鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
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銆€銆€鍖椾含鏂版澅鏂瑰(xu茅)鏍� 鍞愰潨 涓�
銆€銆€One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its inteyrity, they are entitled to continuance銆�
銆€銆€When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing. 46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them. The evideuce had to be economic in order to be valid銆�
銆€銆€It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet, 47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�
銆€銆€A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. 48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on 鈥渨orthless species銆�
銆€銆€Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. 49)In europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason銆�
銆€銆€To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts, It tends to relegate to government many functions eventually too large, too complex, or too widely dispersed to be performed by government銆�
銆€銆€46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them銆�
銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�
銆€銆€1.鏁村€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勪富骞茬祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄痵cientists jumped to the rescue锛岄€欓噷鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)寰堢敓鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)瑭瀓umped锛岀洿鎺ョ炕璀殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥滆烦钁椻€�锛屽紩鐢崇偤鈥滆稌绶�锛屾€ュ繖锛岃繀閫熼噰鍙栬鍕�(d貌ng)鈥�銆俁escue鏄€滄晳鎻�锛屾彺鍔┾€濈殑鎰忔€濓紝鎵€浠�锛屽嵆浣垮悓瀛�(xu茅)鍊戜笉鐭ラ亾鈥渢o the rescue鈥濇湰韬槸涓€鍊�(g猫)缈�(x铆)鎱g敤娉曚篃鐭ラ亾鎬庝箞缈昏锛氱瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺€戞€ュ繖渚嗘尳鏁戦€欑ó灞€闈紱鎴栬€呯炕璀偤锛岀瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚嗘晳鎻淬€�
銆€銆€2.With some distinctly shaky evidence鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾炰綔鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓湁涓€鍊�(g猫)姣旇純鏍稿績鐨勮硴瑾炶evidence(璀夋摎(j霉))锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍠鍦�鑰冪爺缈昏20渚嗕腑鑰冮亷鍏╂锛屽垎鍒ュ嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍦�95骞�73椤屽拰99骞寸殑73椤�銆傛墍浠ヤ粙瑭瀢ith鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬炕璀偤鈥滅敤锛屼娇鐢ㄢ€濓紝鍥�?y脿n)姗勬寷棣乪瑾炴槸鈥滆瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾墍浠ユ槸鈥滀娇鐢ㄨ瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾渶濂戒笉瑕佺炕璀偤鈥滃付钁楄瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�銆傝€宔vidence鍓嶉潰鐨勪慨椋捐獮distinctly閫欏€�(g猫)瑭烇紝鏄€滄竻妤氬湴锛岀⒑瀵�(sh铆)鍦帮紝鏄庨’鍦扳€�锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍠鍦ㄨ€冪爺缈昏2003骞�63椤岃€冮亷锛屽湪鏈彞瑭变腑锛屽畠淇>褰㈠瑭瀞haky銆係haky鏄嫊(d貌ng)瑭瀞hake(鎼栧嫊(d貌ng))鐨勫舰瀹硅锛屾剰鎬濇槸鈥滀笉绌�(w臎n)鍥虹殑锛屾悥鏅冪殑鈥�锛屽湪鏈彞瑭变腑瀹冧慨椋锯€滆瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥濓紝瑾槑鈥滆瓑鎿�(j霉)绔欎笉浣忚叧鈥�銆�
銆€銆€鎵€浠ラ€欏€�(g猫)閮ㄥ垎鍚堣捣渚嗗彲浠ョ炕璀偤锛氱瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺€戜娇鐢ㄤ竴浜涙槑椤珯涓嶄綇鑵崇殑璀夋摎(j霉)锛屾€ユ€ュ繖蹇欒稌渚嗘晳鎻�?锛涜洏鍜儴姊㈢伨鑻噧顓恎鐐猴細绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚嗘尳鏁戦€欑ó灞€闈�锛屼粬鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧銆�
