銆€銆€Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet銆�

銆€銆€It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K銆�

銆€銆€Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush鈥檚 predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chr茅tien and Koizumi). The world鈥檚 three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world鈥檚 five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht)銆�

銆€銆€Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly銆�

銆€銆€The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them銆�

銆€銆€26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? 

銆€銆€[A] A kind of overlooked inequality銆�

銆€銆€[B] A type of conspicuous bias銆�

銆€銆€[C] A type of personal prejudice銆�

銆€銆€[D] A kind of brand discrimination銆�

銆€銆€27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

銆€銆€[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. 

銆€銆€[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman. 

銆€銆€[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies鈥� names銆�

銆€銆€[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize銆�

銆€銆€28. The 4th paragraph suggests that

銆€銆€[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students銆�

銆€銆€[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. 

銆€銆€[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students. 

銆€銆€[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight銆�

銆€銆€29. What does the author mean by 鈥渕ost people are literally having a ZZZ鈥� (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)锛�

銆€銆€[A] They are getting impatient銆�

銆€銆€[B] They are noisily dozing off銆�

銆€銆€[C] They are feeling humiliated銆�

銆€銆€[D] They are busy with word puzzles銆�

銆€銆€30. Which of the following is true according to the text?

銆€銆€[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated銆�

銆€銆€[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism銆�

銆€銆€[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go銆�

銆€銆€[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias銆�

銆€銆€鍚嶅斧瑙ｆ瀽

銆€銆€26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?

銆€銆€浣滆€呯敤鈥淎AAA姹借粖鈥濆拰鈥淶odiac姹借粖鈥濅締渚嬭瓑浠€涔�锛�

銆€銆€[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.  鏌愮ó琚拷瑕栫殑涓嶅钩绛�銆�

銆€銆€[B] A type of conspicuous bias.  鏌愮ó椤€屾槗瑕嬬殑鍋忚銆�

銆€銆€[C] A type of personal prejudice.  鏌愮ó鍊嬩汉鐨勫亸瑕�銆�

銆€銆€[D] A kind of brand discrimination.  鏌愮ó鍝佺墝涓婄殑姝ц銆�

銆€銆€銆愮瓟妗堛€� A

銆€銆€銆愯€冮粸(di菐n)銆� 鍒ゆ柗椤�銆�

銆€銆€銆愬垎鏋愩€� 鏈鑰冩煡浣滆€呯殑瀵綔鎰忓湒锛屽嵆浣滆€呯敤閫欏叐鍊嬩緥瀛愯│鍦栦締璀夋槑浠€涔堝晱椤�銆傞€氬父浜哄€戝彧鏈夊湪闇€瑕佽瓑鏄庢煇鍊嬫柟闈㈢殑鍟忛鏅傛墠鏈冨紩鐢ㄤ緥瀛�锛岄偅涔堜綔鑰呯敤閫欏叐鍊嬩緥瀛愮┒绔熸槸鐐轰簡瑾槑浠€涔堝晱椤屽憿锛熷叾瀵�(sh铆)鑰冪敓鍦ㄨ畝瀹岀涓€娈典箣鍚庡氨鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉瘮杓冩竻妤氫綔鑰呯殑鎰忓湒浜�锛屽嵆浠栨鍦ㄨ│鍦栬瓑鏄庢寜瀛楁瘝鎺掑簭閫欎竴闅辫斀鐨勪笉鍏钩鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆俒B]鈥滄煇绋’鑰屾槗瑕嬬殑鍋忚鈥濋尟鍦ㄢ€滈’鑰屾槗瑕嬧€濄€俒C]鈥滄煇绋€嬩汉鐨勫亸瑕嬧€濋尟鍦ㄢ€滃€嬩汉鈥�銆俒D]鈥滄煇绋搧鐗屼笂鐨勬瑕栤€濇槸鏁呮剰鍦ㄥ伔鎻涙蹇碉紝鑸夐€欏叐鍊嬩緥瀛愪笉鏄偤浜嗚鏄庡摢涓€鍊嬪搧鐗屽ソ锛岃€屾槸鐐轰簡璀夋槑瀛楁瘝闋嗗簭涓荤京鐨勫瓨鍦ㄨ垏鍗卞銆�

銆€銆€27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

銆€銆€寰炴枃绔犲墠涓夋锛屾垜鍊戝彲浠ユ帹鏂峰嚭浠€涔�锛�

銆€銆€[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success銆�

銆€銆€鍦ㄦ澅鏂瑰拰瑗挎柟锛屽悕瀛楀皪浜庢垚鍔熶締瑾兘鏄嚦闂�(gu膩n)閲嶈鐨�銆�

銆€銆€[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman. 

