銆€銆€瀹屽舰濉┖妯℃摤瑭﹂涓€

銆€銆€As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a 鈥渃ommon law鈥�锛� or law made by courts  1  a monarch or other central governmental  2  like a legislature. The jury, a   3   of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an  4  part of our common-law system銆�

銆€銆€Use of juries to decide cases is a  5  feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.  6  the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result  7  would be obtained using a judge  8  , as many countries do.  9  a jury decides cases after 鈥�  10  鈥�锛� or discussions among a group of people, the jury鈥檚 decision is likely to have the  11  from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right銆�

銆€銆€Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide  12  among  13  citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government  14  that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and  15  . Jurors, consisting of  16  numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury銆�

銆€銆€The judge  17  to the case  18  the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states,  19  jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the  20  under rules dictated by state law銆�

銆€銆€1.锛籄锛給ther than锛籅锛絩ather than锛籆锛絤ore than锛籇锛給r rather

銆€銆€2.锛籄锛絘gency锛籅锛給rganization锛籆锛絠nstitution锛籇锛絘uthority

銆€銆€3.锛籄锛絧anel锛籅锛絚rew锛籆锛絙and锛籇锛絝lock

銆€銆€4.锛籄锛絠nnate锛籅锛絠ntact锛籆锛絠ntegral锛籇锛絠ntegrated

銆€銆€5.锛籄锛絛iscriminating锛籅锛絛istinguishing锛籆锛絛etermining锛籇锛絛iminishing

銆€銆€6.锛籄锛絀n锛籅锛紹y锛籆锛紸fter锛籇锛絆ver

銆€銆€7.锛籄锛絫hat锛籅锛絯hich锛籆锛絫han锛籇锛絘s

銆€銆€8.锛籄锛絘like锛籅锛絘lone锛籆锛絘ltogether锛籇锛絘part

銆€銆€9.锛籄锛紸lthough锛籅锛紹ecause锛籆锛絀f锛籇锛絎hile

銆€銆€10.锛籄锛絛eliberations锛籅锛絤editations 锛籆锛絩eflections锛籇锛絪peculations

銆€銆€11.锛籄锛給utline锛籅锛給utcome锛籆锛絠nput锛籇锛絠ntake

銆€銆€12.锛籄锛絘rguments锛籅锛絚ontroversies锛籆锛絛isputes锛籇锛絟ostilities

銆€銆€13.锛籄锛絝ellow锛籅锛絠ndividual锛籆锛絧ersonal锛籇锛絧rivate

銆€銆€14.锛籄锛絘sserting锛籅锛絘lleging锛籆锛絤aintaining锛籇锛絫estifying

銆€銆€15.锛籄锛絘ssembled锛籅锛絜voked锛籆锛絩allied锛籇锛絪ummoned

銆€銆€16.锛籄锛絪et锛籅锛絜xact锛籆锛絞iven锛籇锛絧laced

銆€銆€17.锛籄锛絘llocated锛籅锛絘llotted锛籆锛絘ppointed锛籇锛絘ssigned

銆€銆€18.锛籄锛絘dministers锛籅锛絤anages锛籆锛給versees锛籇锛絧resides

銆€銆€19.锛籄锛絠nspective锛籅锛絠rrespective锛籆锛絧erspective锛籇锛絧rospective

銆€銆€20.锛籄锛絙odies锛籅锛絧arties锛籆锛絪ides锛籇锛絬nits

銆€銆€鏂囩珷鑳屾櫙

銆€銆€鏈枃浠嬬垂浜嗙編鍦嬬殑闄鍦�(tu谩n)鍒跺害銆�

銆€銆€鏂囩珷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

銆€銆€绗竴娈垫寚鍑�锛岄櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鏄編鍦嬪叡鍚屾硶绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫熀鏈祫鎴愰儴鍒�銆傜浜屾鍒嗘瀽浜嗕娇鐢ㄩ櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鐨勫師鍥�銆傜涓夊拰鍥涙鍒嗗垾浠嬬垂浜嗛櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鐨勯鍨嬪拰閬歌垑绋嬪簭銆�

