鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗堬紝閮ㄥ垎瀛�(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
銆€銆€鑻辫獮杓斿皫(d菐o)灏堝璩堟椽鍋夎€佸斧锛岄嚌灏�2010骞�鑰冪爺鑻辫獮鑻辫婕㈤儴鍒嗛€�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋愶紝2010鑰冪爺鑻辫獮鑻辫婕㈡枃绔犲爆鐠�(hu谩n)淇濊寖鐤�锛屾憳鑷埄濂ф尝寰�(Aldo Leopold)浜�1966骞村湪鐗涙触澶у(xu茅)鍑虹増鍑虹増鐨勩€婃矙閯�(xi膩ng)骞撮憭銆�(A Sand Country Almanac)涓殑鈥滃湡鍦板€悊鈥�(The Land Ethics)閮ㄥ垎锛屽叿楂斿湪鍘熸浉210闋併€傛湰椤屽共涓�锛屽嚭椤岃€呬篃鏄嫊閬庘€滃皬鎵嬭(sh霉)鈥濈殑锛屾瘮濡傦細绗竴娈电殑鍘熸枃鏄細鈥淥ne basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Wildflowers and songbirds are examples. Of the 22,000 higher plants and animals native to Wisconsin, it is doubtful whether more than 5 per cent can be sold, fed, eaten, or otherwise put to economic use. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance?锛佷繚顑�?j墨ng)閬庡姞宸ュ氨璁婃垚浜嗏€淥ne basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance?锛佷繚顑愵倯璇欐俯娓栧帵?锛屽熀鏈繚鎸佷簡鍘熶締鐨勬钀界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
銆€銆€椤屽共鑰冩煡鐨勬槸锛屽皣鏂囦腑5鍊嬪妰绶氳獮鍙ワ紝缈昏鎴愭饥瑾�?锛孎(xi脿n)灏遍€�5鍊嬪彞瀛�锛屾彁鍑烘垜鍊戠殑鍙冭€冪瓟妗堝涓嬶細
銆€銆€1. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤Scientist jump to the rescue.锛寃ith some distinctly shaky evidence妲�(g貌u)鎴恓ump鐨勪即闅ㄧ媭瑾烇紝to the effect that 鏄痚vidence鐨勫悓浣嶈獮寰炲彞銆傚皪浜庨€欏€嬪彞瀛愮殑缈昏锛岀湡鍙瑐鈥滀簲鑺卞叓闁€鈥�锛屽叾涓ぇ澶氶兘娌掓湁姝g⒑鐞嗚Вevidence銆乪ffect鍜屽悗闈㈠皬鍙ラ枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝灏辨槸闁撴垨鏈夌悊瑙g殑锛屾饥瑾炵殑琛ㄩ仈(d谩)涔熶笉鏄緢鎭扮暥(d膩ng)銆傞嚌灏嶉€欑ó鎯呮硜锛屾垜鍊戝槜瑭﹂噸鏂扮炕璀竴涓�銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冪瓟妗堬細绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺寙蹇欒稌渚嗘晳鎬�锛屼絾鎵€鎻愬嚭鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鏈夐粸鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧锛屽叾澶ф剰濡備笅锛氬鑻ユ矑鏈夐偿椤炲埗琛℃槅锜�锛屾槅锜插氨鏈冨悶鍣垜鍊戙€�
銆€銆€2. But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤We have drawn near the point锛屾铏昿oint鏃㈠彲浠ョ暥(d膩ng)绋嬪害锛屼篃鍙互鐣�(d膩ng)瑙€榛�銆傜暥(d膩ng)瑙€榛炶瑳鏅�锛屽叾鍚庣殑of admitting鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾炲仛瀹氳獮锛涚暥(d膩ng)绋嬪害璎涙檪锛宱f admiiting涔熶綔瀹氳獮锛岃〃绀轰汉鍊戝緸涓嶇悊槌ラ鐢熷瓨鍒版壙瑾�(r猫n)槌ラ鐢熷瓨娆�(qu谩n)鐨勯亷搴�銆傚悗闈㈢殑that.銆�.鏄痑dmit鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙�锛屼篃鍙互瑾槸瑙€榛炩€減oint鈥濈殑鍚屼綅瑾�锛況egardless of .銆�.鏄綔璁撴鐙€瑾炪€傜暥(d膩ng)绋嬪害鐞嗚В锛屽叾璀枃濡傚弮鑰冭鏂�锛岃€岀暥(d膩ng)瑙€榛炶瑳锛屽叾璀枃灏辨噳(y墨ng)鐐猴細鈥滀絾鎴戝€戣嚦灏戞洿鐐鸿獚(r猫n)鍚屼竴绋榛烇紝鍗虫壙瑾�(r猫n)锛氫笉璜栭偿椤炶兘鍚︾郸鎴戝€戝付渚嗙稉(j墨ng)婵熷埄鐩�锛岄兘鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬辜绾�(x霉)浜湁鍥烘湁鐨勭敓瀛樻瑠(qu谩n)銆傗€�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冪瓟妗堬細浣嗚嚦灏戞垜鍊戣繎涔庢壙瑾�(r猫n)锛氫笉璜栭偿椤炶兘鍚︾郸鎴戝€戝付渚嗙稉(j墨ng)婵熷埄鐩�锛岄兘鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬辜绾�(x霉)浜湁鍥烘湁鐨勭敓瀛樻瑠(qu谩n)銆�
銆€銆€3. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on 鈥渨orthless species銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤Time was when ...锛寃hen寮曞皫(d菐o)琛ㄨ獮寰炲彞锛屽叐鍊媡hat寰炲彞鏄痚vidence鐨勫苟鍒楀悓浣嶈獮寰炲彞銆傛敞鎰忥細overword鐐衡€滃弽寰�(f霉)瑾€�銆佲€滀笉鏂峰湴瑾€濊瑳銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鐢熺墿瀛�(xu茅)瀹舵浘涓€搴﹂噸鐢充竴鍊嬩簨瀵�锛屽嵆锛氶€欎簺鍕曠墿(鐚涚鍜屾按槌�)鎹曢寮卞皬鍕曠墿锛屾槸缍鐢熺墿閺堢殑骞宠 锛屾姂鎴栨槸浠栧€戝彧鎹曢鈥滅劇缍�(j墨ng)婵熷児鍊肩殑鐗╃ó鈥濄€�
銆€銆€4. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community锛寃here寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞淇>Europe锛屽厖鐣�(d膩ng)鍙ュ瓙鐨勫湴榛炵媭瑾烇紝鑰宼o be preserved as such, within reason鏄彞瀛愪富骞茬殑鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓璦s such鏄€滃悓妯b€濃€滀竴妯b€濈殑鎰忔€�锛屾寚璺熲€滅稉(j墨ng)婵熸ü绋€濇瘮杓�銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鍦ㄦ瓙娲�锛屾灄妤�(y猫)鐢熸厠(t脿i)鏇村姞鐧�(f膩)閬�(d谩)锛岄潪缍�(j墨ng)婵熸ü绋瑕栫偤鍘熷妫灄缇よ惤鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎锛屼篃鍚屾ǎ鍙楀埌鍚堢悊淇濊銆�
銆€銆€5. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning銆�
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