銆€銆€3.to the effect that... 閫欏€�(g猫)鐭獮鏄暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鏈€闆g炕璀殑閮ㄥ垎銆侲ffect閫欏€�(g猫)瑭炲€掍笉闆o紝鑰冪爺缈昏鑰冮亷浜嗗緢澶氭锛岄倓鑰冮亷閫欏€�(g猫)鍠鐨勪笉鍚屽舰寮忕殑瑭炴€�锛屾瘮濡俥ffective銆備絾閬烘喚鐨勬槸锛屽ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)鍚屽(xu茅)骞句箮娌掓湁鎺屾彙閫欏€�(g猫)鐭獮鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥渨ith the meaning鈥�锛岀炕璀垚婕㈣獮灏辨槸锛氣€滃ぇ鎰忔槸锛屾剰鎬濇槸瑾�.銆�?锛佽竟@妯g殑鎰忔€濄€�
銆€銆€4.insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them鏄痶o the effect that.銆�銆傛墍甯剁殑寰炲彞锛屾湰韬篃鏄竴鍊�(g猫)寰�(f霉)闆滃彞锛屼絾鏄緢濂界炕璀紝绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨�(ji菐n)鍠�锛屾剰缇╂竻鏅般€備絾鏄繀闋堣鎸囧嚭鍏╅粸(di菐n)銆傚叾涓€锛宔at us up锛屽彲浠ョ洿璀偤鈥滄妸鎴戝€戝悆鍏夆€濓紝鍥�?y脿n)闂坔瑾炶獮瑷€鏈韩涓嶅叿鏈夐倧杓�锛屾瘮濡傛饥瑾炴垜鍊戝彲浠ヨ鈥滀粬浠婂ぉ鎶婃垜鍚冨灝浜嗏€斺€旇█涓嬩箣鎰忔槸锛氭垜璜�(q菒ng)瀹紝浠栦粖澶╁悆寰楀鐚�锛屽児(ji脿)鏍奸倓寰堣泊鈥濓紱鎵€浠ラ€欏€�(g猫)璀枃鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸姝g⒑鐨�銆備絾鏄€滆煵瀛愭槸涓嶈兘鍚冧汉鐨勨€�锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠ョ偤鏈€濂界炕璀偤锛氬悆鍏変竴鍒囨澅瑗�銆傚叾浜�锛宖ail閫欏€�(g猫)瑭烇紝鍗冭惉涓嶈缈昏鐐衡€滃け鏁椻€�锛屽彲浠ョ炕璀偤鈥滀笉鑳藉仛.銆�銆傗€�銆傜暥(d膩ng)鐒讹紝浠hthem琛�(sh霉)瑾炵涓変汉绋变唬瑭�锛屾渶濂芥寚浠f槑纰猴紝瀹冩寚鐨勬槸鍓嶉潰鐨勯€欎簺鈥滆煵瀛愨€�銆�
銆€銆€鍙冭€冭鏂囷細
銆€銆€绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺€戣繀閫熻稌渚嗘尳鏁戦€欑ó灞€闈�锛屼粬鍊戜娇鐢ㄧ殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏄庨’绔欎笉浣忚叧锛屽ぇ鎰忔槸瑾細濡傛灉槌ヤ笉鑳芥帶鍒堕€欎簺锜插瓙锛岃煵瀛愬氨鏈�(hu矛)鍚冨厜涓€鍒囥€�
銆€銆€47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us銆�
銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽锛�
銆€銆€1.鍔冪窔閮ㄥ垎鏄暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勫悗鍗婂€�(g猫)骞跺垪鍙�锛屽墠闈㈤倓鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)灏忓彞瀛愶紝鎰忔€濇槸瑾細鎴戝€戦倓涓嶅叿鏈変竴绋湡鍦板€悊鎰忚瓨(sh铆)銆侭ut骞跺垪浜嗗悗鍗婂€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙銆俉e have at least drawn nearer the point鏄富骞查儴鍒�锛屾瘮杓冨ソ缈昏锛氭垜鍊戞洿璧风⒓鎺ヨ繎浜嗕竴榛�(di菐n)锛屽緱鍑轰簡涓€绋榛�(di菐n)銆�
銆€銆€2.of admitting鈥︽槸涓€鍊�(g猫)of鐭獮锛屼慨椋惧墠闈㈢殑鈥滆榛�(di菐n)鈥濓紱浣嗘槸鐢变簬admitting鍚庨潰閭勫付浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)寰堥暦(zh菐ng)鐨則hat璩撹獮寰炲彞锛屾墍浠ョ炕璀殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欙紝鍗冭惉涓嶈鎶妎f admitting閫欏€�(g猫)鐭獮鍚庨潰閮ㄥ垎缈昏鍒扳€滆榛�(di菐n)鈥濆墠闈�銆傞€欑ó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽湪2008骞�46椤屼篃鍑虹従(xi脿n)閬�锛屼篃鏄垜鍦�09骞村勾搴︾殑寮�(qi谩ng)鍖栨矕鍒虹瓑鐝笂寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)寰楁瘮杓冨鐨勪竴榛�(di菐n)鍟忛?锛熸ⅱ鐏捐嫰褰辫2f鈥﹀悗闈㈤儴鍒嗙炕璀湪鈥滆榛�(di菐n)鈥濆悗闈紝鐢ㄤ竴鍊�(g猫)鍐掕櫉(h脿o)闅旈枊鍗冲彲銆�
銆€銆€3.that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right鏄湰鍙ユ渶闆g炕璀殑閮ㄥ垎锛岄棞(gu膩n)閸垫湁涓€鍊�(g猫)intrinsic閫欏€�(g猫)鍠锛屽彲鑳藉ソ澶氬悓瀛�(xu茅)涓嶈獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)锛屽畠鏄€滄湰韬殑锛屽浐鏈夌殑锛屽収(n猫i)鍦ㄧ殑鈥濈瓑鎰忔€�銆傞€欏€�(g猫)鍠鏄嚭椤屼汉鏀瑰鍑轰締鐨�銆傚ぇ瀹跺彲浠ョ湅鍒�锛屾垜鏄ㄥぉ鎻愪緵鐨勬潕?yu脿n)W甯曞瀵殑銆婃矙閮℃鏈堛€嬪師鏇镐腑涓嶆槸鐢ㄧ殑閫欏€�(g猫)瑭�锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鍦ㄩ€欓噷鏈夊緢澶х殑鏀瑰銆傜◢寰洖鏈斾竴涓嬪師鏂囧氨鐭ラ亾锛屽湪绗竴娈靛氨鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗏€淵et these creatures are members of the biotic community and鈥︹€�锛屾墍浠ラ€欓噷鐨勯偿椤炵殑鍥烘湁娆�(qu谩n)鍒╂槸鎸囧叾鈥滃浐鏈夌殑浣滅偤涓€绋敓鐗╃墿绋殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒┾€�銆傞€欐ǎ鐨勮┍锛岄€欏€�(g猫)閮ㄥ垎灏卞彲浠ョ炕璀偤锛氶偿椤炴噳(y墨ng)瑭茬辜绾�(x霉)浜湁鍏朵綔鐐轰竴绋敓鐗╃墿绋浐鏈夌殑娆�(qu谩n)鍒�銆�
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