銆€銆€绗竴娈碉細闄鍦�(tu谩n)鏄編鍦嬪叡鍚屾硶绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫熀鏈祫鎴愰儴鍒�(涓婚)

銆€銆€The jury, a  3  of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an  4  part of our common顎憀aw system銆�

銆€銆€绗簩娈碉細浣跨敤闄鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勫師鍥�

銆€銆€Use of juries to decide cases is a  5  feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States銆�

銆€銆€绗笁鍜屽洓娈碉細闄鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勯鍨嬪拰閬歌垑绋嬪簭銆�

銆€銆€Juries are used in both civil cases鈥�

銆€銆€The judge  17  to the case  18  the selection of jurors to serve as鈥�

銆€銆€绛旀瑭宠В

銆€銆€1.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟B锛� 閭忚集閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘琚傛槀绗幘钃氣偓(g猫)骞跺垪鐨勫悕瑭瀋ourts鍜宎 monarch锛屾墍鍦ㄥ彞瀛愮殑鍚京鐐猴細鈥滃叡鍚屾硶鈥濇槸鐢辨硶搴�1鍚涗富鍒跺畾銆傛牴鎿�(j霉)甯歌瓨鍙煡锛岀編鍦嬫槸姘戜富鍒跺湅瀹�锛屾硶寰嬩笉鐢卞悰涓诲埗瀹氥€傚洜姝ょ┖鏍艰檿濉叆鐨勯€ｆ帴瑭炴噳(y墨ng)鑲畾鍓嶈€呰€屽惁瀹氬悗鑰�锛屾纰洪爡(xi脿ng)鏄蓟B锛絩ather than锛屽嵆鈥滄硶搴€屼笉鏄悰涓烩€�銆俹ther than閫氬父鐢ㄥ湪鍚﹀畾鍙ヤ腑锛岃〃绀烘帓闄ゆ剰缇�锛屽嵆鈥滈櫎浜嗏€�锛岀浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜巈xcept銆俽ather than鏄€ｈ锛屽墠鍚庨€ｆ帴鐨勬垚鍒嗘噳(y墨ng)淇濇寔涓€鑷�锛屽彲浠ユ槸鍚嶈銆佸嫊瑭炪€佸舰瀹硅銆佸緸鍙ョ瓑锛岄€氬父璀偤鈥滆€屼笉鏄€�锛屾湁鏅�(sh铆)鍙敤浠嬭鐭獮 instead of鏇夸唬銆俶ore than閫ｆ帴鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)闄や簡琛ㄧず鈥滃浜庯紝瓒呴亷鈥︹€︿互涓娾€�锛屼篃鍙互琛ㄧず鈥滀笉鍍呭儏锛屼笉鍙槸鈥�锛岀浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜巒ot only銆俹r rather琛ㄧず鈥滄洿纰哄垏鐨勮娉曟槸鈥︹€︹€�锛岀浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜巑ore exactly銆�

銆€銆€2.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ?锛熷喘瑁夊躬閽婃安鎷款巵~鍜実overnmental鎼厤锛岃〃绀衡€滃儚绔嬫硶姗�(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)閫欐ǎ鐨勪腑澶斂搴溾€︹€︹€�銆傦蓟A锛絘gency涓€鑸寚鈥滄湇鍕�(w霉)姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)锛屽挨鍏舵槸浠ｇ悊鎴栫稉(j墨ng)閵锋(j墨)妲�(g貌u)鈥�锛涗篃鍙互鎸�(鎻愪緵鐗瑰垾鏈嶅嫏(w霉))鐨勬斂搴滃皥闁€姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)锛屽the Central Intelligence Agency(缇庡湅涓ぎ鎯呭牨(b脿o)灞€)銆傦蓟B锛給rganization娉涙寚鍚勭ó绲勭箶銆佸湗(tu谩n)楂斿拰姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)銆傦蓟C锛絠nstitution澶氭寚鈥滃ぇ瑕�(gu墨)妯＄殑鐢ㄤ簬鐗规畩鐩殑鐨勭祫绻斺€�锛屽educational institution(鏁欒偛姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u))锛涙垨鑰呮寚鍚勭ó鎱堝杽姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)鍜岀ぞ鏈冪鍒╂(j墨)妲�(g貌u)銆傦蓟D锛絘uthority鍙〃绀衡€滄湁娆�(qu谩n)鍔涘仛姹哄畾鎴栧湪鏌愬€�(g猫)鍦板崁(q奴)鏈夌壒鍒ヨ铂(z茅)浠昏寖鍦嶇殑浜哄€戞垨绲勭箶鈥濓紝鍗斥€滅暥(d膩ng)灞€锛岀暥(d膩ng)娆�(qu谩n)鑰呪€濄€傛枃涓璴(w猫i)egislature鎸団€滄湁娆�(qu谩n)鍒跺畾鎴栦慨鏀规硶寰嬬殑涓€缇や汉鈥�锛屽嵆鈥滅珛娉曟(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)鈥濄€傚洜姝わ蓟D锛介爡(xi脿ng)鐐烘渶浣崇瓟妗�銆�

銆€銆€3.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟A锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ銆傦蓟A锛介爡(xi脿ng)panel鎸団€滀竴绲�(绲︿簣鎰忚鍜岃榛�(di菐n)鐨勪汉)鈥濓紝濡俛 panel of experts灏堝绲�銆俢rew鎸団€�(鏈夊皥闁€鎶€琛�(sh霉)鐨�)涓€绲勫伐浣滀汉鍝�锛屼竴璧峰伐浣滅殑涓€缇や汉鈥濓紱band鎸団€�(鍥�?y脿n)妲熸挙N鍏卞悓鐨勭洰鐨勮€岀祫鎴愪笖鏈夐闋�(l菒ng)鐨�)涓€骞汉鈥�锛沠lock鎸嘺 crowd, large number of people銆傝€岀┖鏍兼墍鍦ㄩ儴鍒嗘寚鐨勬槸闄鍦�(tu谩n)灏忕祫锛屽氨琚憡鏈夌姜鐒＄姜绲﹀嚭瑙€榛�(di菐n)鐨勪竴绲勪汉锛屽洜姝わ蓟A锛介爡(xi脿ng)姝ｇ⒑銆�

銆€銆€4.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟C锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ銆傜┖鏍兼墍鍦ㄩ儴鍒嗙殑鍚京鏄細闄鍦�(tu谩n)鏄叡鍚屾硶绯荤当(t菕ng)鈥︹€﹂儴鍒�銆俰nnate鎰忕偤鈥滃ぉ鐢熺殑锛屽厛澶╃殑(鍝佽唱(zh矛)銆佹儏鎰熺瓑)鈥�锛沬ntact鎰忕偤鈥滃畬鏁寸劇缂虹殑鈥�锛沬ntegral鎰忕偤鈥滃繀闋堢殑锛屼笉鍙垨缂虹殑鈥�锛沬ntegrated鎰忕偤鈥滃悇閮ㄥ垎瀵嗗垏鍗�(xi茅)瑾�(di脿o)鐨�锛屽畬鏁寸殑锛岀稖鍚堢殑鈥�銆傛牴鎿�(j霉)鏂囨剰锛屾噳(y墨ng)閬革蓟C锛介爡(xi脿ng)銆�

銆€銆€5.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟B锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ?锛熷喘鐧碃鐥旈拪姘茬敺绋宠彴~浣滃畾瑾炰慨椋緁eature锛岃〃绀衡€滀娇鐢ㄩ櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)渚嗚姹烘浠舵槸缇庡湅娉曞緥绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鈥︹€︾壒寰佲€濄€傚洓鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)閮芥槸鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ垎瑭炶綁(zhu菐n)鎻涜€屾垚鐨勫舰瀹硅锛岋蓟A锛介爡(xi脿ng)discriminating鎰忕偤鈥滄湁璀樺垾鍔涚殑锛涙湁杈ㄥ垾鍔涚殑锛涙湁閼掕碁鍔涚殑鈥�锛屽a discriminating customer(鏈夐憭璩炲姏鐨勯¨瀹�)锛屽畠涓嶅拰feature鎼厤銆傦蓟B锛介爡(xi脿ng)distinguishing鎰忕偤鈥滈’钁楃殑锛屾湁鍗€(q奴)鍒ョ殑鈥濓紝a distinguishing feature鎰忕偤鈥滈’钁楃殑鐗瑰緛鈥�锛涳蓟C锛介爡(xi脿ng)determining鎰忕偤鈥滄焙瀹氭€х殑鈥�锛屽determining factors(姹哄畾鍥犵礌)锛宒etermining feature(姹哄畾鎬х殑鐗瑰緛)锛涳蓟D锛介爡(xi脿ng)diminishing鎰忕偤鈥滅府灏忕殑锛屾笡灏戠殑鈥�銆備笅鏂囨彁鍒帮紝寰堝皯鏈夊叾浠栧湅瀹跺儚缇庡湅涓€妯ｄ娇鐢ㄩ櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鍒跺害锛屽洜姝ゅ畠鏄編鍦嬫硶寰嬬郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)杓冪獊鍑虹殑鐗瑰緛锛岋蓟B锛介爡(xi脿ng)姝ｇ⒑銆�

銆€銆€6.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ銆傦蓟A锛�銆侊蓟B锛藉拰锛籆锛介爡(xi脿ng)閮芥噳(y墨ng)鑸囪〃绀哄叿楂旀煇鍊�(g猫)涓栫磤(j矛)鐨勫悕瑭炴惌閰嶏紝濡俰n/by/after the twentieth century(鍦�20涓栫磤(j矛)/鍒�20涓栫磤(j矛)/20涓栫磤(j矛)浠ュ悗)銆俹ver鎺ユ檪(sh铆)闁撳悕瑭炴檪(sh铆)鐩哥暥(d膩ng)浜巇uring锛岃〃绀衡€滃湪鈥︹€︽湡闁撯€�锛宱ver the centuries琛ㄧず鈥滃咕鍊�(g猫)涓栫磤(j矛)浠ヤ締鈥�銆�

銆€銆€7.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟C锛界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘琚傜瑔涓旂矉鈧�(g猫)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)瀹屾暣鐨勫彞瀛恓uries reach a fairer and more just result锛岀┖鏍煎悗鏄痺ould be obtained using a judge alone銆傞’鐒堕€欓噷鍖呭惈浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)寰炲彞锛岀敱绌烘牸铏曠殑瑭炰締閫ｆ帴銆傚墠鏂囧凡缍�(j墨ng)鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜唂airer鍜宮ore just锛屽畠鍊戝彧鑳藉拰than妲�(g貌u)鎴愭瘮杓冪礆銆傛敞鎰弔han鍦ㄩ€欓噷鍏兼湁閫ｈ鍜屼唬瑭炵殑鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛岀浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜巘han what锛屾暣鍊�(g猫)涓诲緸鍙ョ殑鍚京鐐猴細鍦ㄥぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)鎯呮硜涓嬮櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)姣斿柈鐛�(d煤)涓€浣嶆硶瀹橀仈(d谩)鍒扮殑绲�(ji茅)鏋滄洿鍏钩銆佸叕姝�銆� that鍙唬鏇垮厛琛岃result锛寃hich鍜宎s鍙唬鏇垮墠闈㈡暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙锛屼絾浠ｅ叆鍚庡彞瀛愭剰鐐衡€滈櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鍙仈(d谩)鍒版洿鍏钩銆佸叕姝ｇ殑绲�(ji茅)鏋滐紝閫欏€�(g猫)(绲�(ji茅)鏋�)鍙柈鐛�(d煤)浣跨敤涓€浣嶆硶瀹樿€岄仈(d谩)鍒扳€�锛岄’鐒朵笉绗﹀悎閭忚集銆�

銆€銆€8.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟B锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ銆俛lone鐢ㄥ湪鍚嶈鎴栦唬瑭炰箣鍚庡彲浠ヨ〃绀衡€滃敮鏈�銆佸敮鐛�(d煤)鈥濅箣鎰�锛屾枃涓璦 judge alone琛ㄧず鈥滃儏鏈変竴鍚嶆硶瀹樷€�銆俛like鎰忕偤鈥滃崄鍒嗙浉浼煎湴锛涘悓妯ｅ湴鈥濓紱altogether鎰忕偤鈥滃畬鍏�锛屽叏閮紱绺藉叡锛屼竴鍏扁€�锛沘part鎰忕偤鈥滃垎闁嬶紝鍒嗛洟锛涢櫎澶栤€濄€�

銆€銆€9.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟B锛介倧杓姕鎺ラ銆傞倧杓€ｆ帴瑭炵殑閬告搰闇€瑕佸垎鏋愬墠鍚庡叐鍙ヨ┍涔嬮枔鐨勮獮缇╅棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�

銆€銆€鍥犳灉 9  a jury decides cases after 鈥� 10 鈥濓紝 or discussions among a group of people,

銆€銆€闄鍦�(tu谩n)瑁佹焙妗堜欢鏄湪涓€缇や汉瑷庤珫鍚�

銆€銆€the jury鈥檚 decision is likely to have the 11 from many different people from

銆€銆€different backgrounds

銆€銆€闄鍦�(tu谩n)鐨勬焙瀹氬彲鑳芥湁涓嶅悓鑳屾櫙鐨勪笉鍚屼汉鐨勨€︹€�

銆€銆€鏍规摎(j霉)鍒嗘瀽鍙煡锛岄€欓噷鎳�(y墨ng)鏄洜鏋滈棞(gu膩n)绯�锛屾晠閬竍ecause銆俛lthough鈥滈洊鐒垛€濊〃璁撴锛� if鈥滃鏋溾€濊〃?xi脿ng)l浠讹紝while鈥滅暥(d膩ng)鈥︹€︾殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛涢洊鐒讹紝鐩＄鈥濊〃鏅�(sh铆)闁撴垨璁撴銆�

銆€銆€10.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟A锛借獮缇╅姕鎺ラ?锛熷喘瑁夊箥鎷款巵~鍜宒iscussions鐢遍€ｈor閫ｆ帴锛屽叐鑰呭舰鎴愪簡骞宠绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岃獮缇╃浉杩�锛屾寚鈥滀竴缇や汉鐨勮鐐衡€�銆�

銆€銆€灏嶆瘮鍥涘€�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鍙煡锛宒eliberation鍜宒iscussion鍚岀京锛屽父鐢ㄤ綔寰�(f霉)鏁�(sh霉)锛屾剰鐐衡€滃晢璀帮紝瀵╄鈥�锛屾槸姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆俶editation浣滀笉鍙暩(sh霉)鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)锛屾剰鐐衡€�(灏ゆ寚瀹楁暀鐨�)娌夋€�锛屽啣鎯斥€�锛涗綔鍙暩(sh霉)鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)锛屾剰鐐衡€滄矇鎬濋寗鈥�銆俽eflection浣滀笉鍙暩(sh霉)鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)锛屾剰鐐衡€滄矇鎬�锛屽鎱庣殑鎬濊€冣€濓紱浣滃彲鏁�(sh霉)鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)锛屾剰鐐衡€滄€濊€�锛屽洖鎲垛€�銆俿peculations鎸団€滄帹娓�锛岀寽娓€�銆傚洜姝わ蓟A锛介爡(xi脿ng)姝ｇ⒑銆�

