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銆€銆€瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞鍒嗙偤闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鍜岄潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞銆傚紩灏�(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴湁that锛寃hich锛寃ho锛寃hom锛寃hose(of which)锛宐ut(who/that鈥ot)锛宎s绛�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炴湁when锛寃here锛寃hy锛宧ow绛夈€傚ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞閮藉皪(du矛)鎵€淇>鐨勫悕瑭炴垨浠h鍔犱互闄愬埗锛屽幓鎺夎┎寰炲彞鍚庡厛琛岃灏囨剰缇╀笉鍏ㄦ垨澶卞幓鎰忕京銆傝€岄潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勪綔鐢ㄥ湪浜庤(b菙)鍏�锛岀炕璀檪(sh铆)甯稿父鍙﹁捣涓€鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙锛岃垏涓诲彞妲�(g貌u)鎴愬苟鍒楀彞銆�
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銆€銆€1銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛宼hat鎸囦汉鎴栨寚鐗�锛屽湪寰炲彞涓彲浠ヤ綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆佽硴瑾�(y菙)銆傚鏁�(sh霉)鎯呮硜涓�锛屽彲鑸噖hich浜掓彌銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖n a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins銆�(2001瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤L(zh菐ng)ord Irvine will introduce a draft bill鈥︼紱鍏朵腑bill鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity鈥︿慨椋�锛屽湪寰炲彞涓�锛宼hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀊ill浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傝瀵熼€hand锛屽彲纰哄畾姝ゅ緸鍙ヤ腑骞跺垪鍏╁€�(g猫)璎傝獮(y菙)will propose鍜寃ill control銆傚叾涓璫ontrol鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)the amount of publicity鍚庡張璺熶竴鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that can be given to a case before a trial begins锛屼娇鐢ㄤ簡琚嫊(d貌ng)瑾�(y菙)鎱�(t脿i)锛宼hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀙ublicity浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傚彞棣栫殑浠嬭鐭獮(y菙)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press浣滃叏鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠偤浜嗘湁鏁堝湴鍔犲挤(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)鏂拌仦鐣岀殑娉曞緥鐩�(ji膩n)鎺�锛屽ぇ娉曞畼姝愭枃鍕涚埖灏囧紩鍏ヤ竴闋�(xi脿ng)鑽夋銆傞€欓爡(xi脿ng)鑽夋灏囨彁鍑轰粯娆剧郸璀変汉鏄潪娉曠殑锛屽苟涓旇鍤�(y谩n)鏍兼帶鍒跺鍒ゅ墠灏�(du矛)妗堜欢鐨勬洕鍏�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣he overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄竴鍊�(g猫)瀹屾垚鏅�(sh铆)鐨勪富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)The overall result has been鈥� for amateurs锛岃〃瑾�(y菙)鐢变笉瀹氬紡鐭獮(y菙)to make鈥(hu谩n)arder(浣库€︹€︽洿闆�)鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚悕瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)a result that鈥︽槸涓诲共涓富瑾�(y菙)result鐨勫悓浣嶈獮(y菙)锛屼綔鐢ㄦ槸灏�(du矛)鍏堕€�(j矛n)琛岃(b菙)鍏呰(shu艒)鏄庛€傚湪姝ゅ悕瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞that has been reinforced by鈥︿慨椋惧厛琛岃result锛宼hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浠f浛result浣滀富瑾�(y菙)锛屽緸鍙ョ殑璎傝獮(y菙)浣跨敤浜嗚鍕�(d貌ng)瑾�(y菙)鎱�(t脿i)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠附楂旂祼(ji茅)鏋滄槸锛屾キ(y猫)浣欎汉鍝″湪灏�(zhu膩n)妤�(y猫)鍦拌唱(zh矛)瀛�(xu茅)鍒婄墿涓婄櫦(f膩)琛ㄨ珫鏂囨洿闆d簡锛岄€欑ó绲�(ji茅)鏋滃張鐢变簬瀵╃ǹ鐨勫唬娉涘紩鍏ヨ€岃畩寰楁洿绯熲€斺€�19涓栫磤(j矛)鐢卞湅(gu贸)瀹剁礆(j铆)闆滃織瑭�(p铆ng)瀵�锛� 20涓栫磤(j矛)鐢变竴浜涘湴鏂瑰湴璩�(zh矛)瀛�(xu茅)闆滃織瑭�(p铆ng)瀵�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣here will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤there be鍙ュ瀷銆備富骞茬偤T(m茅n)here will be television chat shows鈥︼紝and cars鈥﹀叾涓璼hows鍚庣敱閬�(gu貌)鍘诲垎瑭炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)hosted by robots(浣滃畾瑾�(y菙))淇>锛宑ars鍚庣殑浠嬭硴鐭獮(y菙)with pollution monitors浣滃悗缃畾瑾�(y菙)锛岃┎瀹氳獮(y菙)涓璵onitors鍚庤窡涓€鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that will disable them鈥�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鎸囦唬monitors鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傚彞鏈殑when they offend浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁撶媭瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞湭渚�(l谩i)灏囧嚭鐝�(xi脿n)姗�(j墨)鍣ㄤ汉涓绘寔鐨勮珖瑭�(hu脿)绡€(ji茅)鐩互鍙婅鏈夋薄鏌撶洠(ji膩n)鎺у櫒鐨勬苯杌�(ch膿)锛岀暥(d膩ng)姹借粖(ch膿)姹℃煋瓒呮(bi膩o)鏅�(sh铆)锛岀洠(ji膩n)鎺у櫒灏辨渻(hu矛)璁撳叾鍋滄銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慉nd thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy鈥攆ar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヨ垏涓婂彞鍚�锛屼富骞瞭here be鍙ュ瀷there are already robot systems鈥︿腑锛宻ystems鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that can perform鈥�(鐩村埌鍙ユ湯)淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀞ystems鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傜牬鎶樿櫉(h脿o)涔嬪悗鐨勯儴鍒唂ar greater precision than鈥︽槸submillimeter accuracy鐨勫悓浣嶈獮(y菙)锛岃捣瑁�(b菙)鍏呰(shu艒)鏄庝綔鐢�锛岄€欓噷浣跨敤浜嗘瘮杓冪礆(j铆)銆傚彞棣栫殑And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics浣滃叏鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠敱浜庨浕瀛愭妧琛�(sh霉)鐨勪笉鏂峰井鍨嬪寲鍜屽井鍨嬫(j墨)姊板(xu茅)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曪紝宸茬稉(j墨ng)鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗚兘澶犲畬鎴愭煇浜涜叇閮ㄥ拰楠ㄧ鎵嬭(sh霉)鐨勬(j墨)鍣ㄤ汉绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屽叾绮剧⒑绋嬪害宸查仈(d谩)鍒颁簽姣背绱�(j铆)锛岄€欎竴绮剧⒑绋嬪害澶уぇ瓒呭嚭浜嗘妧琛�(sh霉)瀚荤啛鐨勯啱(y墨)鐢熷厜鎲戦洐鎵嬫墍鑳介仈(d谩)鍒扮殑姘村钩銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慒or example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain銆�(2004瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐐衡€滀富+璎�+璩�+璩撹(b菙)鈥�锛屽嵆changes make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain銆備富瑾�(y菙)changes鍚庢湁鍏╁€�(g猫)淇>瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓€鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)in the economy浣滅殑鍚庣疆瀹氳獮(y菙)锛屽叾浜屾槸that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general銆傝┎瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃changes浣滀富瑾�(y菙)锛岃瑐瑾�(y菙)lead to鏈夊叐鍊�(g猫)璩撹獮(y菙)锛屽垎鍒ョ偤job opportunities 鍜� unemployment锛岀敱and骞跺垪銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣垑渚嬩締(l谩i)瑾�(shu艒)锛岀稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鏀归潻灏�(d菐o)鑷翠簡骞磋紩浜哄氨妤�(y猫)姗�(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)鐨勬笡灏戝拰鏅亶涓婂崌鐨勫け妤�(y猫)鐜囷紝閫欎簺閮戒娇寰楁湁閰伐浣滆秺渚�(l谩i)瓒婇洠鎵�銆�
銆€銆€娉ㄦ剰锛氬彧鑳界敤that浣滅偤瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炵殑鎯呮硜锛�
銆€銆€(1)鍦╰here be 鍙ュ瀷涓紝鍙敤that锛屼笉鐢╳hich锛�
銆€銆€(2)涓嶅畾浠h濡俛nything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little绛変綔鍏堣瑭炴檪(sh铆)锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛屼笉鐢╳hich锛�
銆€銆€(3) 鍏堣瑭炴湁the only, the very淇>鏅�(sh铆)锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛�
銆€銆€(4) 鍏堣瑭炵偤搴忔暩(sh霉)瑭炪€佸舰瀹硅鏈€楂樼礆(j铆)鏅�(sh铆)锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛�
銆€銆€(5) 鍏堣瑭炴棦鏈変汉锛屽張鏈夌墿鏅�(sh铆)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣o paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, 鈥渁ll that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing?锛�?2003闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑鐩存帴寮曡獮(y菙)涓紝涓诲共鐐轰竴鍊�(g猫)涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)all is that鈥�锛屽叾涓富瑾�(y菙)all鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀉ll鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傝〃瑾�(y菙)鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙hat good people do nothing鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠敤18涓栫磤(j矛)鏀挎不瀹跺焹寰疯挋路鏌忓厠鐨勮┍(hu脿)瑾�(shu艒)锛氣€滀竴鍊�(g猫)琚灏�(d菐o)鐨勪簨妤�(y猫)濡傛灉鑳芥垚鍔燂紝瀹冨敮涓€闇€瑕佺殑灏辨槸濂戒汉鐒�(w煤)鎵€浣滅偤鈥�銆�
銆€銆€2銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛寃hich鎸囩墿锛屽湪寰炲彞涓彲浠ヤ綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆佽硴瑾�(y菙)绛�銆傚鏁�(sh霉)鎯呮硜涓�锛屽彲鑸噒hat浜掓彌銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€戠敤If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it鈥檒l be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman鈥檚 notorious bad taste in ties銆�(2002闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鍒嗗彞锛岀敱and閫f帴銆傜涓€鍊�(g猫)鍒嗗彞鐐簓ou will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you锛岄€欓噷鍖呭惈涓€鍊�(g猫)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛岀敱which寮曞皫(d菐o)锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀟he experiences and problems锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆傜浜屽€�(g猫)鍒嗗彞鐐篿t鈥檒l be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman鈥檚 notorious bad taste in ties锛屽叾涓娇鐢ㄤ簡it浣滃舰寮忎富瑾�(y菙)锛岀湡姝g殑涓昏獮(y菙)鐐轰笉瀹氬紡to make a passing remark about鈥�銆傚彞棣栫殑if寮曞皫(d菐o)姊濅欢鐙€瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛屽叾涓璯(sh霉)roup鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which you are addressing淇>锛寃hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀏roups锛屼綔address鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝鏋滀綘鏄綘璜囪┍(hu脿)鑱�(t墨ng)鐪句腑鐨勪竴鍝�锛屼綘灏辫兘澶犱簡瑙d綘鍊戞墍鍏辨湁鐨勭稉(j墨ng)姝峰拰鍟�(w猫n)椤岋紝鑰屼笖浣犱篃鍙皪(du矛)椁愬怀妤甸洠鍚冪殑椋熺墿鎴栬€呴牁(l菒ng)灏�(d菐o)鍦ㄩ伕鎿囬牁(l菒ng)甯舵柟闈㈠樊鍕佺殑鍝佸懗閫�(j矛n)琛岃⿻(p铆ng)闋珫瓒�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣hus, the anthropological concept of 鈥渃ulture鈥�锛� like the concept of 鈥渟et鈥� in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003-65)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄竴鍊�(g猫)涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屼富瑾�(y菙)鍜岀郴鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炶浠嬭硴鐭獮(y菙)like the concept of 鈥渟et鈥� in mathematics鎵€浣滅殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)鍒嗛殧锛岄€f帴鍚庣偤the anthropological concept of 鈥渃ulture鈥� is an abstract concept鈥︼紝鍏朵腑琛ㄨ獮(y菙)abstract concept鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding淇>锛屽湪寰炲彞涓�锛寃hich浠f浛concept浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝洜姝�锛屽氨鍍�鏁�(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)涓€滈泦鍚堚€濈殑姒傚康涓€妯o紝浜洪(l猫i)瀛�(xu茅)涓€滄枃鍖栤€濈殑姒傚康鏄竴鍊�(g猫)鎶借薄姒傚康銆傚畠浣垮ぇ閲忕殑鍏烽珨鐮旂┒鍜岃獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鎴愮偤鍙兘銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔e adds humbly that perhaps he was 鈥渟uperior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully銆傗€� (2008-49)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富鍙ョ偤He adds humbly that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦dds鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)閮ㄥ垎鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚湪姝よ硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓�锛屽叐鍊�(g猫)浠嬭硴鐭獮(y菙)in noticing things 鍜� in observing them carefully閮戒綔鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which easily escape attention淇>鍏堣瑭瀟hings锛寃hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ユ寚浠hings浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜粬璎欏崙鍦拌(b菙)鍏呴亾锛屾垨瑷变粬鈥滃拰鏅€氫汉姣旇捣渚�(l谩i)锛屾洿鑳藉娉ㄦ剰鍒伴偅浜涘垾浜轰笉瀹规槗娉ㄦ剰鍒扮殑绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)锛屽苟灏�(du矛)姝ゅ姞浠ヨ┏绱�(x矛)鍦拌瀵熲€�銆�
銆€銆€3銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炶垏浠嬭涓€璧风敤锛屼粙瑭炴彁鍓嶆檪(sh铆)锛屽彧鐢╳hich銆�
銆€銆€(1)寰炲彞涓瑐瑾�(y菙)閮ㄥ垎鎴愬垎鎻愬墠