銆€銆€Zoë Zysman鐨勫け鏁楁噳(y墨ng)瑭叉鍜庝簬瀛楁瘝琛ㄣ€�

銆€銆€[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies鈥� names銆�

銆€銆€椤у閫氬父寰堟敞閲嶅叕鍙哥殑鍚嶅瓧銆�銆�

銆€銆€[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize銆�

銆€銆€鏌愮ó姝ц閬庝簬寰浠ヨ嚦浜庨洠浠ヨ浜虹櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)銆�

銆€銆€銆愮瓟妗堛€� D

銆€銆€銆愯€冮粸(di菐n)銆� 鏂囩珷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囪垑渚嬭鏄庨銆�

銆€銆€銆愬垎鏋愩€� 鑰冪敓鍙湁閫氳畝浣滆€呰姹傜殑閫欎笁娈碉紝鎵嶈兘澶犲緱鍑烘纰虹祼(ji茅)璜�銆傜涓€娈垫彁鍑衡€滃瓧姣嶉爢搴忎富缇┾€濋€欎竴瑾硶锛岀浜屾鑸変緥瑾槑閫欑ó鐝�(xi脿n)璞″湪鐢熸椿涓殑琛ㄧ従(xi脿n)锛岀涓夋鑸変緥瑾槑鈥滃瓧姣嶉爢搴忎富缇┾€濆湪鍚嶄汉韬笂鐨勯珨鐝�(xi脿n)銆傚湪涓婇涓閬庯紝鑸変緥閮芥槸鐐轰簡璀夋槑鏌愬€嬭榛�(di菐n)锛屼篃灏辨槸瑾�锛岀浜屽拰绗笁娈甸兘鏄偤浜嗚瓑鏄庣涓€娈垫彁鍑虹殑璜栭粸(di菐n)銆傚緸骞惧€嬮棞(gu膩n)閸电殑鍠銆佽绲勨€渋nsidious鈥�锛屸€渦naware鈥濅互鍙娾€渓(f膩)ess well known鈥濇垜鍊戝彲浠ユ帹鏂峰嚭姝ｇ⒑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)[D]鈥滄煇绋瑕栭亷浜庡井濡欎互鑷充簬闆ｄ互琚汉鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)銆傗€�銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)[A]椤緱閬庝簬绲曞皪銆傚皣鏌愪竴鍊嬩汉鎴栬€呮煇涓€椤炰汉鐨勫け鏁楀叏閮ㄦ鍜庝簬瀛楁瘝鏄湁澶卞亸闋楃殑锛屾枃绔犱腑鍙槸瑾紝鐢变簬鍚嶅瓧闈犲悗锛屾湁涓€浜涘(xu茅)鐢熷彲鑳藉鏄撹鑰佸斧蹇借锛屽緸鑰屽皫(d菐o)鑷村(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐨勫け鏁�锛屼絾鏄€欎笉鑳借鏄庨兘鏄瓧姣嶇殑璨�(z茅)浠伙紝鑰屼笖閫欎竴榛�(di菐n)宸茬稉(j墨ng)涓嶅湪鍓嶄笁娈典簡銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)[C]閫欎竴瑾硶涔熸槸浠ュ亸姒傚叏锛屾枃涓彧鏄椤у瀹规槗鍙楀埌瀛楁瘝鎺掑簭鐨勫奖闊垮緸鑰屾敞鎰忓埌鎺掑悕闈犲墠鐨勫嚭绉熻粖鍏徃鑰屽凡銆�

