銆€銆€涓€绡囨枃绔犲彲鐢卞咕鍊嬭嚜鐒舵绲勬垚銆傛枃绔犱腑鐨勫彞瀛愬拰娈佃惤鍧囩偤鏂囩珷鐨勪腑蹇冩€濇兂鏈嶅嫏(w霉)锛屽舰鎴愪竴鍊嬫湁姗�(j墨)鐨勬暣楂斻€傚ソ鐨勬钀藉繀闋堟槸鎰忔€濆畬鏁�锛岃獮缇╅€ｈ搏锛屽畬鍏ㄩ珨鐝�(xi脿n)鏂囩珷涓绘棬涓績锛屽悓鏅傚張鏄堡娆″垎鏄�锛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍤�(y谩n)璎�(j菒n)锛岄倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯绘噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ悎鐞嗙殑銆�

銆€銆€1銆佹钀界殑绲勬垚

銆€銆€涓€鍊嬫钀界敱涓夐儴鍒嗙祫鎴愶細

銆€銆€(1)涓婚鍙ワ細榛�(di菐n)鍑烘钀界殑涓婚(鏂囩珷璜�?w霉)鎽版皷闉樿?銆�

銆€銆€(2)鎿�(ku貌)灞曞彞锛氳鏄庡拰鏀寔涓婚銆�

銆€銆€(3)绲�(ji茅)灏惧彞锛氬緱鍑虹祼(ji茅)璜栥€�

銆€銆€2銆佹钀界殑涓婚

銆€銆€涓€绡囨枃绔犳湁涓績鎰忔€�锛屼篃灏辨槸椤岀洰銆傝€屾瘡鍊嬫钀芥湁娈佃惤涓婚锛屾钀戒富椤屾槸鐐烘枃绔犱腑蹇冩€濇兂鏈嶅嫏(w霉)鐨�銆傛瘡鍊嬫钀藉彧鑳芥湁涓€鍊嬩富椤�(central idea)锛屽畠鐢ㄤ竴鍊嬪彞瀛愬姞浠ヨ〃閬�(d谩)锛屾墍浠ョū鐐轰富椤屽彞銆備富椤屾彁鍑哄悗闇€瑕佸緢澶氱祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍤�(y谩n)璎�(j菒n)?sh霉)鏈ㄦ弗瑙肩小瓒鹃┘f鏄庯紝绋辩偤鎿�(ku貌)灞曞彞銆傛渶鍚庡緱鍑轰竴鍊嬬祼(ji茅)璜�锛屽苟鐢ㄤ竴鍊嬬祼(ji茅)灏惧彞琛ㄩ仈(d谩)銆�

銆€銆€3銆佸濂戒富椤屽彞

銆€銆€瀹氱京锛氫富椤屽彞鐐轰竴鍊嬪畬鏁寸殑鍙ュ瓙锛岀敤浠ユ鎷�銆佹晿杩板拰瑾槑瑭叉鐨勪富椤�銆�

銆€銆€浣嶇疆锛氫富椤屽彞涓€鑸綅浜庢棣栵紝涔熷彲缃簬娈靛熬鎴栨涓�锛岃€冪敓鏈€濂芥斁鍦ㄦ棣栵紝閫欐ǎ杓冩槗鎺屾彙

銆€銆€鍜屾(g貌u)鎬�銆備緥濡傦細浣嶄簬娈甸锛氬湪鑻辨枃涓�锛屽ぇ閮ㄥ垎娈佃惤鐨勭涓€鍙ヤ究鏄富椤屽彞銆傞枊闁€瑕嬪北鍦版彁鍑哄晱椤�锛屽悗闈㈢殑鎿�(ku貌)灞曞彞鍦嶇篂涓婚鍙ュ姞浠ヨ鏄�銆佹敮鎸併€佽(b菙)鍏呭拰瑙ｉ噵锛涗綅浜庢灏撅細涓婚鍙ヤ綅浜庢灏句究浜庣附绲�(ji茅)鍏ㄦ鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹癸紝绲﹁畝鑰呬互娣卞埢鐨勫嵃璞�锛屾槸瀵綔涓殑涓€绋紨绻规柟娉�锛涗綅浜庢涓細浣嶄簬娈典腑鐨勪富椤屽彞璧锋壙涓婂暉涓嬬殑浣滅敤锛岄€欓涓婚鍙ュ璧疯綁(zhu菐n)鎶樹綔鐢紝涓€鑸敱鈥渂ut,however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless鈥濈瓑瑭為€ｆ帴锛岀敤浜庡紩璧蜂笅鏂�锛涚劇涓婚鍙ワ細鏈夌殑娈佃惤涓劇涓婚鍙�锛屾钀界殑涓婚鎬濇兂閫氶亷鏂囩珷鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛締鎻愮ず锛岄€欑ó鏂规硶鑳戒績浣胯畝鑰呭皪鏂囩珷鍏�(n猫i)瀹归€�(j矛n)琛屾€濊€冨拰鍒嗘瀽锛屼絾鑰冪敓涓€鑸笉瀹滃湪鑰冭│涓噰鐢ㄩ€欑ó鏂规硶銆�

銆€銆€瀵ソ涓婚鍙ョ殑鏂规硶锛�

銆€銆€1)涓婚鍙ヨ姒傛嫭涓€瀹氬収(n猫i)瀹癸紝涓嶈绌烘硾锛屽惁鍓囨摯(ku貌)灞曞彞灏囬洠浠ヨ鏄庡拰鏀寔瀹冿紱

銆€銆€2)鐩￠噺浣跨敤绨″柈鍙ユ垨绨℃綌鏄庝簡鐨勫彞瀛�锛�

銆€銆€3)涓婚鍙ユ噳(y墨ng)瑭插仛鍒板彞瀛愬畬鏁村拰琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鐨勪富椤屾€濇兂瀹屾暣锛�

銆€銆€4)闂�(gu膩n)閸佃鏄洿鎺ヨ〃閬�(d谩)涓婚鐨勮鍖�锛屽畠姹哄畾娈佃惤鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹瑰拰灞曢枊鐨勬柟娉�锛屽紩灏�(d菐o)鏁村€嬫钀界殑鐧�(f膩)灞�銆�

銆€銆€4銆佸濂芥摯(ku貌)灞曞彞鍜屾钀�

銆€銆€鍦嶇篂涓婚鍙ュ睍闁�锛屾敮鎸併€佽鏄庡拰闂¤堪涓婚鍙ョ殑鍙ュ瓙渚挎槸鎿�(ku貌)灞曞彞銆傛摯(ku貌)灞曞彞绶婃墸涓婚鍙ヤ腑鐨勯棞(gu膩n)閸佃鑰屽睍闁嬶紝鍙ュ瓙鑸囧彞瀛愪箣闁撻倧杓竻妤�锛屼笂涓嬭綁(zhu菐n)鎵跨祼(ji茅)鍚堝緱鐣�(d膩ng)锛岀啊鏄庢壖瑕�锛岄噸榛�(di菐n)绐佸嚭銆備竴鑸締瑾�锛屾瘡鍊嬭嚜鐒舵闄や簡涓婚鍙ヨ垏绲�(ji茅)灏惧彞涔嬪锛岄倓鍖呭惈浜�3锛�6 鍊嬫摯(ku貌)灞曞彞銆傛墍浠�锛屽濂戒簡鎿�(ku貌)灞曞彞渚垮熀鏈笂瀹屾垚涓€鍊嬭嚜鐒舵钀姐€�

銆€銆€鍋氶鏅�锛屼竴鏃﹀畾涓嬩簡涓婚鍜岄棞(gu膩n)閸佃锛屼綔鑰呬究鎸夌収鑷繁鐨勬€濊矾渚嗙祫绻旀钀戒腑鐨勫彞瀛�锛屽彞瀛愪箣闁撹鍏锋湁閫ｈ搏鎬э紝灏卞繀闋堢敱涓€绯诲垪鐨勯倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯绘(g貌u)鎴�锛屼緥濡傦細骞跺垪闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽洜鏋滈棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岄仦閫�(j矛n)闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岃В閲嬮棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屾鎷棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝闋嗗簭闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岃畵姝ラ棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屽皪鐓с€佹瘮杓冮棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岃綁(zhu菐n)鎻涢棞(gu膩n)绯荤瓑绛夛紝閫欎簺閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯诲彲鐢变竴绯诲垪鐨勯亷娓¤(transitional words)渚嗗畬鎴�銆傞亷娓¤鍦ㄥ彞瀛愯垏鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔銆佹钀借垏娈佃惤涔嬮枔璧峰埌鎵夸笂鍟熶笅鐨勪綔鐢紝浣垮彞瀛愭垨娈佃惤涔嬮枔鐨勯姕鎺ヨ嚜鐒�銆侀€ｈ搏锛岄倧杓悎鐞�锛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍤�(y谩n)璎�(j菒n)锛屽洜姝ゆサ鐐洪噸瑕�銆