楄秺渚�(l谩i)瓒婂ぇ鐨勫鍔�銆�

[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women鈥檚 pregnancies.

[D]鍦ㄥ奖闊垮コ鎬ф嚪瀛曟柟闈㈡參鎬х殑澹撳姏鏇村叿鏈夋焙瀹氭€х殑浣滅敤銆�

[绛旀]B

[闆ｅ害绯绘暩(sh霉)] 鈽嗏槅鈽�

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