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銆€銆€涓嬮潰鏄�2009骞磋€冪爺缈昏鐨勫渚嬶細

銆€銆€Part C  Directions:

銆€銆€Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

銆€銆€There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world鈥檚 work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output銆�

銆€銆€But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young銆�

銆€銆€(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education鈥攖hat of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group銆�

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銆€銆€绺戒箣锛岃绗﹀悎鈥滄簴(zh菙n)纰恒€佸畬鏁�銆侀€氶爢鈥濈殑鑰冪爺缈昏妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)锛岃鏂囧繀闋堝湪瀹屾暣鑰屾簴(zh菙n)纰鸿〃閬斿師鏂囧収(n猫i)瀹圭殑鍩虹(ch菙)涓婄鍚堟饥瑾炵殑琛ㄩ仈瑕�(gu墨)鑼�锛屾矑鏈夐倧杓尟瑾�銆佽獮瑷€姝х京銆佹櫐婢€闆ｆ噦绛夌従(xi脿n)璞�銆�

銆€銆€浜�銆佽€冪爺缈昏鐨勮⿻鍒嗘(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)

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銆€銆€涓嬭〃鏄嚜1990骞翠互渚嗚€冪爺缈昏閮ㄥ垎鐨勪富瑕佸収(n猫i)瀹瑰強楂旇锛�

銆€銆€1990骞达細浜虹殑鎬ф牸鍜岃鐐哄垎鏋�(璀拌珫鏂�)  2000骞达細鏀垮簻鑸囩稉(j墨ng)婵熺櫦(f膩)灞�(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1991骞达細鑳芥簮鍜岃静(n贸ng)妤�(y猫)鍟忛(璀拌珫鏂�)       2001骞达細瑷堢畻姗熻垏鏈締鐢熸椿(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1992骞达細鏅哄姏瑭曚及鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)鎬�(璀拌珫鏂�)    2002骞达細琛岀偤绉戝(xu茅)(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1993骞达細绉戝(xu茅)鐮旂┒鐨勬柟娉�(璀拌珫鏂�)       2003骞达細浜洪瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1994骞达細绉戞妧鑸囩瀛�(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�(璀拌珫鏂�) 2004骞达細瑾炶█瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭爺绌�(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1995骞达細妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鍖栨脯瑭�(璀拌珫鏂�)           2005骞达細闆昏濯掍粙(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1996骞达細 绉戝(xu茅)鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑宸垾鍜屽嫊鍔�(璀拌珫鏂�)2006骞达細缇庡湅鐨勭煡璀樺垎瀛�(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1997骞达細鍕曠墿鐨勬瑠(qu谩n)鍒╁晱椤�(璀拌珫鏂�)       2007骞达細娉曞(xu茅)鐮旂┒鐨勬剰缇�(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1998骞达細澶х垎鐐哥悊璜�(璀拌珫鏂�)           2008骞达細璜栭仈鐖炬枃鐨勬€濇兂(璀拌珫鏂�)

銆€銆€1999骞达細姝峰彶瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒(璀拌珫鏂�)           2009骞达細鏁欒偛鐮旂┒(璀拌珫鏂�)

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