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銆€銆€鍥犳锛屽湪鍋氬畬褰㈠～绌洪鏅�(sh铆)锛屽垏蹇屽彧瑕嬫ü鏈�锛屼笉瑕嬫．鏋�锛涙媼闁嬭獮绡囧绔嬪湴鐪嬪彞瀛愮殑鍋氶鏂规硶鏄笉鍙彇鐨勩€�

銆€銆€2. 鍦ㄤ笂涓嬫枃涓殑瑾�(r猫n)瑭�銆佽鲸瑭炶兘鍔涙槸鑰冩煡鐨勯噸榛�(di菐n)

銆€銆€灏�(du矛)瑭炲尟鐨勬脯(c猫)瑭﹀湪鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)鑻辫獮鑰冭│涓噳(y墨ng)瑭茶鏄劇铏曚笉鍦ㄧ殑锛屽畠璨┛鑰冨嵎鐨勫悇鍊�(g猫)閮ㄥ垎銆傚湪瀹屽舰濉┖瑭﹂涓噸榛�(di菐n)鑰冩煡鑰冪敓鍦ㄤ笂涓嬫枃涓獚(r猫n)瑭炲拰杈ㄨ鐨勮兘鍔�銆傝繎骞翠締瀹屽舰濉┖鎵€瑷�(sh猫)缃殑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)瑕佹眰鑰冪敓鍦ㄦ帉鎻′竴瀹氳鍖噺鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓�锛岄€氶亷澶ч噺闁辫畝骞跺叿鏈変竴瀹氱殑瑾炴劅鎵嶈兘鍗€(q奴)鍒嗘纰鸿垏閷�(cu貌)瑾�銆傛脯(c猫)瑭﹁鍖紩鐢冲惈缇╃殑鎯呮硜涔熻秺渚嗚秺澶氥€�

銆€銆€But they insisted that its  43  results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the bulk of the English population銆�

銆€銆€43.锛籄锛絤omentary锛籅锛絧rompt锛籆锛絠nstant锛籇锛絠mmediate (1998骞寸湡椤�)

銆€銆€銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛藉緸鍥涘€�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)渚嗙湅锛岋蓟A锛絤omentary鐭毇鐨勶紝锛籅锛絧rompt杩呴€熺殑锛岋蓟C锛絠nstant绔嬪嵆鐨勶紝 锛籇锛絠mmediate鐩存帴鐨�锛屼技涔庨兘鑳借垏鍏跺悗鐨剅esults鎼厤锛岃€屼笖鎰忔€濅篃鐩稿樊鐒″咕銆備絾鏄�锛屽緸鍚庨潰鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁撶媭瑾�1750骞村埌1850骞翠締鐪�锛屽墠闈㈢殑涓夐爡(xi脿ng)灏变笉鍚堥仼浜�锛宮omentary, prompt鍜宨nstant閫欎笁鍊�(g猫)瑭炲潎琛ㄩ仈(d谩)浜嗏€滄檪(sh铆)闁撶煭鈥濈殑鍚京锛岃€屸€渋mmediate鈥濋櫎浜嗚〃绀衡€滅珛鍗斥€�锛岄倓鏈夆€滅洿鎺ョ殑鈥濈殑鍚京锛屾湰椤屽氨鏄琛ㄩ仈(d谩)宸ユキ(y猫)闈╁懡鈥滅洿鎺ョ殑鍚庢灉鈥濋€欏€�(g猫)鎰忔€�锛屾墍浠ラ伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛籇锛芥槸姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆�