銆€銆€28. The 4th paragraph suggests that   绗洓娈垫殫绀�

銆€銆€[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students銆�

銆€銆€鏇村姞鑱版槑鐨勫(xu茅)鐢熺稉(j墨ng)甯歌鎻愬晱銆�

銆€銆€[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class銆�

銆€銆€濮撴皬鍦ㄥ瓧姣嶆帓搴忎腑铏曚簬鍔ｅ嫝鐨勫(xu茅)鐢熺稉(j墨ng)甯搁€冭銆�

銆€銆€[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students銆�

銆€銆€鑰佸斧鎳�(y墨ng)瑭查棞(gu膩n)娉ㄦ墍鏈夌殑瀛�(xu茅)鐢熴€�

銆€銆€[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight銆�

銆€銆€瀛�(xu茅)鐢熸噳(y墨ng)瑭叉寜鐓ц鍔涚殑濂藉渚嗘帓搴т綅銆�

銆€銆€銆愮瓟妗堛€� C

銆€銆€銆愯€冮粸(di菐n)銆� 鎺ㄦ柗椤�銆�

銆€銆€銆愬垎鏋愩€� 鏂囩珷涓矑鏈夌洿鎺ョ郸鍑轰竴鍊嬬瓟妗堬紝鑰冪敓蹇呴爤鑷繁閫氶亷閫忓竟鐨勭悊瑙ｅ師鏂囨墠鑳藉緱鍑虹祼(ji茅)璜�銆傜鍥涙瑾�(r猫n)鐐衡€滈€欎笉鏄阀鍚�锛屾寜瀛楁瘝琛ㄩ爢搴忔帓鍚嶉潬鍚庤€屽悆铏х殑浜哄湪妤�(y猫)浣欐檪闁撴啈绌烘兂鍑轰竴绋悊璜栬獚(r猫n)鐐洪€欑ó鍊掗湁浜嬪厭寰堟棭灏遍枊濮嬩簡銆傚湪骞煎厭瀛�(xu茅)鏍＄涓€骞翠箣濮�锛岃€佸斧鐐轰簡杓冪偤瀹规槗瑷樹綇瀛�(xu茅)鐢熺殑鍚嶅瓧锛屽氨鎸夊瓧姣嶈〃闋嗗簭鐢卞墠寰€鍚庣郸瀛�(xu茅)鐢熸帓搴т綅銆傚洜姝よ繎瑕栫殑灏廧ysman灏辫鎻掑湪浜嗗悗鎺�锛岄€欐ǎ涓€渚嗭紝绮楀績鐨勬暀甯彁鍑虹殑鏈夊姪浜庢彁楂樼殑鍟忛灏卞緢灏戞渻鍟忓埌浠�銆傞€欐檪锛屾寜瀛楁瘝琛ㄩ爢搴忔帓鍚嶉潬鍚庣殑瀛�(xu茅)鐢熼倓瑾�(r猫n)鐐轰粬鍊戣兘閫冮伩鑰佸斧鐨勫晱椤屽緢骞搁亱(y霉n)銆傜劧鑰�锛岀祼(ji茅)鏋滃彲鑳藉氨鏄垚绺炬瑺浣筹紝鍥�?y脿n)妾獲绋(xu茅)鐢熷緱鍒扮殑鍊嬩汉闂�(gu膩n)娉ㄨ純灏�锛屽悓鏅傜暥(d膩ng)鐪捐瑳瑭辨檪鐨勪俊蹇冧篃涓嶈冻鈥�銆傝嚦姝�锛屼綔鑰呭啀涓€娆¤│鍦栬珫璀夊叾璜栭粸(di菐n)锛屽嵆鈥滄寜鐓у瓧姣嶆帓搴忔槸闅辫斀鐨勪笉骞崇瓑鈥�銆傝€屼笖閫欓倓灏�(d菐o)鑷翠簡瀛�(xu茅)鐢熶笉鑳藉寰楀埌鍏钩鐨勬暀鑲叉(j墨)鏈冿紝涔熷氨鏄湪瑾�锛岃€佸斧鍊戣┎闂�(gu膩n)娉ㄩ棞(gu膩n)娉ㄩ偅浜涙寜瀛楁瘝鎺掑簭鍚冭櫑鐨勪汉浜�锛屽洜姝ら伕闋�(xi脿ng)[C]姣旇純绗﹀悎鏂囨剰銆俒D]鏄竴绋矊浼兼纰哄(sh铆)闅涗笂浠ュ亸姒傚叏鐨勮娉�锛屾矑鏈夐仈(d谩)鍒颁綔鑰呮兂瑕佽〃閬�(d谩)鐨勯珮搴︼紝鏄竴绋瘮杓冭啔娣虹殑琛ㄨ薄鐨勭湅娉�锛屾湁浜涜€冪敓娌掓湁浠旂窗(x矛)绮捐畝鍘熸枃锛屽氨鍙兘鍙楀叾褰遍熆銆�

銆€銆€29. What does the author mean by 鈥渕ost people are literally having a ZZZ鈥�(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)锛�

銆€銆€鈥渕ost people are literally having a ZZZ鈥�(绗簲娈电浜屻€佷笁琛�)鏄粈涔堟剰鎬�锛�

銆€銆€[A] They are getting impatient.   浠栧€戞€ヤ笉鍙€�銆�

銆€銆€[B] They are noisily dozing off.   浠栧€戦季鑱插ぇ浣�銆�

銆€銆€[C] They are feeling humiliated.  浠栧€戞劅瑕哄彈鍒颁簡灞堣颈銆�

銆€銆€[D] They are busy with word puzzles.  浠栧€戝繖浜庢嫾瀛楁父鎴�銆傘€�

銆€銆€銆愮瓟妗堛€� B

銆€銆€銆愯€冮粸(di菐n)銆� 鎺ㄦ柗椤�銆�

銆€銆€銆愬垎鏋愩€� 鐪嬬浜旀鈥滈€欑ó缇炶颈绻肩簩(x霉)钁椼€傚湪澶у(xu茅)鐨勭暍妤�(y猫)鍏哥Ξ涓�锛屽鍚嶉瀛楁瘝鏄疉銆丅銆丆鐨勫(xu茅)鐢熼⿻鍌插湴棣栧厛闋�(l菒ng)鍒扮崕鍝�锛涚瓑杓埌Zysman鍊戦牁(l菒ng)鐛庡搧鐨勬檪鍊�锛屽ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)浜哄樊涓嶅閮藉湪鈥榋ZZ鈥欎簡鈥�銆傚湪瑗挎柟婕暙涓�锛屸€淶ZZ鈥濆氨鏄〃绀烘墦榧�锛岄€欐槸鑰冩煡鑰冪敓骞虫棩鐨�鑻辫獮瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓槸鍚﹀皪瑗挎柟鏂囧寲鑳屾櫙鐭ヨ瓨绲︿簣瓒冲鐨勯棞(gu膩n)娉�銆�

銆€銆€30. Which of the following is true according to the text?

