鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
銆€銆€鑻辫獮(y菙)杓斿皫(d菐o)灏�(zhu膩n)瀹惰硤娲亯鑰佸斧锛岄嚌灏�(du矛)2010骞�鑰冪爺鑻辫獮(y菙)鑻辫婕㈤儴鍒嗛€�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋�锛�2010鑰冪爺鑻辫獮(y菙)鑻辫婕㈡枃绔犲爆鐠�(hu谩n)淇濊寖鐤囷紝鎽樿嚜鍒╁ェ娉㈠痉(Aldo Leopold)浜�1966骞村湪鐗涙触澶у(xu茅)鍑虹増鍑虹増鐨勩€婃矙閯�(xi膩ng)骞撮憭銆�(A Sand Country Almanac)涓殑鈥滃湡鍦板€悊鈥�(The Land Ethics)閮ㄥ垎锛屽叿楂斿湪鍘熸浉(sh奴)210闋�(y猫)銆傛湰椤屽共涓�锛屽嚭椤岃€呬篃鏄嫊(d貌ng)閬�(gu貌)鈥滃皬鎵嬭(sh霉)鈥濈殑锛屾瘮濡傦細绗竴娈电殑鍘熸枃鏄細鈥淥ne basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Wildflowers and songbirds are examples. Of the 22,000 higher plants and animals native to Wisconsin, it is doubtful whether more than 5 per cent can be sold, fed, eaten, or otherwise put to economic use. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance銆傗€�锛岀稉(j墨ng)閬�(gu貌)鍔犲伐灏辫畩鎴愪簡鈥淥ne basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance?锛�?锛屼絾鍦ㄦ钀戒笂闈�锛屽熀鏈繚鎸佷簡鍘熶締(l谩i)鐨勬钀界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
銆€銆€椤屽共鑰冩煡鐨勬槸锛屽皣鏂囦腑5鍊�(g猫)鍔冪窔瑾�(y菙)鍙ワ紝缈昏鎴愭饥瑾�(y菙)?锛孎(xi脿n)灏遍€�5鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙锛屾彁鍑烘垜鍊戠殑鍙冭€冪瓟妗堝涓嬶細
銆€銆€1. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤Scientist jump to the rescue.锛寃ith some distinctly shaky evidence妲�(g貌u)鎴恓ump鐨勪即闅ㄧ媭瑾�(y菙)锛宼o the effect that 鏄痚vidence鐨勫悓浣嶈獮(y菙)寰炲彞銆傚皪(du矛)浜庨€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勭炕璀紝鐪熷彲璎傗€滀簲鑺卞叓闁€(m茅n)鈥�锛屽叾涓ぇ澶氶兘娌�(m茅i)鏈夋纰虹悊瑙vidence銆乪ffect鍜屽悗闈㈠皬鍙ラ枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝灏辨槸闁撴垨鏈夌悊瑙g殑锛屾饥瑾�(y菙)鐨勮〃閬�(d谩)涔熶笉鏄緢鎭扮暥(d膩ng)銆傞嚌灏�(du矛)閫欑ó鎯呮硜锛屾垜鍊戝槜瑭﹂噸鏂扮炕璀竴涓�銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冪瓟妗堬細绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺寙蹇欒稌渚�(l谩i)鏁戞€�锛屼絾鎵€鎻愬嚭鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鏈夐粸(di菐n)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧锛屽叾澶ф剰濡備笅锛氬鑻ユ矑(m茅i)鏈夐偿(ni菐o)椤�(l猫i)鍒惰 鏄嗚煵(ch贸ng)锛屾槅锜�(ch贸ng)灏辨渻(hu矛)鍚炲櫖鎴戝€�銆�
銆€銆€2. But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤We have drawn near the point锛屾铏昿oint鏃㈠彲浠ョ暥(d膩ng)绋嬪害锛屼篃鍙互鐣�(d膩ng)瑙€榛�(di菐n)銆傜暥(d膩ng)瑙€榛�(di菐n)璎涙檪(sh铆)锛屽叾鍚庣殑of admitting鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)鍋氬畾瑾�(y菙)锛涚暥(d膩ng)绋嬪害璎涙檪(sh铆)锛宱f admiiting涔熶綔瀹氳獮(y菙)锛岃〃绀轰汉鍊戝緸涓嶇悊槌�(ni菐o)椤�(l猫i)鐢熷瓨鍒版壙瑾�(r猫n)槌�(ni菐o)椤�(l猫i)鐢熷瓨娆�(qu谩n)鐨勯亷(gu貌)搴︺€傚悗闈㈢殑that.銆�.鏄痑dmit鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛屼篃鍙互瑾�(shu艒)鏄榛�(di菐n)鈥減oint鈥濈殑鍚屼綅瑾�(y菙)锛況egardless of .銆�.鏄綔璁撴鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆傜暥(d膩ng)绋嬪害鐞嗚В锛屽叾璀枃濡傚弮鑰冭鏂囷紝鑰岀暥(d膩ng)瑙€榛�(di菐n)璎�锛屽叾璀枃灏辨噳(y墨ng)鐐猴細鈥滀絾鎴戝€戣嚦灏戞洿鐐鸿獚(r猫n)鍚屼竴绋榛�(di菐n)锛屽嵆鎵胯獚(r猫n)锛氫笉璜栭偿(ni菐o)椤�(l猫i)鑳藉惁绲︽垜鍊戝付渚�(l谩i)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鍒╃泭锛岄兘鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬辜绾�(x霉)浜湁鍥烘湁鐨勭敓瀛樻瑠(qu谩n)銆傗€�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冪瓟妗堬細浣嗚嚦灏戞垜鍊戣繎涔庢壙瑾�(r猫n)锛氫笉璜栭偿(ni菐o)椤�(l猫i)鑳藉惁绲︽垜鍊戝付渚�(l谩i)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鍒╃泭锛岄兘鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬辜绾�(x霉)浜湁鍥烘湁鐨勭敓瀛樻瑠(qu谩n)銆�
銆€銆€3. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on 鈥渨orthless species銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤T(m茅n)ime was when ...锛寃hen寮曞皫(d菐o)琛ㄨ獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛屽叐鍊�(g猫)that寰炲彞鏄痚vidence鐨勫苟鍒楀悓浣嶈獮(y菙)寰炲彞銆傛敞鎰忥細overword鐐衡€滃弽寰�(f霉)瑾�(shu艒)鈥濄€佲€滀笉鏂峰湴瑾�(shu艒)鈥濊瑳銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鐢熺墿瀛�(xu茅)瀹舵浘涓€搴﹂噸鐢充竴鍊�(g猫)浜嬪(sh铆)锛屽嵆锛氶€欎簺鍕�(d貌ng)鐗�(鐚涚鍜屾按槌�(ni菐o))鎹曢寮卞皬鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╋紝鏄董璀�(h霉)鐢熺墿閺堢殑骞宠 锛屾姂鎴栨槸浠栧€戝彧鎹曢鈥滅劇(w煤)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鍍�(ji脿)鍊肩殑鐗╃ó鈥濄€�
銆€銆€4. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community锛寃here寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞淇>Europe锛屽厖鐣�(d膩ng)鍙ュ瓙鐨勫湴榛�(di菐n)鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛岃€宼o be preserved as such, within reason鏄彞瀛愪富骞茬殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓璦s such鏄€滃悓妯b€濃€滀竴妯b€濈殑鎰忔€�锛屾寚璺熲€滅稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)妯�(sh霉)绋€濇瘮杓�銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鍦ㄦ瓙娲诧紝鏋楁キ(y猫)鐢熸厠(t脿i)鏇村姞鐧�(f膩)閬�(d谩)锛岄潪缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)妯�(sh霉)绋瑕栫偤鍘熷妫灄缇よ惤鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎锛屼篃鍚屾ǎ鍙楀埌鍚堢悊淇濊(h霉)銆�
銆€銆€5. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning銆�
銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)濡備笅锛氫富骞茬偤It tends to ignore and to eliminate....,鍏╁€�(g猫)that鍒嗗垾浣滅偤elements鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)锛屽悗鑰呭叿鏈夎綁(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯汇€傜炕璀腑锛岀壒鍒ユ槸缈昏鑰冭│涓�锛岃€屼笖鐗瑰垾鏄€欑ó鍔冪窔瑾�(y菙)鍙ョ殑缈昏椤�锛岀炕璀檪(sh铆)锛屼竴瀹氳鎶婅嫳瑾�(y菙)鍙ュ瓙涓殑浠h閭勫師锛屽惁鍓囪鏂囨矑(m茅i)鏈変笂涓嬫枃锛屾剰鎬濆氨涓嶅畬鏁�锛岄€欎篃鏄炕璀鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鑰冨療榛�(di菐n)銆傞€欏彞涓�锛屾秹鍙婂埌涓€鍊�(g猫)it锛岀郴鍓嶆寚涓婃枃鐨刟 system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest(涓€鍊�(g猫)鍩轰簬鍒╁繁鍒╃泭鐨勪繚璀�(h霉)楂斿埗)銆傛澶�锛岄倓瑕佹敞鎰忕祼(ji茅)鍚堣獮(y菙)澧冧締(l谩i)鐞嗚Вelement鐨勬剰鎬�锛岄€欓噷鍙兘宸叉垚鐗╃ó锛屾洿濂藉惂锛�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細
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鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘�锛岃珛(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠h〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹�銆佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€�銆佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹广€