銆€銆€鐢辨鍙锛屽儏鍍呭(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)澶х侗瑭炲尟琛ㄤ腑鐨勮鎴栬绲勬槸閬�(yu菐n)閬�(yu菐n)涓嶅鐨�銆傛噳(y墨ng)鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鍒�锛岃檿浜庤€冪爺闅庢锛岃鎲跺柈瑭炰笉鑳藉彧闄愪簬涓€瑭炰竴缇�锛屼竴瑭炰竴鐢�銆傚彧鏈夌稉(j墨ng)甯稿皪(du矛)瑭炲尟閫�(j矛n)琛屽悓缇┿€佸弽缇�銆佽繎缇�銆佸悓褰�銆佸悓闊崇瓑澶氱ó姣旇純锛岀窗(x矛)蹇冭瀵熶笉鍚屼笂涓嬫枃銆佷笉鍚屾惌閰嶇殑鍚勭ó鍚京銆佸悇绋敤娉曠壒榛�(di菐n)锛屾柟鍙皪(du矛)瀹冨€戞湁姣旇純娣卞埢鍏ㄩ潰鐨勭悊瑙�锛屾墠鑳芥湁鎶婃彙鍦伴伕鎿囨纰虹殑鎰忕京鍜屾惌閰嶃€�

銆€銆€涓�銆佸畬褰㈠～绌虹殑瑭﹂椤炲瀷

銆€銆€瀹屽舰濉┖鏄湪瑾炵瘒鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓婂皪(du矛)鍚勮獮瑷€瑕佺礌锛屽瑭炲尟锛岃〃閬�(d谩)鏂瑰紡鍜岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閫�(j矛n)琛岃€冩煡銆傚畬褰㈠～绌虹殑鏂囩珷浣滅偤涓€鍊�(g猫)瀹屾暣鐨勮獮绡�锛屽繀鐒堕棥杩颁簡涓€鍊�(g猫)瀹屾暣鐨勬€濇兂锛岃〃閬�(d谩)浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)鏁撮珨鐨勬蹇�銆傝浣块€欎簺姒傚康鍦ㄦ剰缇╀笂閫ｈ搏锛屽氨瑕佷娇鐢ㄥ悇绋姕鎺ユ墜娈�銆傚湪鍚勭ó閵滄帴鎵嬫涓紝瑾炵京閵滄帴銆侀倧杓姕鎺�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閵滄帴鍜屾叄鐢ㄩ姕鎺ユ槸鍥涚ó甯哥敤鐨勯姕鎺ユ墜娈点€傞€欏洓绋姕鎺ユ墜娈靛氨妲�(g貌u)鎴愪簡鑰冪爺鑻辫獮瀹屽舰濉┖鐨勫洓绋嚭椤岄鍨�銆�

銆€銆€1.瑾炵京閵滄帴椤�

銆€銆€瑾炵京閵滄帴鏄寚鍙ュ瓙鍜屽彞瀛愪箣闁撲緷闈犱笂涓嬫枃鐨勮獮缇╅棞(gu膩n)绯昏€屽舰鎴愰€ｈ搏鐨勮獮绡�銆傞€欑ó閵滄帴褰㈠紡鍦ㄥ畬褰㈠～绌轰腑琛ㄧ従(xi脿n)鐐哄悓缇╄鎴栧舰杩戝(sh铆)瑭�(濡傚悕瑭�銆佸嫊(d貌ng)瑭�銆佸舰瀹硅銆佸壇瑭炵瓑)鐨勯伕鎿�銆傞€欓瀵�(sh铆)瑭炵殑閬告搰杈ㄦ瀽椤屽湪鑰冪爺瀹屽舰濉┖涓殑姣斾緥寰堥珮锛屽ぇ绱勫崰70%銆�

銆€銆€2.閭忚集閵滄帴椤�

銆€銆€瑾炵瘒涓殑閭忚集閵滄帴鏄寚鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔鎴栧彞瀛愬収(n猫i)閮ㄥ悇鎴愬垎涔嬮枔锛岄€氶亷閫ｆ帴鎬ц瑾炵殑閬�(y霉n)鐢紝瀵�(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)瑾炵京涓婄殑閫ｈ搏銆傞€氶亷閭忚集閵滄帴锛屼汉鍊戝彲浠ヤ簡瑙ｅ彞瀛愭垨鍙ョ兢涔嬮枔鐨勮獮缇╄伅(li谩n)绯�锛岀敋鑷冲彲缍�(j墨ng)鍓嶅彞寰為倧杓笂闋�(y霉)瑕嬪悗绾�(x霉)鍙ョ殑瑾炵京銆傚洜姝ゅ湪瀹屽舰濉┖涓墍瑾殑閫ｆ帴鎬ц瑾炴棦鍖呮嫭鍙ュ瓙瑾炴硶鐨勯€ｈ閫欏€�(g猫)瑭為锛屼篃鍖呮嫭鍏锋湁閫ｆ帴鎰忕京鐨勫壇瑭炴垨浠嬭鐭獮锛岄倧杓姕鎺ュ弽鏄犲湪鑰冮涓婁富瑕佹槸閬告搰閭忚集閫ｆ帴瑭�(鍖呮嫭鍙嶆槧鍙ラ殯閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑閫ｆ帴瑭炪€佷粙瑭�銆佺煭瑾炵瓑)銆傚鑻辫獮涓殑later锛宑onsequently锛宨n the meantime绛夌瓑銆�

銆€銆€3.绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閵滄帴椤�

銆€銆€鑻辫獮涓湁涓€浜涘浐瀹氱殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽骞宠绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佸挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆佷富璎備竴鑷�銆佸€掕绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绛夈€傜祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閵滄帴椤屼篃灏辨槸灏�(du矛)瑾炴硶闂�(gu膩n)绯�(灏ゅ叾鏄彞娉曢棞(gu膩n)绯�)鐨勮€冩煡銆傜祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)閵滄帴鍙嶆槧鍦ㄩ伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓婂父浠ラ棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭�銆侀棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭�銆佷汉绋变唬瑭�銆佷笉瀹氫唬瑭�銆佸壇瑭炵瓑褰㈠紡鍑虹従(xi脿n)銆� 閫氶亷閫欎簺鍥哄畾绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勯姕鎺�锛岃獮缇╁彇寰椾簡閫ｈ搏銆�

銆€銆€4. 鎱ｇ敤閵滄帴椤�

銆€銆€鎱ｇ敤閵滄帴涔熷彲浠ョū涔嬬偤鍥哄畾鎼厤銆備富瑕佹槸鎸囧嫊(d貌ng)瑭炶垏浠嬭銆佸壇瑭�锛涘悕瑭炶垏浠嬭銆佸悕瑭�锛涗粙瑭炶垏鍚嶈绛夌殑鍥哄畾鎼厤锛岄€欓瑭﹂鍦ㄨ€冪爺瀹屽舰濉┖瑭﹂涓磩鍗�10%銆傚叿楂旇〃鐝�(xi脿n)鐐轰粙瑭炶垏鍓鐨勯伕鎿�锛屼絾涓嶈兘鍥犳绨�(ji菐n)鍠獚(r猫n)鐐烘槸灏�(du矛)浠嬭鎴栧壇瑭炵殑鐢ㄦ硶鑰冩煡锛岃€屾槸鐢变簬閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓殑浠嬭鎴栧壇瑭炶垏鏂囦腑鐨勬煇鍊�(g猫)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�銆佸悕瑭�銆佹垨褰㈠瑭炲舰鎴愮繏(x铆)鎱ｇ敤娉�锛屾墍浠ュ湪椤炲瀷涓婂爆浜庢叄鐢ㄩ姕鎺ャ€傛噳(y墨ng)灏�(du矛)閫欓鑰冮锛� 瑕佹眰鑰冪敓蹇呴爤鐔熸倝鎺屾彙澶х侗涓垪鑸夌殑甯哥敤瑭炵祫鑸囧浐瀹氭惌閰�銆傞渶瑕佺壒鍒ユ敞鎰忕殑鏄細鍦ㄨū澶氱殑瑭炵京杈ㄦ瀽椤屼腑锛屽悕瑭�銆佸嫊(d貌ng)瑭炪€佹垨褰㈠瑭炵殑閬告搰涔熻垏涓婁笅鏂囦腑鑸囧叾鎼厤鐨勪粙瑭炴垨鍓鏈夌洿鎺ョ殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆� 鏈浉鐗瑰垾鍦ㄩ檮閷勯儴鍒嗗皪(du矛)瀹屽舰濉┖甯歌€冮珮闋昏绲勯€�(j矛n)琛屼簡鍖法锛� 浠ヤ究澶у寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)鍌欒€冦€�

銆€銆€鍥�銆佸畬褰㈠～绌哄熀鏈В椤岀瓥鐣�

銆€銆€1.瀹忚涓婃妸鎻℃枃绔犵殑涓績鍜岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

銆€銆€鑰冪爺鑻辫獮瀹屽舰濉┖鐨勬枃绔犱互瑾槑鏂囧拰璀拌珫鏂囩偤涓�锛屽€�(g猫)鍒ユ儏娉佷笅鏈�(hu矛)鍑虹従(xi脿n)澶炬晿澶捐鐨勬枃绔�銆傚畠鍊戜竴鑸叿鏈変互涓嬪叐鍊�(g猫)鐗归粸(di菐n)锛�

銆€銆€1)閮芥湁鏄庣⒑鐨勪腑蹇�

銆€銆€鐢变簬瀹屽舰濉┖瑕佹眰寰炲収(n猫i)瀹瑰拰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍏╁€�(g猫)鏂归潰灏囨枃绔犺(b菙)鍏呭畬鏁达紝鏁寸瘒鏂囩珷涓€鑸彧鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)涓績鎰忔€�锛岃€屼笖鍏锋湁閭忚集鎬у拰瀹屾暣鎬�銆傚緸鏂囩珷鐨勭瘒绔犵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)渚嗙湅锛岀涓€鍙ヨ┍涓€鑸兘鏄富椤屽彞銆傜偤浜嗗公鍔╄€冪敓閫�(j矛n)鍏ヨ獮澧冨拰绛旈鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛屽嚭椤岃€呭線寰€鍏堟彁渚涗竴鍊�(g猫)瀹屾暣鐨勫彞瀛�锛岃ō(sh猫)缃鐩緸绗簩鍙ラ枊濮�銆�

銆€銆€2) 寰€寰€閲囩敤绺藉垎绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

銆€銆€閫氶亷澶ч噺鐨勭附绲�(ji茅)鍒嗘瀽锛屽彲浠ョ櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鑰冪爺鑻辫獮瀹屽舰濉┖鐨勬枃绔犲湪绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓婄稉(j墨ng)甯搁噰鐢ㄧ附鍒嗗皪(du矛)鐓х殑褰㈠紡锛岄€欏氨鐐烘垜鍊戣繀閫熷緸鏁撮珨涓婃妸鎻′竴绡囧畬褰㈠～绌烘彁渚涗簡闈炲父渚垮埄鐨勬浠�銆�

銆€銆€鏄庣⒑浜嗕互涓婂叐榛�(di菐n)灏辩偤瀹屽舰濉┖鐨勮В椤屽緸瀹忚涓婃寚鏄庝簡鏂瑰悜锛屼笅闈互2004骞寸殑鐪熼鐐轰緥锛岃瑳瑙ｅ浣曟妸鎻℃枃绔犱腑蹇冨拰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�

銆€銆€Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21  on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior  22  they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23  with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in  24  to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status  25  as a rejection of middle-class values銆�

銆€銆€Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26  the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27  lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are  28  to criticism銆�

銆€銆€Changes in the social structure may indirectly  29  juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that  30  to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31   make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in  32  lead more youths into criminal behavior銆�

銆€銆€Families have also  33  changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;  34  , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35  was common in the traditional family  36  . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other  37  causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased  38  of drugs and alcohol, and the growing  39  of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,  40  a direct causal relationship has not yet been established銆�

銆€銆€(2004骞寸湡椤�)

銆€銆€鏂囩珷涓婚鍜岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽锛�

銆€銆€绗竴娈碉細

銆€銆€Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. (涓婚鍙�) 瑷卞鐮旂┒闈掑皯骞寸姱缃殑鐞嗚珫瑕佷箞寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鍊�(g猫)浜�锛岃涔堝挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)绀炬渻(hu矛)鏄皫(d菐o)鑷寸姱缃殑涓昏鍥犵礌銆�

銆€銆€绗簩娈碉細

銆€銆€Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes銆�

銆€銆€澶у鏁�(sh霉)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)闈掑皯骞寸姱缃殑鐞嗚珫寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)閫欎簺鍏掔閮芥槸渚嗚嚜璨у洶瀹跺涵锛岃€屽拷鐣ヤ簡鍑鸿韩瀵岃瀹跺涵鐨勫瀛愪篃鏈�(hu矛)鐘姜閫欎竴浜嬪(sh铆)銆�

銆€銆€绗笁娈碉細

銆€銆€Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates銆�

銆€銆€绀炬渻(hu矛)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏂归潰鐨勮畩鍖栧彲鑳介枔鎺ュ奖闊夸簡闈掑皯骞寸殑鐘姜鐜�銆�

銆€銆€绗洓娈碉細

銆€銆€Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents鈥�

銆€銆€閫欎簺骞达紝瀹跺涵涔熷湪鐧�(f膩)鐢熻憲璁婂寲銆傚柈瑕搴垨闆欒伔宸ュ搴笉鏂峰鍔�銆�

銆€銆€璁€瀹岀涓€鍙ヨ┍鍚�锛屾枃绔犵殑涓婚宸茬稉(j墨ng)涓€鐩簡鐒�锛屼富椤屽彞涓昏鎺㈣◣闈掑皯骞寸姱缃殑鍘熷洜锛岀劧鍚庝綔鑰呭緸涓夊€�(g猫)鏂归潰灏�(du矛)涓婚閫�(j矛n)琛屼簡璜栬瓑鍜岃鏄�锛屽嵆鍊�(g猫)浜哄師鍥�?q奴)械纰屽缂�?锛岀ぞ?hu矛)鍘熷洜?q奴)械纰屽缂搁摦顑害鍑瑰綕銉旑厠椹�(q奴)械纰屽缂�?锛屾枃绔犵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐐虹附鍒嗙祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�

銆€銆€2.寰涓婂垎鏋愬彞鍏�(n猫i)鍜屽彞闅涢棞(gu膩n)绯�

銆€銆€閫氶亷鍒嗘瀽鍙ュ瓙鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄥ悇鎴愬垎涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝浠ュ強鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯荤偤瑙ｇ瓟瀹屽舰濉┖瑭﹂鎻愪緵鍏烽珨鐨勬搷浣滄€濊矾鍜岀瓟椤屾柟娉�銆備竴鑸渚嗭紝瀹屽舰濉┖瑭﹂鐨勮В绛旇渚濊炒涓夊€�(g猫)鏂归潰鐨勪俊鎭細鍙ュ瓙鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄦ彁渚涚殑淇℃伅锛屽彞瀛愪笂涓嬫枃鎻愪緵鐨勪俊鎭�锛屾煇鍊�(g猫)娈佃惤鎻愪緵鐨勪俊鎭�銆傜暥(d膩ng)鍙ュ瓙鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄦ彁渚涚殑淇℃伅涓嶈冻浠ヨВ绛旇│椤屾檪(sh铆)锛屽氨瑕佽€冩叜鍙ュ瓙涓婁笅鏂囨彁渚涚殑淇℃伅锛岀暥(d膩ng)鍙ュ瓙涓婁笅鏂囨彁渚涚殑淇℃伅涔熶笉鑳芥彁渚涘晱椤岀殑绛旀鏅�(sh铆)锛屽墖闇€瑕佸緸鏌愬€�(g猫)娈佃惤涓皨姹傝В姹哄晱椤岀殑鏈夊児(ji脿)鍊肩殑淇℃伅銆備竴鑸渚嗭紝閫氶亷灏�(du矛)鏂囩珷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屼富椤岄€�(j矛n)琛屾湁鏁堝垎鏋愬悗锛屽皪(du矛)鍙ュ収(n猫i)闂�(gu膩n)绯诲拰鍙ラ殯闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑鍒嗘瀽鏄В绛斿畬褰㈠～绌鸿│椤岀殑鍏╁€�(g猫)闂�(gu膩n)閸靛洜绱�銆�

銆€銆€1)鍙ュ収(n猫i)闂�(gu膩n)绯诲垎鏋�

銆€銆€鍙ュ収(n猫i)闂�(gu膩n)绯诲垎鏋愪富瑕佹槸鍒嗘瀽鑸囪│椤岀浉闂�(gu膩n)鐨勮銆佽绲勬垨鍙ュ瓙鍜岃│椤屼箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽緸瑾炵京鍜岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍏╁€�(g猫)鏂归潰灏�(du矛)鍙ュ収(n猫i)闂�(gu膩n)绯婚€�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋愭槸瑙ｇ瓟瀹屽舰濉┖瑭﹂鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)銆�

銆€銆€Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased  38  of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect銆�

銆€銆€38. 锛籄锛� expense锛籅锛� restriction锛籆锛� allocation锛籇锛� availability

銆€銆€(2004骞寸湡椤�)

銆€銆€銆愯В鏋愩€戯蓟D锛藉緸瑾炴硶涓婄湅锛屾湰椤屾墍鍦ㄧ殑鐭獮鍜宖rustration or failure in school浠ュ強涓嬫枃涓殑the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect妲�(g貌u)鎴愪簡骞宠绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叡鍚屼綔include鐨勮硴瑾�銆傚緸瑾炵京渚嗙湅锛屽悗闈㈢殑涓夊€�(g猫)骞跺垪鐭獮鍜屽墠闈㈢殑offensive acts妲�(g貌u)鎴愬洜鏋滈棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�

銆€銆€鏈鎵€鍦ㄨ绲勭殑瑾炵京鏂瑰悜鎳�(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鍜屽墠鍚庣殑瑭炵祫鏄竴鑷寸殑锛岄兘鏄簨鎯呬笉濂界殑鏂归潰銆傜祼(ji茅)鍚堟湰椤岀殑鍥涘€�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)渚嗙湅锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛籇锛� 鎳�(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鏄纰虹瓟妗堛€俛vailability鎰忕偤鈥滃彲浠ユ彁渚涳紝鍙互鐛插緱鈥�锛岀鍚堝彞缇�銆傛湰鍙ョ殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥滄瘨鍝併€侀厭绮捐秺渚嗚秺瀹规槗寰楀埌鈥�銆傦蓟A锛絜xpense璨�(f猫i)鐢紝浠ｅ児(ji脿)锛屾悕澶�锛岄枊鏀紱 锛籅锛� restriction闄愬畾锛岄檺鍒讹紝绱勬潫锛涳蓟C锛絘llocation鍒嗛厤锛屽畨缃�銆傚叾浠栦笁闋�(xi脿ng)鍧囪垏椤屾剰涓嶇銆�

銆€銆€2)鍙ラ殯闂�(gu膩n)绯诲垎鏋�

銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙鑸囧彞瀛愪箣闁撴绱嶈捣渚嗘湁鍏ó閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽叾閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯昏鍒嗛濡備笅锛�

銆€銆€骞跺垪闂�(gu膩n)绯� and, and also, or, neither鈥� nor鈥�, either 鈥r鈥�, not only鈥ut also鈥�锛宎s well, similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say