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慦ith regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be鈥攅ven admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right鈥攊t can hardly be classed as Literature銆�(2000闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鍒嗗彞銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鐐簍he case is rather difficult锛屽悗涓€鍒嗗彞whatever Futurist poetry may be鈥�(鐩村埌鍙ユ湯)鐢眆or閫f帴锛岃〃绀哄師鍥犮€傚湪姝ゅ垎鍙ヤ腑锛寃hatever寮曞皫(d菐o)璁撴鐙€瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛屽叐鍊�(g猫)鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)涔嬮枔鐨勬彃鍏ラ儴鍒�锛岀偤鍒嗚绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎵€浣滅殑璁撴鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆俛dmitting鍚庣殑璩撹獮(y菙)鐢卞緸鍙hat the theory鈥ay be right鍏呯暥(d膩ng)锛岃┎璩撹獮(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勪富瑾�(y菙)theory鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞淇>锛寃hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀟heory鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滆瑐瑾�(y菙)閮ㄥ垎be based on(浠モ€︹€︾偤鍩虹(ch菙)锛屾牴鎿�(j霉))鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛岃〃鐝�(xi脿n)鐐轰粙瑭瀘n鎻愬墠銆傚彞棣栫殑浠嬭硴鐭獮(y菙)With regard to Futurist poetry浣滃叏鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜絾鏄�锛屽氨鏈締(l谩i)娲捐┅(sh墨)姝岃€岃█锛屾儏娉佸嵒鐩哥暥(d膩ng)涓嶅悓浜�锛屽洜?y脿n)闂妎(w煤)璜栨湭渚�(l谩i)娲捐┅(sh墨)姝岀偤浣曠墿鈥斺€斿嵆浣挎壙瑾�(r猫n)鍏剁悊璜栨牴鎿�(j霉)鍙兘鏄纰虹殑锛屼篃寰堥洠绋�(ch膿ng)鍏剁偤鏂囧(xu茅)浣滃搧銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慚ost journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day鈥檚 events銆�(2001闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤涓诲緸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞锛屼富鍙ョ偤Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞into which they plug each day鈥檚 events淇>鍏堣瑭瀉 set of standard templates锛寃hich鍦ㄥ畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓寚浠e厛琛岃浣渋nto鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)(into鎻愬墠)锛屾垜鍊戝彲灏囧叾閭勫師鐐簆lug each day鈥檚 events into(a set of standard templates)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝鏁�(sh霉)鏂拌仦?d貌ng)娴惧彣绱漌(xu茅)钁楃敤涓€濂楁(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐨勬ā寮忓幓鐪嬪緟涓栫晫锛屽苟鎶婃瘡澶╃櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑浜嬩欢绱嶅叆閫欑ó妯″紡銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慦hat is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn銆�(2002鑻辫婕�)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚敱but閫f帴鐨勫叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鍒嗗彞銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鏄竴鍊�(g猫)涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叾涓富瑾�(y菙)鐢眞hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勪富瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞涓寘鍚玾hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which such a technology might be drawn淇>鍏堣瑭瀞cience锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬science鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渂e drawn from鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛屾湰鍙ヨ〃鐝�(xi脿n)鐐篺rom鎻愬墠锛屾垜鍊戝彲閭勫師寰炲彞閮ㄥ垎鐐簊uch a technology might be drawn from (science)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞垜鍊戦渶瑕佺殑鏄竴绋鐐烘妧琛�(sh霉)锛屼絾鏄洰鍓嶇敘(ch菐n)鐢熼€欑ó鎶€琛�(sh霉)鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)閫�(j矛n)灞曠珐鎱€€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖t鈥檚 theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail銆�(2003闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヨ垏涓婂彞涔熷悓锛屼篃鍖呭惈鍏╁€�(g猫)骞跺垪鍒嗗彞锛岀敱but閫f帴锛岄珨鐝�(xi脿n)杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鐨勮〃瑾�(y菙)theory鐢遍棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞to which many economists subscribe淇>銆傚湪瑭插畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓紝which浣渟ubscribe to鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛屾湰鍙ラ珨鐝�(xi脿n)鐐轰粙瑭瀟o鎻愬墠鐨勫舰寮�锛屾垜鍊戝彲閭勫師鍏剁偤many economists subscribe to (the theory)銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞涓�锛宒etermining鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)鐢卞叐鍊�(g猫)which寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛屽垎鍒ョ偤which companies will flourish 鍜寃hich will fail銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欑ó鐞嗚珫鏄鏁�(sh霉)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)瀛�(xu茅)瀹堕兘璐婂悓鐨�锛屼絾鍦ㄥ(sh铆)闅涙搷浣滀腑锛屽畠甯稿父浣块惖璺叕鍙哥嵅寰椾簡姹哄畾鍝鍏徃鑸堢洓鍝鍏徃鍊掗枆鐨勬瑠(qu谩n)鍔涖€�
銆€銆€(2)浠f浛鍏堣瑭炶垏浠嬭妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�(y菙)
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣hey are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements銆�(2002-64)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鍒嗗彞銆傚湪and鍚庣殑骞跺垪鍒嗗彞涓�锛宲ractices鐢变竴鍊�(g猫)which寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements淇>銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬practices鑸噄n妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀炕璀偤鈥滃湪鍊�(g猫)浜鸿鐐轰腑鈥濅綔鏁村€�(g猫)寰炲彞鐨勭媭瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣嚜鐢卞拰灏婂毚(y谩n)(鍙冭(ji脿n)鍘熼)鏄偝绲�(t菕ng)鐞嗚珫涓嚜涓讳汉鎵€鎿佹湁鐨�锛屽苟涓旀槸鍊�(g猫)浜鸿鐐轰腑蹇呬笉鍙皯鐨勨€斺€斾汉瑕佸皪(du矛)鑷繁鐨勯€欑ó鍝佽璨�(f霉)璨�(z茅)骞朵笖鍥犲叾鎴愬氨琚郸浜堢崕(ji菐ng)鍕�(l矛)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣elevision is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed鈥攁nd perhaps never before has it served so much so connect different peoples and nations as the recent events in Europe. (200546)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヨ垏涓婂彞鍚岋紝涔熷寘鍚玜nd閫f帴鐨勫叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鍒嗗彞銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞涓�锛岃〃瑾�(y菙)閮ㄥ垎means鐢卞畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞by which these feelings are created and conveyed淇>銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯粀hich鎸囦唬means鑸囦粙瑭瀊y鐩搁€�锛岀炕璀偤鈥滈€氶亷(gu貌)閫欑ó鏂瑰紡鈥�锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞鎻愬墠浜唍ever妲�(g貌u)鎴愬€掕(鍙冭(ji脿n)鍊掕绔犵瘈(ji茅))锛屽苟浣跨敤浜唖o much鈥s鐨勬瘮杓冪祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)(鍙冭(ji脿n)姣旇純绔犵瘈(ji茅))銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦浕瑕栨槸鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熷拰琛ㄩ仈(d谩)閫欎簺鎰熷彈鐨勬墜娈典箣涓€鈥斺€斿湪姝愭床杩戜締(l谩i)鐧�(f膩)鐢熺殑浜嬩欢涓�锛屽畠鎶婁笉鍚岀殑姘戞棌鍜屽湅(gu贸)瀹堕€e埌涓€璧�锛屽叾浣滅敤涔嬪ぇ锛屽墠鎵€鏈湁銆�
銆€銆€4銆傞潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鍙敤which锛屽苟澶氳鐐哄苟鍒楀彞绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣he more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you鈥檙e going to be銆�(2001闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞叉槸the more鈥he more鈥�(瓒婁締(l谩i)瓒�)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞浣滃垎闅旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叾涓紝闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀒nfrastructure浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勪富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜綘鎿佹湁鐨勫幓寤洪€犵涓夋娴疆鍩虹(ch菙)瑷�(sh猫)鏂�(浠婂ぉ涓昏鎸囬浕瀛愬熀绀�(ch菙)瑷�(sh猫)鏂�)鐨勫鍦�(gu贸)璩囬噾瓒婂锛岄偅涔堜綘鐨勬儏娉佸氨瓒婂ソ銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔ere is an example, which I heard at a nurses鈥� convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (2002闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鐐烘彁鍓峢ere鐨勫€掕Here is an example銆� which寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which I heard at a nurses鈥� convention淇>鍏堣瑭瀍xample锛屽湪鏁村€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙涓捣鍒嗛殧鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ€傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔heard鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆備粙瑭瀘f a story鈥︿篃淇>example锛屼綔瀹氳獮(y菙)銆俿tory鍚庡張鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)which瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傚湪姝ゅ緸鍙ヤ腑锛岄倓鍖呭惈涓€鍊�(g猫)because寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫師鍥犵媭瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜笅闈㈡槸涓€鍊�(g猫)渚嬪瓙锛屾槸鎴戝湪涓€娆¤(h霉)澹渻(hu矛)璀颁笂鑱�(t墨ng)鍒扮殑锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鏁呬簨寰堜笉閷�(cu貌)鍥�?y脿n)妲�?t墨ng)鐪惧皪(du矛)閱�(y墨)鐢熼兘鏈夌浉鍚岀殑鐪嬫硶銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣hese days the Net, which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan鈥檚 vocation as well銆�(2003闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄竴鍊�(g猫)涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)These days the Net is reshaping Donovan鈥檚 vocation as well锛屽叐鍊�(g猫)閫楄櫉(h脿o)涔嬮枔鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail浣滃垎闅旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭� which鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浠f浛net浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝浠婏紝浜掕伅(li谩n)缍�(w菐ng)宸茬稉(j墨ng)鏀硅畩浜嗚濡傝卜(m菐i)鏇�(sh奴)銆佺櫦(f膩)閮典欢閫欐ǎ鐨勬棩甯告秷閬�锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)瀹冧篃姝e湪閲嶅钁楀璜炬倍鎵€寰炰簨鐨勯€欏€�(g猫)鑱锋キ(y猫)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慏r. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account銆�(2006闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鍦ㄩ€楄櫉(h脿o)鍓岲r. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦rgue鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚湪瑭茶硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓�锛屽寘鍚棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞淇>鍏堣瑭瀉 correct baseline銆� 鍦ㄦ瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓�锛寃hich浠f浛鍏堣瑭瀊aseline浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑璎傝獮(y菙)take into account鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦亥鐖炬柉鍗氬+鍜屾矁濮嗗崥澹寚鍑猴紝浠栧€戠殑宸ヤ綔纰哄畾浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)婧�(zh菙n)纰虹殑(鎹曟拡鏁�(sh霉)閲�)搴曠窔(xi脿n)锛屾湭渚�(l谩i)鐨�(娴锋磱)绠$悊蹇呴爤灏囧叾鑰冩叜閫�(j矛n)鍘�銆�
銆€銆€5銆傛寚浠d笂鏂囦竴鏁村彞瑭�(hu脿)鏅�(sh铆)锛屽彧鐢╳hich銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣he Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be銆�(2004-61)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富鍙ョ偤T(m茅n)he Greeks assumed that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦ssumed鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傚湪瑭茶硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓紝闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be缈昏鐐衡€滄棭鍦ㄤ汉鍊戣獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鍒板悇绋獮(y菙)瑷€鐨勫崈宸惉(w脿n)鍒ヤ箣鍓�锛�(which)灏卞凡缍�(j墨ng)鎵庢牴浜庢瓙娲测€濓紝涓嶉洠鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛寃hich鍙湁鎸囦唬鍓嶆枃鏁村€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙锛屽嵆閫欑ó瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛屽彞瀛愭墠鏄畬鏁寸劇(w煤)瑾ゅ湴琛ㄩ仈(d谩)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝笇鑷樹汉瑾�(r猫n)鐐鸿獮(y菙)瑷€绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍚屾€濈董閬�(gu貌)绋嬩箣闁撳瓨鍦ㄨ憲鏌愮ó闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傛棭鍦ㄤ汉鍊戣獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鍒板悇绋獮(y菙)瑷€鐨勫崈宸惉(w脿n)鍒ヤ箣鍓�锛岄€欑ó鐪嬫硶灏卞凡缍�(j墨ng)鎵庢牴浜庢瓙娲层€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€態ut a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well銆�(2005闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富鍙ョ偤涓昏瑐璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)But a study suggests that鈥�锛屽叾涓璼uggest鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)閮ㄥ垎鐐簍hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙hat it is all too monkey, as well鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚叐鍊�(g猫)閫楄櫉(h脿o)闁撶偤which寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which has just been published in