銆€銆€鏍规摎(j霉)鏈枃锛屼互涓嬪摢涓€绋娉曟槸姝ｇ⒑鐨�锛�

銆€銆€[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated銆�

銆€銆€濮撴皬瀛楁瘝鐐篘鍒癦鐨勪汉缍�(j墨ng)甯稿彈鍒颁笉鍏钩鐨勫皪寰�銆�

銆€銆€[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism銆�

銆€銆€瑗挎柟涓栫晫鐨勯噸瑕佷汉澹緸瀛楁瘝闋嗗簭涓荤京涓嵅鐩婇牀璞愩€�

銆€銆€[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go銆�

銆€銆€娑堥櫎瀛楁瘝闋嗗簭涓荤京鐨勯亱(y霉n)鍕曚粛鐒朵换閲嶈€岄亾閬�(yu菐n)銆�

銆€銆€[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias銆�

銆€銆€鍑℃槸鎸夌収瀛楁瘝鎺掑簭鎶婁簨鐗╂帓鍒楃殑鍋氭硶鍙兘鏈冨皫(d菐o)鑷寸劇鎰忚瓨鐨勫亸瑕嬨€�

銆€銆€銆愮瓟妗堛€� D

銆€銆€銆愯€冮粸(di菐n)銆� 浜嬪(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤�銆�

銆€銆€銆愬垎鏋愩€� 鏈鑰冩煡鐨勬槸浜嬪(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)锛岃€屼笖閬搁爡(xi脿ng)璺ㄥ害寰堝ぇ锛屽彧鏈夊湪閫氱瘒闁辫畝鏈枃骞朵笖鍙栧緱娣卞埢瑾�(r猫n)璀樹箣鍚�锛屾垜鍊戞墠鏈夊彲鑳藉畬鍏ㄧ瓟灏嶆湰閬撻鐩�銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)[A]閫欎竴瑾硶鐨勫晱椤屽嚭鍦ㄤ綔鑰呮彁鍒扳€淎-K鈥�锛岃€屼笉鏄埌鈥淢鈥�锛岃€屼笖鈥渋ll-treated鈥濋€欏€嬪柈瑭炴湁榛�(di菐n)閬庝簡锛屽洜?y脿n)妯藉笢鐤欐铔戦珌x灏�(d菐o)鑷寸殑涓嶅叕骞宠垏涓昏鐨勮檺寰呴倓鏄湁寰堝ぇ鍗€(q奴)鍒ョ殑銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)[B]閫欎竴瑾硶鐨勫晱椤屽嚭鍦ㄧ▼搴︾殑闄愬畾涓�銆傛枃绔犱腑鎻愬埌瑷卞鏉板嚭浜哄＋鍦ㄥ瓧姣嶆帓搴忎腑闈犲墠锛屼絾鏄€欏彧鑳藉瑾€欎簺浜虹浉姣斿瓧姣嶉潬鍚庣殑浜哄彲鑳芥洿瀹规槗鎴愬姛锛岃€屼笖瑗挎柟涓栫晫鐨勯噸瑕佷汉澹€欏€嬩富瑾炲お澶т簡锛屽畠涔熷寘鎷瓧姣嶉潬鍚庣殑閭ｄ簺閲嶈浜哄＋锛岃€屼笖鐢ㄢ€済ain a great deal鈥濋兘椤緱閬庝簬澶稿嫉銆俒C]閫欏€嬭娉曡垏浣滆€呯殑鎰忓湒涓嶅悓锛屼綔鑰呭彧鏄湪璜栬瓑瀛楁瘝闋嗗簭涓荤京閫欐ǎ涓€绋笉骞崇瓑鐝�(xi脿n)璞�锛屼絾鏄苟娌掓湁鎻愬嚭瑕佹秷闄ゅ瓧姣嶉爢搴忎富缇�銆傚彧鏈夐伕闋�(xi脿ng)[D]閭勬瘮杓冨悎鐞�锛屼締鑷簬棣栨鐨勭浜屻€佷笁鍙�銆�

銆€銆€闆ｅ彞瑙ｆ瀽锛�

銆€銆€1. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet銆�

銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆� 瑭插彞瀛愮殑涓诲彞鏄€渢his refers to discrimination鈥�銆備富瑾炩€渢his鈥濆拰璎傝獮鈥渞efers to鈥濅箣闁撴彃鍏ヤ簡浠嬭硴鐭獮鈥渇or those鈥濅綔鐙€瑾�锛屸€渢hose鈥濆悗璺熻憲褰㈠瑭炵煭瑾炩€渦naware of鈥︹€濅綔鍏跺畾瑾�锛岃硴瑾炩€渄iscrimination鈥濆悗璺熶粙璩撶煭瑾炩€渁gainst those鈥︹€濅綔瀹氳獮锛屸€渢hose鈥濆悗鍙堟湁鈥渨hose鈥濆紩灏�(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ締淇＞銆�

銆€銆€2. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush鈥檚 predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half銆�

銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆� 鈥渁nd鈥濆皣鏈彞鍒嗙偤鍏╁€嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�锛岀涓€鍊嬪垎鍙ュ嵆鈥淎merican president and vice-president have surnames鈥�锛岀浜屽€嬪垎鍙ユ槸鈥�26 of鈥(hu谩n)ad surnames鈥濄€傜涓€鍊嬪垎鍙ョ殑璩撹獮鈥渟urnames鈥濆悗鏄従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ垎瑭炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鈥渟tarting with鈥濅綔瀹氳獮锛涚浜屽€嬪垎鍙ヨ硴瑾炵穵璺熺殑浠嬭绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鈥渋n the first half of the alphabet鈥濅綔瀹氳獮銆�

銆€銆€鍏ㄦ枃缈昏锛�

銆€銆€鍦ㄩ亷鍘荤殑涓€鍊嬩笘绱€(j矛)閲屽悇绋悇妯ｇ殑涓嶅叕鍜屾瑕栭伃鍒颁簡璀磋铂(z茅)鎴栧畾鐐洪潪娉�銆備絾鏄湁涓€绋毐钄界殑涓嶅叕鍜屾瑕栧舰寮忛倓鍦ㄧ洓琛岋細瀛楁瘝闋嗗簭涓荤京銆傚皪浜庡皻鏈剰璀樺埌鍏跺嵄瀹崇殑浜轰締瑾�锛屽畠鎸囩殑鏄嚌灏嶉偅浜涘姘忚捣濮嬪瓧姣嶄綅浜庡瓧姣嶈〃鍚庡崐閮ㄧ殑浜虹殑姝ц銆�

銆€銆€浜哄€戞棭宸茬煡閬撳湪瀹㈡埗缈婚柋闆昏┍绨挎檪锛屽悕鍙獳AAA鐨勫嚭绉熸苯杌婂叕鍙歌姣擹odiac鍑虹姹借粖鍏徃鏈夊緢澶х殑鍎�(y艒u)瓒婃€с€傝嚦浜庡湪鐢熸椿鏂归潰锛屼竴鍊嬪悕鍙獳dam Abbott鐨勪汉杓冧箣涓€鍊嬪悕鐐篫oë Zysman鐨勪汉鍗犱簡澶氬ぇ鐨勫劒(y艒u)鍕㈠氨涓嶉偅涔堢偤浜烘墍鐭ヤ簡銆傝嫳瑾炵殑濮撳悕闆栫劧鍦ㄥ瓧姣嶈〃鐨勫墠鍚庡叐閮ㄥ垎鐨勫垎甯冪浉鐣�(d膩ng)骞冲潎锛屼絾鏉板嚭浜虹墿鐨勫鍚嶇殑棣栧瓧姣嶅湪A鑸嘖涔嬮枔鐨勫嵒澶氬緱鍙枒銆�

銆€銆€濡傛閫欒埇锛岀編鍦嬬殑绺界当(t菕ng)鍜屽壇绺界当(t菕ng)鐨勫姘忓垎鍒ユ槸浠鍜孋瀛楁瘝璧烽牠銆傚柆娌宦峰竷浠€鐨勫墠浠绘湁浜屽崄鍏綅(鍖呮嫭鍏剁埗)鐨勫姘忓潎鍦ㄥ瓧姣嶈〃鐨勫墠鍗婇儴鍒�锛岃€屽姘忓湪瀛楁瘝琛ㄥ悗鍗婇儴鐨勫嵒鍍呮湁鍗佸叚浣嶃€傛洿鍔犱护浜虹煔鐩殑鏄竷鍦嬮鑵︿腑鏈夊叚浣嶅湪鍏跺姘忔寜瀛楁瘝琛ㄩ爢搴忔帓鍚嶆檪闈犲墠(Berlusconi锛孊lair锛孊ush锛孋hirac锛孋hr茅tien锛孠oizumi)銆備笘鐣屼笁澶т腑澶妧琛屽(Greenspan锛孌uisenberg锛孒ayami)鐨勫姘忛瀛楁瘝鍏ㄩ兘鎺ヨ繎瀛楁瘝琛ㄧ殑涓婄锛屼笁浜轰箣涓湁涓€浜哄悕瀛楃洝绠＄敤鐨勬槸鏃ユ枃锛屼篃鏄姝�銆備笘鐣屼笂鏈€瀵屾湁鐨勫墠浜斾綅鎯呮硜涔熸槸濡傛(Gates锛孊uffett锛孉llen锛孍llison锛孉lbrecht)銆�

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