銆€銆€11.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟C锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘琚碱媴璇版弗瑙甴e jury鈥檚 decision is likely to have the  from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right鐨勫惈缇╃偤锛氶櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鐨勬焙瀹氬彲鑳芥湁渚嗚嚜涓嶅悓鑳屾櫙鐨勪笉鍚屼汉鐨勨€︹€�銆傝濉叆鐨勫柈瑭炲彈鍒癴rom many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right 鐨勯檺瀹�锛屾棦鐒堕€欎簺浜簑ho must as a group decide what is right (鑳藉姹哄畾浜嬫儏鐨勫皪閷�(cu貌))锛岄偅涔堜粬鍊戠殑姹哄畾涓€瀹氭槸鏈夊奖闊垮姏鐨勶紝鍥犳閬搁爡(xi脿ng)锛籆锛絠nput 鏄纰虹瓟妗�锛宨nput鍙〃绀衡€滃奖闊库€濄€俹utline鎰忕偤鈥滄杩�锛岀暐杩�锛岃吉寤撯€�锛沷utcome涓€鑸寚鈥�(浜嬩欢鎴栬鐐虹殑)绲�(ji茅)鏋滐紝鏁堟灉鈥�锛� intake鎰忕偤鈥滄敐鍙栭噺锛屾帴鏀朵汉鏁�(sh霉)鈥�銆�

銆€銆€12.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟C锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘瑁夊躬閽婃安鎷款巵~鏄嫊瑭瀌ecide鐨勮硴瑾烇紝琛ㄧず鈥滈櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鐢ㄤ締瑁佹焙鍏皯涔嬮枔鐧�(f膩)鐢熺殑鈥︹€︹€�銆俛rgument鎸団€滆警璜栭洐鏂瑰潎浠ヤ簨瀵�(sh铆)鎴栫悊鐢变締瑾湇灏嶆柟鐨勮警璜栤€濄€俢ontroversy澶氭寚鈥滃皪寮曡捣寤ｆ硾鑸堣叮鎴栭潪甯搁噸瑕佺殑鍟忛鐨勫叕闁嬬殑杈珫鈥�銆俤ispute闄や簡鎸団€滅埈璜�锛岃警璜栤€�锛屼篃鍙寚鈥滃悇鏂瑰湇绻炴煇涓€鍟忛鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鐖锛岀尘绱涒€�銆備唬鍏ユ枃涓寚鈥滃叕姘戜箣闁撶殑绯剧礇鈥�锛岀鍚堟枃鎰忋€俬ostility浣滀笉鍙暩(sh霉)鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)鎰忕偤鈥滄暤鎰�锛屽皪鎶椻€濓紝浣滃彲鏁�(sh霉)鍚嶈鏅�(sh铆)甯哥敤寰�(f霉)鏁�(sh霉)褰㈠紡锛屾剰鐐衡€滄暤灏嶈鐐�锛屾埌(zh脿n)鐖鐐衡€濓紝鐢变簬瀹冩寚鍏烽珨琛岀偤锛屼笉鑸嘾ecide(瑙ｆ焙锛岃姹�)鎼厤銆�

銆€銆€13.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘琚碱媴璇撶碃鍊兼毊顑渪鏄細姘戜簨妗堜欢瑁佹焙鈥︹€﹀叕姘戜箣闁撶殑绱涚埈銆傚仛褰㈠瑭炴檪(sh铆)锛宖ellow鎰忕偤鈥滃悓椤炵殑锛屽悓浜嬬殑锛屽悓浼寸殑鈥�锛屽fellow citizens鎸団€滃悓鑳炩€�銆俰ndividual鎰忕偤鈥滃柈鐛�(d煤)鐨�锛屽€�(g猫)鍒ョ殑鈥�锛屽悗闈㈠彧鎺ュ柈鏁�(sh霉)鍙暩(sh霉)鍚嶈鎴栦笉鍙暩(sh霉)鍚嶈锛屽each individual member/freedom(姣忓€�(g猫)鎴愬摗/鍊�(g猫)浜鸿嚜鐢�)銆俻ersonal鎰忕偤鈥滃€�(g猫)浜虹殑锛岀浜虹殑鈥�锛屼笉鑸嘽itizens鎼厤銆俻rivate鍙剰鐐衡€滆垏宸ヤ綔鎴栧畼鑱风劇闂�(gu膩n)鐨�锛屾櫘閫氱殑锛屽钩姘戠殑鈥�锛宲rivate citizens鎸団€滄櫘閫氬叕姘戔€�锛岀鍚堟枃鎰�銆�

銆€銆€14.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟B锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘瑁夊躬閽婃安榛楩(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ垎瑭炲仛瀹氳獮淇＞鍚嶈cases锛岃〃绀衡€滅敱鏀垮簻甯朵締鐨勫垜浜嬫浠垛€︹€﹀€�(g猫)浜虹姱缃€濄€傚洜姝ら棞(gu膩n)閸垫槸杈ㄦ瀽骞惧€�(g猫)鏍稿績鍕曡銆俛ssert涓昏鎰忓懗寮�(qi谩ng)锛屾寚鈥滄槑纰鸿偗瀹�锛屾柗瑷€鈥�锛屽嵆鑷獚(r猫n)鐐烘煇浜嬪氨鏄姝わ紝鑰屼笉绠′簨瀵�(sh铆)濡備綍銆俛llege澶氭寚鈥滀笉鎻愪緵璀夋摎(j霉)鐨勬柗瑷€鎴栧绋扁€濄€俶aintain鎸団€滃爡(ji膩n)姹虹董璀�(h霉)鏌愮ó涓诲嫉鎴栬榛�(di菐n)鈥�銆倀estify澶氭寚鈥滃湪娉曞涵浣滆瓑锛岃帄鍤�(y谩n)鍦板绋辫嚜宸辨墍瑾爆瀵�(sh铆)鈥�銆傜敱浜庢枃涓彁鍒扮殑妗堜欢鏄湪闄鍦�(tu谩n)浣滃嚭瑁佹焙鍓嶇敱鏀垮簻鎻愬嚭瑷磋鐨勬浠�锛屽洜姝llege(鎸囨帶)鐐烘纰虹瓟妗�銆�

銆€銆€15.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�銆傜┖鏍艰檿濉叆鐨勯亷鍘诲垎瑭炲拰涓婃枃鐨剆elected骞跺垪锛岃〃绀衡€滈櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鎴愬摗琚伕鍑哄苟琚€︹€︹€�銆俿ummon鎸団€滃偝鍠�锛屽偝瑷�(鍑哄涵)鈥�锛岀鍚堟枃鎰忋€俛ssemble淇＞浜烘檪(sh铆)琛ㄧず鈥滃彫闆�銆侀泦鍚堚€濄€俥voke鎸団€滃紩璧�锛屽枤璧�(鎰熸儏銆佽鎲�)鈥�銆俽ally鎸団€�(鐐轰簡骞姪鍜屾敮鎸佹煇浜烘垨鏌愪簨)鍙泦銆侀泦鍚堚€�銆�

銆€銆€16.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟A锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘琚碱媴璇撶碃鍊兼毊顑渪鏄細闄鍦�(tu谩n)鐢扁€︹€︿汉鏁�(sh霉)绲勬垚銆俿et鎰忕偤鈥滃畨鎺掑ソ鐨�锛岀⒑瀹氱殑锛屽浐瀹氱殑鈥�锛屽follow a set pattern(閬靛惊涓€绋浐瀹氱殑妯″紡)銆傛枃涓挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)闄鍦�(tu谩n)浜烘暩(sh霉)鏄浐瀹氱殑锛屽洜姝ゆ噳(y墨ng)閬竤et銆俥xact鎰忕偤鈥滅簿纰虹殑锛屽毚(y谩n)瀵嗙殑鈥�锛沢iven鎰忕偤鈥�(浜嬪厛)宸茬稉(j墨ng)瀹夋帓濂界殑锛岃(gu墨)瀹氱殑鈥�锛屽They were to meet at a given time and place(浠栧€戣鍦ㄨ(gu墨)瀹氱殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撳拰鍦伴粸(di菐n)鏈冩櫎)锛沺laced鎰忕偤鈥滄湁鍚嶆鐨勶紝宸茬嵅鍕濈殑鈥�銆�

銆€銆€17.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘琚碱媴璇撶碃璎�?y墨ng)濉叆閬庡幓鍒嗚浣滃畾瑾烇紝淇＞the judge锛屽洜姝ら棞(gu膩n)閸佃杈ㄦ瀽鍥涘€�(g猫)鏍稿績鍕曡锛屽叾鎼厤鐐衡€he judge to the case銆俛ssign琛ㄧず鈥滃垎閰�(鏌愮墿)锛屽垎娲�(宸ヤ綔銆佷换鍕�(w霉))绛夆€濇檪(sh铆)锛屽叾鎼厤鏄痑ssign sth. to sb.锛岃〃绀衡€滄寚瀹�锛屾寚娲�锛涘浠�锛屾淳閬ｂ€濇檪(sh铆)锛屽叾鎼厤鏄痑ssign sb. to sth.銆傛斁鍏ユ枃涓〃绀衡€滆鎸囨淳璨�(f霉)璨�(z茅)妗堜欢鐨勬硶瀹樷€濄€俛llocate鎰忕偤鈥滃垎閰嶁€︹€�(绲�)锛屽妰鈥︹€�(姝�)鈥濓紝鍏舵惌閰嶆槸allocate sth. to sb./sth.锛屼竴鑸帴浜嬬墿浣滅洿鎺ヨ硴瑾�銆俛llot鎰忕偤鈥滃垎閰�锛岄厤绲�(鏅�(sh铆)闁�銆侀將璨�(c谩i)?sh霉)?锛涘垎閰�(浠诲嫏(w霉))鈥�锛屽叾鎼厤鏄痑llot sth. to sb./sth.锛屼竴鑸篃鎺ヤ簨鐗╀綔鐩存帴璩撹獮銆俛ppoint鎰忕偤鈥滀换鍛�锛屽浠烩€�锛屽叾鎼厤鏄痑ppoint sb. to/as sth.锛屼絾鍏朵腑sth銆備竴鑸寚鐨勬槸鑱蜂綅銆�

銆€銆€18.銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟C锛� 瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�?锛熷喘瑁夊躬閽婃安鑶噳~鐨勪富瑾炴槸the judge锛屽叾璩撹獮鏄痶he selection of jurors锛屽嵆琛ㄧず鈥滄硶瀹樷€︹€﹂櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鎴愬摗鐨勯伕鑸夆€�銆俹versee鎰忕偤鈥滅洠(ji膩n)鐫�锛岀洠(ji膩n)瑕�(浠ョ⒑淇濇煇闋�(xi脿ng)宸ヤ綔鎴栨椿鍕曠殑鎭扮暥(d膩ng)瀹屾垚)鈥�锛宱versee the elections琛ㄧず鈥滅洠(ji膩n)鐫ｉ伕鑸夆€�銆傜敱浜庢硶瀹樺苟涓嶇洿鎺ュ弮鑸囬櫔瀵╁湗(tu谩n)鐨勯伕鑸�锛屽洜姝versee鐐烘纰虹瓟妗堛€俛dminister鎰忕偤鈥滅鐞�(鍏徃銆佺祫绻斻€佹(j墨)妲�(g貌u))锛屾不鐞�(鍦嬪)锛涙柦琛�锛屽煼(zh铆)琛屸€�锛屽administer justice/the law(鍩�(zh铆)琛屽鍒�/鍩�(zh铆)娉�)銆俶anage琛ㄧず鈥滅鐞嗭紝璨�(f霉)璨�(z茅)(鍏徃銆佺悆闅�(du矛)銆佺祫绻旂瓑)鈥�锛屽manage a factory(绠＄悊宸ュ粻)锛宮anage a project(璨�(f霉)璨�(z茅)涓€鍊�(g猫)闋�(xi脿ng)鐩�)銆俻reside鏄笉鍙婄墿鍕曡锛屽拰浠嬭over鎴朼t鎼厤琛ㄧず鈥滀富鎸�(鏈冭銆佸剙寮忕瓑)锛涚鐞嗏€�銆