銆€銆€閬為€�(j矛n)闂�(gu膩n)绯� moreover, what is more, furthermore, then, besides, in addition, additionally

銆€銆€鍥犳灉闂�(gu膩n)绯� because, for, since, as, hence锛宼hus, so, consequently

銆€銆€杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯� but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately

銆€銆€璁撴闂�(gu膩n)绯� although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, no matter +鐤戝晱瑭�

銆€銆€姊濅欢闂�(gu膩n)绯� if, only if, if only

銆€銆€灏囬€欎簺闂�(gu膩n)绯昏浜嗙啛浜庤兏锛屽彲浠ュ皪(du矛)鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔鐨勯倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯昏繀閫熷仛鍑哄垽鏂枫€傛湁鏅�(sh铆)锛屽彞瀛愪箣闁撴矑鏈夐倧杓锛岃€屼緷闈犲彞瀛愰枔鐨勮獮缇╅棞(gu膩n)绯婚€ｆ帴璧蜂締锛岄€欑ó灏�(du矛)闅辨€х殑瑾炵京闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑鍒ゆ柗涔熸槸瀹屽舰濉┖鑰冭│涓竴鍊�(g猫)闈炲父閲嶈鐨勬柟闈€€�

銆€銆€浜�銆佸畬褰㈠～绌虹殑瑙ｉ绋嬪簭

銆€銆€瑙ｇ瓟鑰冪爺瀹屽舰濉┖鐨勫叿楂旀椹熷涓嬶細

銆€銆€1.绱�(x矛)璁€棣栧彞銆佸暉绀哄叏鏂�

銆€銆€瀹屽舰濉┖鎵€閬哥煭鏂囦竴鑸劇妯�(bi膩o)椤岋紝浣嗛鍙ラ€氬父涓嶈ō(sh猫)绌烘牸锛屽洜姝ゅ畠寰€寰€鏄簡瑙ｆ枃绔犲叏璨岀殑鈥滅獥鍙ｂ€�锛岀敱姝ゅ彲鍒ゆ柗鏂囩珷楂旇锛屾帹娓�(c猫)鏂囩珷澶ф剰锛屽皪(du矛)鎴戝€戠悊瑙ｅ叏鏂囨湁閲嶈鐨勫暉绀轰綔鐢�銆�

銆€銆€2.閫氳畝鍏ㄦ枃锛屾帉鎻″ぇ鎰�

銆€銆€鎶婄煭鏂囧緸闋埌灏惧揩閫熼柋璁€涓€閬�锛屼互寰炴暣楂斾笂鎰熺煡鍏ㄦ枃锛屾帉鎻″ぇ鎰�銆傝烦閬庣┖鏍笺€佷笉鐪嬮伕闋�(xi脿ng)銆佸揩閫熼柋璁€锛屽姫鍔涙壘鍑洪棞(gu膩n)閸佃銆傚鏋滄槸鏁樹簨鎬ф枃绔�锛屾檪(sh铆)闁�銆佸湴榛�(di菐n)銆佷汉鐗╂槸闂�(gu膩n)閸佃锛涙姄浣忎簡闂�(gu膩n)閸佃灏辨姄浣忎簡鏁呬簨鐨勭窔绱�锛岄€�(j矛n)鑰岀悊瑙ｅ叏鏂�銆傞€氳畝鍏ㄦ枃閫�(j矛n)鑰屾帉鎻″ぇ鎰忔槸鍋氬ソ鈥滃畬褰㈠～绌衡€濈殑鍏堟焙姊濅欢銆傚湪鎺屾彙浜嗙煭鏂囧ぇ鎰忎箣鍚�锛屾墠鍙倞璁€鐭枃閭婇伕鎿囩瓟妗�銆傚湪闁辫畝閬庣▼涓紝涔熻ū鏈変簺绛旀鏈�(hu矛)鍦ㄨ叇娴蜂腑娴従(xi脿n)锛屾湁浜涜寰楀緢鏈夋妸鎻℃垨鏄妸鎻′笉澶э紝閫欐檪(sh铆)鏈€濂戒笉瑕佹€ヤ簬鍕�(d貌ng)绛�锛屽厛璁€瀹屻€傚洜?y脿n)姗涜鈹涚灮婊�?锛屽緸鍠竴鐨勫彞瀛愭湰韬締鐪嬫槸闆ｄ互纰哄畾绛旀鐨勩€傚洜姝�锛屽仛瀹屽舰濉┖瑭﹂鐨勯洠榛�(di菐n)鍦ㄤ簬瑕佽兘澶ц嚧璁€鎳備竴绡囩暀鏈夎ū澶氱┖鐧界殑鐭枃锛岄€欏氨瑕佹眰鑰冪敓鍏锋湁鐩哥暥(d膩ng)?sh霉)鎷堝柨x鑳藉姏鍜岄€氶亷闀�(zh菐ng)鏈熷ぇ閲忛柋璁€鑰屽舰鎴愮殑瑾炴劅銆�

