銆€銆€缈昏闆栫劧鍦�鑰冪爺鑻辫獮瑭﹀嵎涓彧鏈�10鍒�锛屼絾涔熸槸涓€鍊�(g猫)涓嶅ぇ涓嶅皬鐨勭郴绲�(t菕ng)宸ョ▼銆傛秹鍙婂埌闀峰彞鍒囧垎锛岃缇╁垽鏂凤紝鎸囦唬锛屽璀�锛岃鍕�(d貌ng)瑾炴厠(t脿i)锛岃獮搴忚(di脿o)鏁�锛� 鍚勭ó寰炲彞鐨勮檿鐞嗙瓑涓€绯诲垪鍟忛銆傚湪閫欎簺鍟忛鐣�(d膩ng)涓紝灏ゅ叾閲嶈鐨勬槸瑭炵京鐨勬簴(zh菙n)纰虹炕璀�銆傚緢澶氬悓瀛�(xu茅)鍦ㄨ€冭│涓渻(hu矛)鎰熷埌闀峰彞涓殑瑭炵京寰堥洠鍒ゆ柗锛屽嵆浣挎槸涓€浜涜儗鍠姣旇純濂界殑鍚屽(xu茅)锛屼篃缍�(j墨ng)甯稿垽鏂蜂笉濂藉柈瑭炲湪鍙ュ瓙涓殑鍏烽珨鎰忕京銆傞€欎富瑕佹槸鍥�?y脿n)姗涒拕Z瑭炵京闈堟椿锛岀獊鍑鸿〃鐝�(xi脿n)鐐哄缇�(polysemy)锛岃嫳瑾炶鍖湪寰堝ぇ绋嬪害涓婅渚濇摎(j霉)涓婁笅鏂囬棞(gu膩n)绯昏€屽畾锛屽皪(du矛)浜庤獮澧冧緷璩村緢澶�锛岀崹(d煤)绔嬫€ц純灏�?锛孎(xi脿n)鍦ㄦ垜鍊戠敤骞鹃亾姝峰勾鐪熼渚嗙郸澶у?gu墨)顮抍(di菐n)寤鸿锛�

銆€銆€涓€銆� 鍒嗘瀽瑾炲

銆€銆€(1999,71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past銆�

銆€銆€1999骞寸炕璀�71鍙ュ嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)澶у鐪嬩笂鍘讳技涔庨兘瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鐨勮鈥渞ecreate鈥�锛岀敱浜庤€冪敓閮界啛鎮夆€渃reate鈥濇槸鍓�(chu脿ng)閫犵殑鎰忔€�锛屸€渞ecreate鈥濊嚜鐒跺氨鎴愪簡鈥滃啀鍓�(chu脿ng)閫犫€濄€傚緢澶氳€冪敓鐩存帴缈昏鎴愪簡姝峰彶瀛�(xu茅)瀹惰鈥滃啀鍓�(chu脿ng)閫犳鍙蹭笂鐨勯噸澶т簨浠垛€�锛岄’鐒�锛屾鍙插(xu茅)瀹舵槸涓嶈兘澶犲啀鍓�(chu脿ng)閫犳鍙茬殑锛屼粬鍊戝彧鑳解€滈噸鐝�(xi脿n)鈥濇鍙蹭腑鐨勯噸澶т簨浠�銆�

銆€銆€鎴戝€�?c猫)璩牅绾�?003骞寸73椤岋細(2001,73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place銆傞€欏彞瑭变腑鐨刾ieced together鏄粈涔堟剰鎬�锛熷悓瀛�(xu茅)鐪嬪埌鈥減iece鈥�锛屽張鐪嬪埌鈥渢ogether鈥濅竴鑸湁鍏╃ó鍒ゆ柗锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)鏄€滄嫾婀娾€�锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)鏄€滃尟闆嗏€濄€傚摢涓€鍊�(g猫)鏄纰虹殑锛岄€欏氨瑕佸垽鏂蜂綔鑰呯殑鎱�(t脿i)搴︿簡銆傛垜鍊戝緸鏂囩珷涓湅涓嶅嚭浣滆€呭皪(du矛)Pearson鏈変换浣曞惁瀹氱殑鎱�(t脿i)搴︼紝鎵€浠ユ噳(y墨ng)瑭茬炕璀垚鈥滃尟闆嗏€�銆侾earson鍖泦浜嗗叏涓栫晫涓婄櫨鍊�(g猫)绉戝(xu茅)瀹剁殑鈥渨ork鈥濓紝閫欓噷鐨勨€渨ork鈥濆鏋滅炕璀垚宸ヤ綔锛岄’鐒朵笉绗﹀悎婕㈣獮鐨勮〃閬�(d谩)缈�(x铆)鎱ｏ紝鈥滃尟闆嗏€濈殑涓嶈兘鏄伐浣滆€屾噳(y墨ng)瑭叉槸鈥滅爺绌舵垚鏋溾€�銆備笅闈㈢殑鈥減roduce鈥濅篃鏄竴鍊�(g猫)鍟忛锛屽鏋滅炕璀垚鈥滅敓鐢�(ch菐n)浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)鏃ユ鈥濓紝浼间箮鍦ㄨ閫欏€�(g猫)绉戝(xu茅)瀹朵笅娴风稉(j墨ng)鍟嗕簡锛屾墍浠ユ渶濂界炕璀垚鈥滅爺绌讹紝鐮斿埗鈥濈瓑銆�

銆€銆€寰炰笂闈㈢殑渚嬪瓙鎴戝€戝彲浠ョ湅鍑猴紝瑭炵京鐨勫垽鏂锋湁鏅�(sh铆)涓嶆槸澶氳儗骞惧€�(g猫)鍠瑙ｉ噵灏辫兘澶犺В姹虹殑锛屼笂闈㈠咕鍊�(g猫)瑭炴亹鎬曡€冪敓鍦ㄨ儗鍠鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊欓兘鏈�(hu矛)瑕哄緱娌掓湁蹇呰鑳�锛屽洜姝ゆ垜鍊戦渶瑕佸湪寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)涓缓绔嬩竴绋繁鍒荤殑瑾炲鎰忚瓨(sh铆)銆�

銆€銆€浜屻€� 鎶借薄鑸囧叿楂�

銆€銆€鎴戝€戠湅鐪�2001骞寸涓€椤岋細(2001锛�71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend銆�

銆€銆€閫欏彞瑭变腑鐨勨€渄isable 鈥濊垏鈥渙ffend鈥濇€庢ǎ缈昏锛熸湁鐨勫悓瀛�(xu茅)鎶娾€渄isable鈥濈炕璀垚鈥滄畼鐤锯€�銆佲€滀娇涓嶈兘鈥�锛涒€渙ffend鈥濈炕璀垚鈥滃啋鐘€濓紝鍚庡崐閮ㄥ垎鍓囩炕璀垚浜嗏€滄薄鏌撶洠(ji膩n)鎺у櫒鍦ㄥ皬姹借粖鍐掔姱鏅�(sh铆)鏈�(hu矛)浣垮皬姹借粖涓嶈兘鈥�锛岄€欓’鐒舵槸涓嶉€氶爢鐨�銆傝鐞嗚В濂介€欏彞瑭�锛屽ぇ瀹舵噳(y墨ng)瑭蹭簡瑙ｈ嫳瑾炶〃閬�(d谩)涓殑涓€鍊�(g猫)鐗归粸(di菐n)锛岄偅灏辨槸鑻辫獮缍�(j墨ng)甯告渻(hu矛)鐢ㄤ竴鍊�(g猫)鎰忕京鎶借薄鐨勮渚嗚〃閬�(d谩)鏌愮ó鍏烽珨姒傚康锛屾瘮濡傦細鈥淗e is a valuable acquisition to the team?锛�?閫欓噷鐨勨€渁cquisition鈥濇湰鎰忔槸鈥滅嵅寰椻€濓紝鑷充簬瑾扮嵅寰椾粈涔堝苟涓嶆竻妤�锛岃缇╂瘮杓冩娊璞�銆傝€岀炕璀檪(sh铆)灏遍渶瑕佸叿楂斿寲锛岃娓呮鍏烽珨鎰忕京锛岃鎴愨€滀粬鏄┎鐞冮殜(du矛)涓嶅彲澶氬緱鐨勬柊闅�(du矛)鍝�?锛�?閭ｄ箞鏈彞涓殑鈥渄isable涓嶈兘鈥� 绌剁珶鏄粈涔堜娇浠€涔堜笉鑳芥€庢ǎ锛熼’鐒讹紝鏄薄鏌撶洠(ji膩n)鎺у櫒浣垮皬姹借粖涓嶈兘琛屼娇锛岃€屸€滈仌鍙嶁€濇槸鎬庢ǎ鐨勪竴绋叿楂旀儏娉佸憿锛熸槸灏忔苯杌婇仌鍙嶄簡姹℃煋鐩�(ji膩n)鎺у櫒锛屾墍浠ュ叾鎰忕京鏄帓姹¤秴妯�(bi膩o)銆�

銆€銆€鎴戝€戝張涓€娆＄湅鍒帮紝缈昏涓殑鍠鎰忕京鍒ゆ柗鏄笉鑳藉彧闈犺儗鍠鏅�(sh铆)澶氳儗骞惧€�(g猫)缇╅爡(xi脿ng)灏辫兘瑙ｆ焙鐨�銆傛矑鏈夊摢鏈柈瑭炴浉鏈�(hu矛)瑾�(r猫n)鐐篸isable鏈夊皬姹借粖鍋滄鐨勬剰鎬�锛宱ffend鏈韩鐣�(d膩ng)鐒朵篃娌掓湁鎺掓薄瓒呮(bi膩o)鐨勬剰鎬�銆傞€欐鏄垜鍊戝父瑾殑涓€鍙ヨ┍锛氳鐒℃湰缇�锛岀京闅ㄤ汉鐢熴€�

銆€銆€涓�銆� 绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎰忕京灏�(du矛)绋�

銆€銆€鎴戝€戜締鐪嬬湅2002骞寸62椤岋細(2002,62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find銆傞€欓噷鐨勨€渆xplanatory items鈥濇湁鐨勫悓瀛�(xu茅)涓嶈獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鈥渋tems鈥�锛岃獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鐨勫悓瀛�(xu茅)鐩存帴缈昏鎴愨€滆В閲嬬殑闋�(xi脿ng)鐩€�锛屼篃鏄笉绗﹀悎婕㈣獮琛ㄩ仈(d谩)缈�(x铆)鎱ｇ殑銆備絾濡傛灉鎴戝€戣兘澶犵櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鈥渢he explanatory items鈥� 鍜屽悗闈㈢殑鈥渙ther kinds of explanations鈥� 褰㈡垚浜嗕竴绋祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓婄殑灏�(du矛)绋�锛屽氨寰堝鏄撳垽鏂峰叾鎰忕京鏄€滀竴浜涜В閲嬧€�锛岃€屼笉鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茬‖璀偤鈥滀竴浜涜В閲嬬殑闋�(xi脿ng)鐩€�銆�

銆€銆€鍐嶇湅鍏╁€�(g猫)渚嬪瓙锛�(1999锛�73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study銆�(1996锛�75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance銆�

銆€銆€1999骞�73椤屼腑鐨刟dditional鑰冪敓鑳屽柈瑭炴檪(sh铆)瑷樼殑鎰忔€濅竴鑸槸鈥滈澶栫殑鈥�锛屸€滃鍔犫€濈殑锛屼絾鍦ㄦ湰鍙ョ殑瑾炲涓�锛屽ぇ瀹跺鏋滆兘澶犵櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)瀹冭垏鍓嶉潰鐨勨€渢raditional鍌崇当(t菕ng)鐨勨€濆舰鎴愪簡灏�(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽氨鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉妸瀹冪炕璀垚鈥滄柊鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鈥濄€傚悓妯ｉ亾鐞�锛�1996骞�75椤屼腑鐨� 鈥渟ubject鈥濇剰缇╅潪甯稿锛屼絾濡傛灉鍜屽墠闈㈢殑鈥渇orm褰㈠紡鈥濆舰鎴愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎰忕京灏�(du矛)绋憋紝灏辨噳(y墨ng)瑭茬炕璀垚鈥滃収(n猫i)瀹光€濇垨鈥滃皪(du矛)璞♀€�銆�

銆€銆€鍥�銆� 鍙ュ灏嬫壘绶氱储

銆€銆€鍦ㄨ€冪爺缈昏閬庣▼涓�锛屽緢澶氬悓瀛�(xu茅)鐢变簬鏅�(sh铆)闁撻棞(gu膩n)绯讳笉鑳藉浠旂窗(x矛)闁辫畝闈炲妰绶氶儴鍒�銆備絾濡傛灉鎴戝€戝皪(du矛)鏌愪簺瑭炵京鍒ゆ柗涓嶅ソ锛屽線寰€鍦ㄦ湭鍔冪窔閮ㄥ垎鏈�(hu矛)鎵惧埌涓€浜涚窔绱�銆�

銆€銆€姣斿2007骞�46椤岋細 Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. 閫欏彞瑭变腑鐨勨€渋n such institutions 鈥濇槸浠€涔堬紵鍥�?y脿n)姗涘皬鐨妘ch鈥濋€欏€�(g猫)瑭�锛屾墍浠ュ墠闈㈡噳(y墨ng)瑭叉彁閬�锛屽洜姝ゆ垜鍊�?n猫i)銉囨噴瀣�?锛�?hu矛)鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鈥渋n such institutions鈥濇寚鐨勫氨鏄€渋n universities鈥�銆傚啀姣斿2001骞寸74椤屽嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗏€渕an-machine integration鈥濓紝濡傛灉涓嶈獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆) 鈥渋ntegration鈥�锛屾垜鍊�?c猫)璇掓彧娣濇噴閺�?hu矛)鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鈥渃omputer-human links鈥�锛岄€欐ǎ鎴戝€戝氨鍙互鍒ゆ柗鍏舵剰缇╃偤鈥滀汉姗�(j墨)涓€楂斿寲锛屼汉姗�(j墨)鑱�(li谩n)鍚堚€�銆�

銆€銆€鐢氳嚦涓€浜涘皥鏈夊悕瑭炰篃鑳藉湪鏈妰绶氶儴鍒嗗緱鍒拌В閲嬶細

銆€銆€濡� 2003椤�65锛歍hus, the anthropological concept of 鈥渃ulture鈥�锛宭ike the concept of 鈥渟et鈥� in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding銆�

銆€銆€閫欓噷鐨勨€渁nthropological鈥濆湪鏂囩珷鐨勭浜屾宸茬稉(j墨ng)绲﹀嚭浜嗚В閲嬶細鈥淎nthropology鈥� derives from the Greek words 鈥渁nthropos鈥濃€斺€渉uman鈥� and logos 鈥渢he study of?锛佽杽?/p>

銆€銆€鍐嶅1998骞�72椤岋細The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 

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