銆€銆€3.鐬诲墠椤у悗锛屽厛鏄撳悗闆�

銆€銆€鐬诲墠椤у悗鍗冲墠鍚庤瀵�锛屽皪(du矛)绌烘牸鍓嶅悗鍙ュ瓙浣滄繁鍏ュ垎鏋�锛岀⒑瀹氱┖鏍煎湪鍙ヤ腑鐨勬剰鎬濄€傚鏋滄槸瑾炴硶鍟忛锛屼笉鍍呰鑰冩叜鏅�(sh铆)鎱�(t脿i)銆佽獮鎱�(t脿i)锛岄倓瑕佽€冩叜鏁村€�(g猫)瑭炴硶銆佸彞娉�銆傚鏋滄槸瑾炵京鍟忛锛岃寰炰笂涓嬫枃鍒嗘瀽锛屼緷鎿�(j霉)鐭枃鑷韩瀹屾暣鐨勮獮瑷€鐠�(hu谩n)澧冮€�(j矛n)琛屽悎涔庨倧杓殑鎺ㄧ悊鍒ゆ柗銆傚厛鏄撳悗闆ｅ氨鏄鍏堥伕鍑洪偅浜涘彧鏍规摎(j霉)涓婁笅鏂囧氨鑳界⒑瀹氱殑銆佺洿鎺ョ殑銆佹槑椤殑绛旀锛岃濡傚浐瀹氳绲�銆佸父瑕嬪彞鍨嬬瓑銆傞€欏氨澧炲挤(qi谩ng)浜嗕俊蹇�锛屾笡杓曚簡蹇冪悊澹撳姏锛屼互渚块泦涓簿鍔涜В姹洪洠搴﹁純澶х殑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)銆傜灮鍓嶉¨鍚庯紝涓嶈蹇樿棣栧熬鐓ф噳(y墨ng)锛岄鍙ヤ箣閲嶈澶у宸叉敞鎰忥紝鍚屾檪(sh铆)涓嶈蹇借灏惧彞鐨勭暙榫嶉粸(di菐n)鐫涗綔鐢�銆傚彟澶栬鐗㈣鏂囩珷鐨勪腑蹇冩€濇兂锛屾瘡鍊�(g猫)绌虹櫧铏曠殑鍚京鑸囧墠鍚庡彞鐨勬剰鎬濊伅(li谩n)绯昏捣渚嗙悊瑙�銆傛枃绔犳渶鍓嶉潰鐨勭┖鏍兼彁鍑虹殑鍟忛寰堟湁鍙兘瑕佸埌鏂囩珷鐨勬湯灏炬墠鑳芥壘鍒扮瓟妗�銆�

銆€銆€4.涓婁笅閫ｈ搏锛屽悎涔庨倧杓�

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銆€銆€5.寰�(f霉)鏍稿叏鏂�锛屾秷闄ょ枏婕�

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