Nature璀偤鈥�(which)鍓涘墰鐧�(f膩)琛ㄥ湪銆婅嚜鐒躲€嬫湡鍒婁笂鈥濓紝鍦ㄦ湰鍙ヤ腑璧峰垎闅斾綔鐢�銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)锛岄€氶亷(gu貌)鍒嗘瀽鍏ㄥ彞锛屼笉闆g湅鍑簑hich鍚屾檪(sh铆)鎸囦唬涓婃枃瀹屾暣鐨勪富鍙ュ収(n猫i)瀹�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜絾鏄敱浣愭不浜炲窞浜炵壒铇ぇ鍩冮粯閲屽ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鐨勮柀鎷壜峰竷榄柉鍗楀拰寮楄槶鏂峰痉鐡︾埦閫�(j矛n)琛岀殑涓€闋�(xi脿ng)鐮旂┒琛ㄦ槑锛岀尨瀛愪篃鏈夐(l猫i)浼肩殑鎯呯窉琛ㄩ仈(d谩)锛岄€欓爡(xi脿ng)鐮旂┒鎴愭灉鍓涘墰鐧�(f膩)琛ㄥ湪銆婅嚜鐒躲€嬫湡鍒婁笂銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔e asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics銆�(2008-47)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ユ槸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富鍙ョ偤He asserted that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦ssert鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)鐐簍hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛屽叾涓富瑾�(y菙)power鍚庣敱涓嶅畾寮忕祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought浣滃悗缃畾瑾�(y菙)銆� 鍙ユ湯鏄潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞for which reason he felt certain that鈥�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich淇>reason鎸囦唬鍓嶉潰鏁村彞鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹筯is power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited锛岃垏for閫f帴浣跨敤锛屽湪寰炲彞涓〃绀哄師鍥�銆傛敞鎰廻e felt certain that鈥︽槸涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓殑涓€椤�(l猫i)鐗规畩鍒嗘敮锛氫富+绯�+adj.+that寰炲彞銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦仈(d谩)鐖炬枃鍚屾檪(sh铆)鑱茬ū(ch膿ng)锛屽皪(du矛)浜庡啑闀�(zh菐ng)鑰屼笖绱旀娊璞$殑鎬濇兂锛岃嚜宸辩殑鐞嗚В鑳藉姏骞朵笉寮�(qi谩ng)銆傚洜?y脿n)妾獲鍊�(g猫)鍘熷洜锛屼粬鐩镐俊鑷繁鍦ㄦ暩(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)鏂归潰鏍规湰涓嶆渻(hu矛)鎴愬姛銆�
銆€銆€6銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲鏋滃湪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓綔璩撹獮(y菙)鍙互琚渷鐣ャ€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慛othing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12 hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on 鈥渜uality time鈥�銆�(2001闁辫畝5)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞插湪鍙ラ锛孨othing could persuade me to return to the kind of life鈥�锛宭ife鐢卞叐鍊�(g猫)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞淇>锛屽垎鍒ョ偤Kelsey used to advocate鍜孖 once enjoyed銆傜敱浜庡湪寰炲彞涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃the kind of life鍒嗗垾浣滃叐鍊�(g猫)寰炲彞涓悇鑷瑐瑾�(y菙)used to advocate鍜宔njoyed鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛屽洜姝ら棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炶鐪佺暐銆傚啋铏�(h脿o)鍚庣偤the kind of life 鐨勫叿楂斿収(n猫i)瀹�锛屾槸鐢卞洓鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鐭獮(y菙)妲�(g貌u)鎴愮殑銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞矑(m茅i)鏈変粈涔堣兘瑾�(shu艒)鏈嶆垜鍥炲埌閭gó鍑辩埦鑼滄浘鍊″皫(d菐o)銆佹垜涔熸浘閻樻剾(脿i)鐨勭敓娲讳腑鍘伙細姣忓ぉ12灏忔檪(sh铆)鐨勫伐浣滄棩锛屽寰椾汉鍠樹笉閬�(gu貌)姘d締(l谩i)鐨勬渶鍚庢湡闄�锛屽彲鎬曡€岀穵寮电殑杈﹀叕瀹ゆ瑠(qu谩n)鍔涙枟鐖�(zh膿ng)锛岀偤浜虹埗姣嶇殑鈥滄渶浣虫檪(sh铆)闁撯€濈殑闄愬埗銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慙arge numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes 鈥渟ystematic patient abuse鈥濄€�(2002闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤L(zh菐ng)arge numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain锛屽叾涓璸ain鍚庣殑瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞鈥渢heir patients are needlessly and predictably suffering鈥濅腑鐪佺暐浜嗛棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炩€渢hat/which鈥�(瑭查棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃pain锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔be suffering 鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙))銆傚彞鏈殑涓嶅畾寮弔o the extent that鈥︿綔鐩殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓璽hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鍚屼綅瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞(鍙冭(ji脿n)鍚屼綅瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞)锛岃В閲嬭(shu艒)鏄巈xtent銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜笉灏戦啱(y墨)鐢熶技涔庡皪(du矛)鐥呬汉鎵€閬彈鐨勬鐒�(w煤)蹇呰鐨�銆佸彲闋�(y霉)瑕�(ji脿n)鐨勭棝鑻︾劇(w煤)鍕�(d貌ng)浜庤》锛岀敋鑷抽仈(d谩)鍒颁簡鈥滆搫鎰忚檺寰呯梾浜衡€濈殑绋嬪害銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€態olivar had received aid from Haiti and had promise in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (2007瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑鍏╁€�(g猫)璎傝獮(y菙)had received aid鈥﹀拰had promise in return to鈥︾敱and骞跺垪銆傚湪绗簩鍊�(g猫)璎傝獮(y菙)涓紝鍦伴粸(di菐n)鐙€瑾�(y菙) in the areas鈥﹀悗璺熺渷鐣ヤ簡闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat/which鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞he liberated锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲湪寰炲彞涓寚浠reas浣渓iberated鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠幓鍒╃摝鐖惧緱鍒版捣鍦扮殑鎻村姪锛屼綔鐐哄洖鍫�(b脿o)锛屼粬鎵胯鍦ㄨ嚜宸辫В鏀剧殑鍦板崁(q奴)寤㈤櫎濂撮毟鍒躲€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慞lenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they鈥檝e apparently learned is when to stop銆�(2009瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚玜nd骞跺垪鐨勫叐鍊�(g猫)鍒嗗彞銆傚湪绗簩鍊�(g猫)鍒嗗彞涓�锛屼富骞茬偤one of the things is when to stop銆備富瑾�(y菙)things鐢辩渷鐣ヤ簡闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat/which鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞they鈥檝e apparently learned鎵€淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠hings鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渓earn鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆傛敞鎰廼s鍚庣殑琛ㄨ獮(y菙)浣跨敤浜唚hen+to+do褰㈠紡銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣ū澶氬叾浠栫殑鐗╃ó涔熸湁瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鑳藉姏锛屽緢椤劧浠栧€戝(xu茅)鍒扮殑鏉辫タ涔嬩竴灏辨槸鐭ラ亾浣曟檪(sh铆)鍋滄銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖nstead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we鈥檝e left in the dust I.Q.顎憌ise, it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be銆�(2009瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞插湪閫楄櫉(h脿o)鍚�锛岀偤it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be锛屽叾涓硴瑾�(y菙)閮ㄥ垎鐢眞hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛寃hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滆〃瑾�(y菙)銆傚彞棣栭儴鍒嗘槸浠嬭硴鐭獮(y菙)鎵€浣滅殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓寘鍚渷鐣ヤ簡闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat/which鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞we鈥檝e left in the dust I.Q.顎憌ise锛屼慨椋惧厛琛岃species锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渓eft鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欏€�(g猫)瑭﹂(y脿n)涓嶆槸鍘诲洖椤ч偅浜涜鎴戝€戝妰鐐轰綆鏅哄晢鐨勭墿绋�锛岃€屾槸鍚搫鍦ㄥ晱(w猫n)鎴戝€戣嚜宸辨櫤鍔涚殑鐪熸浠e児(ji脿)鏄粈涔�銆�
銆€銆€7.who/whom鍜寃hose寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞
銆€銆€(1)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岃┎闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浜�锛屽彲浠ュ湪瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆佽硴瑾�(y菙)绛夈€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔ofstader says our country鈥檚 educational system is in the grips of people who 鈥渏oyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise銆傗€�(2004闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤Hofstader says鈥�锛屽叾涓璼ays鍚庣殑璩撹獮(y菙)鐢辩渷鐣ヤ簡that鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞our country鈥檚 educational system is in the grips of people鈥﹀厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛岄€欐槸涓€鍊�(g猫)涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叾涓〃瑾�(y菙)涓璸eople鍚庤窡涓€鍊�(g猫)who寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children鈥�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀙eople锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆傞€欓噷鎴戝€戞敞鎰忓埌姝ゅ緸鍙ョ殑璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭瀙roclaim鍚庣殑璩撹獮(y菙)鐢盿nd骞跺垪锛屽垎鍒ョ偤their hostility to intellect鍜� their eagerness to identify with children銆傚墠涓€鍊�(g猫)to鐐轰粙瑭�锛岃垏鍚嶈intellect妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)鍚庣疆浣滃畾瑾�(y菙)锛屽悗涓€鍊�(g猫)to鏄笉瀹氬紡鐭獮(y菙)锛屽皪(du矛)eagerness閫�(j矛n)琛屼慨椋�锛屼篃鏄悗缃綔瀹氳獮(y菙)锛屽彞鏈殑瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞who show the least intellectual promise 淇>鍏堣瑭瀋hildren锛屽湪寰炲彞涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鎸囦唬children鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦湇澶柉濉旇(shu艒)鎴戝€戝湅(gu贸)瀹剁殑鏁欒偛楂旂郴鎺у埗鍦ㄩ€欐ǎ涓€浜涗汉鎵嬩腑鈥斺€斾粬鍊戔€滃緱鎰忓苟鎸戦噥鍦板绋�(ch膿ng)浠栧€戝皪(du矛)鏅哄晢鐨勬暤瑕�锛屼互鍙婁粬鍊戣獚(r猫n)鍚岄偅浜涘湪鏅哄晢鏂归潰鏈€娌�(m茅i)鏈夊笇鏈涚殑瀛╁瓙鍊�銆傗€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖 shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(铇囨牸鎷夊簳) way about moral problems銆�(2006-46)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ユ槸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富鍙ョ偤I shall define him as an individual鈥�銆傚畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞who has elected as鈥�(鐩村埌鍙ユ湯)鐢ㄤ締(l谩i)淇>鍏堣瑭瀒ndividual锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆傚湪瑭插畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓紝鎴戝€戞敞鎰忓埌妲�(g貌u)鎴愨€渆lect鈥s鈥︹€濈殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽湪姝ゅ彞涓炕璀偤鈥滈伕鎿団€︹€︿綔鐐衡€︹€︹€濄€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞垜灏囦粬(鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鍒嗗瓙)瀹氱京鐐洪€欑ó鍊�(g猫)楂旓細鐢ㄨ槆鏍兼媺搴曞紡鐨勬柟寮忔€濊€冮亾寰峰晱(w猫n)椤�锛屽苟灏囨浣滅偤鑷繁浜虹敓鐨勯瑕佽铂(z茅)浠诲拰妯�(l猫)瓒�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔is function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ユ槸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富骞茬偤涓€鍊�(g猫)绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)His function is analogous to that of a judge锛岄€楄櫉(h脿o)鍚巜ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning鈥︿慨椋惧厛琛岃judge銆傚湪姝ゅ緸鍙ヤ腑锛岃硴瑾�(y菙)obligation鍚庣殑瀹氳獮(y菙)鐢变粙璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning鈥﹀厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傛浠嬭硴鐭獮(y菙)姣旇純寰�(f霉)闆�锛屾甯歌獮(y菙)搴忔噳(y墨ng)鐐簉evealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible锛岄€欓噷as obvious as possible浣滅媭瑾�(y菙)锛屽湪鍘熷彞涓互鍒嗛殧绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍑虹従(xi脿n)銆傚彞鏈玶easoning 鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which led him to his decision淇>锛寃hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬reasoning浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠煡璀�(sh铆)鍒嗗瓙(鍙冭(ji脿n)鍓嶆枃)鐨勪綔鐢ㄨ垏娉曞畼鐩镐技锛屼粬蹇呴爤鐩$京鍕�(w霉)鐢ㄧ洝鍙兘娓呮鐨勬柟寮忚В閲嬭嚜宸变綔鍑虹祼(ji茅)璜栫殑鎺ㄧ悊閬�(gu貌)绋�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慦ashington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will銆�(2008闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤Washington overcame the strong opposition鈥�銆傚叐鍊�(g猫)閫楄櫉(h脿o)闁撶偤who寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛屼互鍒嗛殧绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍑虹従(xi脿n)锛屼慨椋句富瑾�(y菙)Washington銆傝┎寰炲彞涓�锛宐elieve鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)鐢卞悕瑭炴€у緸鍙hat all men were created equal after鈥﹀厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛屽彞鏈殑涓嶅畾寮忕祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) to grant his slaves their freedom in his will浣滄暣鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勭媭瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝湪鐪嬪埌鐛�(d煤)绔嬫埌(zh脿n)鐖�(zh膿ng)涓粦浜哄+鍏电殑鑻卞媷琛ㄧ従(xi脿n)骞堕枊(k膩i)濮嬬浉淇′汉浜虹敓鑰屽钩绛夊悗锛岃彲鐩涢爴鍏嬫湇浜嗚Κ灞殑寮�(qi谩ng)鐑堝弽灏�(du矛)锛屾寜鐓ц嚜宸辩殑鎰忔効锛岃畵浠栫殑濂撮毟鍊戠嵅寰椾簡鑷敱銆�
銆€銆€(2)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浜哄苟妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)锛屼粙瑭炴彁鍓嶆檪(sh铆)锛屽彧鐢╳hom銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慜n another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted顎憇uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying銆�(2002闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戝幓鎺夊彞棣栦粙璩�锛屾湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤many acknowledge that鈥︼紝鍏朵腑acknowledge鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)鐢辫硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that the assisted顎憇uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚湪姝よ硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓�锛屽畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying淇>鍏堣瑭瀙atients锛岀敱浜庝粙瑭瀎or鎻愬墠锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炰娇鐢ㄨ硴鏍紈hom锛屾寚浠atients鑸噁or閫f帴浣跨敤浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勭媭瑾�(y菙)锛岀炕璀偤鈥滃皪(du矛)鈥︹€﹁€岃█鈥�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝湪鍙︿竴灞ら潰锛屽緢澶氶啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)鐣岀殑浜烘壙瑾�(r猫n)锛屽崝(xi茅)鍔╄嚜娈虹埈(zh膿ng)璀伴儴鍒嗘槸鐢变簬鐥呬汉妤靛害绲曟湜寮曡捣鐨�锛屽皪(du矛)浠栧€戣€岃█锛岀従(xi脿n)浠i啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)寤堕暦(zh菐ng)浜嗕粬鍊戞浜″墠鐨勮倝楂旂棝鑻�銆�
銆€銆€(3)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hose寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岃┎闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲湪寰炲彞涓〃绀衡€滄煇浜�(鍏堣瑭�)鐨勨€濄€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慉s a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor銆�(2002闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞叉槸涓€鍊�(g猫)琚嫊(d貌ng)瑾�(y菙)鎱�(t脿i)the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos锛屼互but閫f帴鐨勫叐鍊�(g猫)鐢眞hose寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯檺鍒舵€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岄兘淇>鍏堣瑭瀏izmos銆傚湪绗竴鍊�(g猫)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞whose presence we barely notice涓紝whose鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀏izmos浣減resence鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)锛屼簩鑰呴€g敤浣渂arely notice鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛涚浜屽€�(g猫)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞whose universal existence has removed much human labor涓�锛寃hose鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀏izmos浣渦niversal existence鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)锛屼簩鑰呴€g敤浣滃緸鍙ョ殑涓昏獮(y菙)銆傚彞棣栫殑as a result鐐轰粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)浣滅媭瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠祼(ji茅)鏋滄槸锛岀従(xi脿n)浠d笘鐣屽厖婊�(m菐n)浜嗚秺渚�(l谩i)瓒婃櫤鑳藉寲鐨勫皬鐜╂剰锛岄€欎簺灏忕帺鎰忕殑鍑虹従(xi脿n)鏄垜鍊戝咕涔庢敞鎰忎笉鍒扮殑锛屼絾瀹冨€戠殑鏅亶瀛樺湪鍗荤瘈(ji茅)鐪佷簡寰堝鍕炲嫊(d貌ng)鍔�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慡cientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care銆�(2003闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戣┎鍙ュ瓙涓紝涓诲共鐐篠cientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hose寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care淇>鍏堣瑭瀞cientists锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hose浣渁rguments鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)锛屾寚浠e厛琛岃scientists銆傚緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勮瑐瑾�(y菙)浣跨敤浜嗙従(xi脿n)鍦ㄩ€�(j矛n)琛屾檪(sh铆)锛岀敱and骞跺垪锛屽垎鍒ョ偤are confusing鍜�(are)threatening銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠瀛�(xu茅)瀹堕渶瑕佸皪(du矛)鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╂瑠(qu谩n)鍒╃殑鍊″皫(d菐o)鑰呬綔鍑烘湁鍔涚殑鍙嶆搳锛屽洜?y脿n)妯楅簞鍏婃尃^榛�(di菐n)姝e湪杩锋儜鍏溇锛岄樆绀欎簡鍋ュ悍閱�(y墨)鐧傜殑鐧�(f膩)灞曘€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣his entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own銆�(2005鑻辫婕�)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞叉竻鏅�锛屾槸涓€鍊�(g猫)涓昏瑐璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)This entails reducing our dependence鈥�锛屽叾涓粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)on the North American浣渄ependence鐨勫悗缃畾瑾�(y菙)銆傞€楄櫉(h脿o)鍚巜hose寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions锛屼慨椋惧厛琛岃North American market锛寃hose浣減rograms鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炩€淣orth American market鈥�銆傚湪瑭插畾瑾�(y菙)涓�锛宺elate to鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)experiences and cultural traditions鐢卞畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which are different from our own淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀍xperiences and cultural traditions浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欏氨鎰忓懗钁楄娓涘皯灏�(du矛)鍖楃編甯傚牬(ch菐ng)鐨勪緷璩�(l脿i)锛屽洜?y脿n)妯楅簞鍏婂?ji茅)鐩噷鍖呭惈涓嶅悓浜庢垜鍊戠殑缍�(j墨ng)姝峰拰鏂囧寲鍌崇当(t菕ng)銆�
銆€銆€8銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀉s寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岃鐐衡€滃儚鈥︹€﹂偅妯b€�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慚eanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane鈥檚, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. (2009闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞插湪鍏╁€�(g猫)閫楄櫉(h脿o)涔嬮枔锛岀偤涓€鍊�(g猫)姣旇純绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane鈥檚銆俛s寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞as one clergyman learned鈥s鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渓earned鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛屽悗鍙堝寘鍚竴鍊�(g猫)who寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞who mocked that鈥︿慨椋綾lergyman锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)锛岃瑐瑾�(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭瀖ocked鍚庣殑璩撹獮(y菙)寰炲彞鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣垏姝ゅ悓鏅�(sh铆)锛岃垏鎴存仼鐩告瘮锛岃ū澶氬畾灞呰€呭苟娌�(m茅i)鏈夐偅涔堣檾瑾�(ch茅ng)锛屽氨鍍忎竴浣嶇墽甯湪閬囧埌娴烽倞鐨勪汉鏅�(sh铆)鑱�(t墨ng)鍒扮殑閭fǎ锛岄偅浜涗汉鍢插紕瑾�(shu艒)浠栧€戜笉鏄偤浜嗗畻鏁欎締(l谩i)鍒版柊澶ч櫢鐨�銆�
銆€銆€9銆傞暦(zh菐ng)闆e彞涓稉(j墨ng)甯稿悓鏅�(sh铆)鍖呭惈澶氬€�(g猫)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慡ocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞垜鍊戝厛娉ㄦ剰鍒扮涓€鍊�(g猫)that锛屽彧鏄痓ranch鍓嶇殑淇>瑾�(y菙)锛屼笉寮曞皫(d菐o)寰炲彞銆傚緱鍒颁富骞�锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鈥斺€擲ocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞which seeks to study humans and their endeavors鈥︼紝which鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀍nquiry鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆備粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that鈥︿綔鏂瑰紡鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena淇>鍏堣瑭瀖anner锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔use鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)銆傚湪缈昏鏅�(sh铆)锛岀偤閬垮厤瀹氳獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎閬�(gu貌)闀�(zh菐ng)锛屾垜鍊戝皣which寰炲彞杞�(zhu菐n)璀偤骞跺垪绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽皣that寰炲彞杞�(zhu菐n)璀偤鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣嚜鐒剁瀛�(xu茅)鏄煡璀�(sh铆)鎺㈢储鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鍒嗘敮锛屽畠鍔涘湒鍍忚嚜鐒跺(xu茅)瀹剁爺绌惰嚜鐒剁瀛�(xu茅)鐝�(xi脿n)璞′竴妯o紝鐢ㄧ悊鎬�銆佹湁搴�銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)浠ュ強鍐烽潨瀹㈣鐨勬柟寮忕爺绌朵汉椤�(l猫i)鍙婂叾琛岀偤銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖nstead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three顎憇tar restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools銆�(2000闁辫畝5)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄痺e are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles銆傚叾鍚庣殑which寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺瀹氭€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞which now more than ever seem in ample supply锛屼慨椋惧厛琛岃spectacles锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炲湪寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮(y菙)銆傚啋铏�(h脿o)鍚庢槸spectacles鐨勫悓浣嶈獮(y菙)锛屽皪(du矛)鍏堕€�(j矛n)琛岃В閲嬭(shu艒)鏄庯紝鐢变笁鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪骞宠绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)妲�(g貌u)鎴�銆傚叾涓浜屽€�(g猫)骞宠绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓寘鎷竴鍊�(g猫)who寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞who takes his meals in three顎憇tar restaurants锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�(y菙)锛屾寚浠e厛琛岃publisher锛涙渶鍚庝竴鍊�(g猫)骞宠绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓瓀hose寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞whose own children are enrolled in private schools锛寃hose浣渙wn children鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)锛屾寚浠e厛琛岃journalist銆傛敞鎰忔湰椤屼腑spectacles鍏锋湁璨剁京锛屾硾鎸囪櫅鍋界殑浜嬬墿銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠浉鍙�锛屼汉鍊戜互缇庡ソ鐨勮櫅鍋芥櫙璞℃寰呮垜鍊�(閫欎簺铏涘伣鏅薄浼间箮姣斾互寰€浠讳綍鏅�(sh铆)鍊欓兘澶�)锛氭壒鍒ょ編鍦�(gu贸)寮忕墿璩�(zh矛)涓荤京鐨勪汉鍗诲湪鍗楀畨鏅爴鎿佹湁娑堝鍒ュ锛涘嚭鐗堟縺閫�(j矛n)鏇�(sh奴)绫嶇殑浜哄嵒鍦ㄤ笁鏄熼/搴楃敤椁愶紱鍊″皫(d菐o)鍦ㄤ汉鐢熷悇鍊�(g猫)闅庢瀵�(sh铆)琛屽弮鑸囨皯涓诲埗鐨勮鑰�锛屽嵒璁撹嚜宸辩殑瀛愬コ鍦ㄧ绔嬪(xu茅)鏍′笂瀛�(xu茅)銆�
銆€銆€(浜�)闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炲紩灏�(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞
銆€銆€1銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢hen寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岃┎闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炲湪瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓綔鏅�(sh铆)闁撶媭瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慞earson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. (2001-73)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄疨earson has pieced together the work鈥o produce鈥︼紝涓嶅畾寮忕祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)to produce a unique millennium technology calendar浣滅洰鐨勭媭瑾�(y菙)銆俢alendar鍚庣偤鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞that gives the latest dates鈥︼紝that鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浠f浛calendar浣滀富瑾�(y菙)銆傛瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓張鍖呭惈闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢hen寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place淇>鍏堣瑭瀌ates锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hen鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�(y菙)锛岀悊瑙g偤鈥滃湪閭d簺鏅�(sh铆)鏈熲€濄€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠毊鐖炬.鍖泦涓栫晫鍚勫湴?c谩i)?sh霉)鐧句綅鐮旂┒浜哄摗鐨勬垚鏋�锛岀法鍒朵簡涓€鍊�(g猫)鐛�(d煤)鐗圭殑鎶€琛�(sh霉)鍗冨勾姝�锛屽畠鍒楀嚭浜嗕汉鍊戞湁鏈涚湅瑕�(ji脿n)鏁�(sh霉)鐧鹃爡(xi脿ng)閲嶅ぇ绐佺牬鍜岀櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勬渶杩戞棩鏈熴€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慏espite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries銆�(2002闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戦€楄櫉(h脿o)鍚庣偤鏈彞涓诲彞researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries锛屽彞棣栭儴鍒嗕粙璩撶煭瑾�(y菙)Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s鎵€浣滅殑璁撴鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屽叾涓棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭� when寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010淇>1960s and 1970s锛� when鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�(y菙)锛岀悊瑙g偤鍦�60骞翠唬鍜�70骞翠唬銆傚湪姝ゅ畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓紝it浣滃舰寮忎富瑾�(y菙)锛岀湡姝g殑涓昏獮(y菙)鐐簍hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勪富瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010銆傛敞鎰廼t appeared缈昏鐐衡€滅湅璧蜂締(l谩i)鈥�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠洝绠″湪20涓栫磤(j矛)60骞翠唬鍜�70骞翠唬鎯呮硜寰堟▊(l猫)瑙€锛屽洜?y脿n)妯佃皜鑿歳(sh铆)鐪嬭捣渚�(l谩i)鏅堕珨绠¢浕璺拰寰檿鐞嗗櫒鎴栬ū鍙互鍦�2010骞村墠灏辫兘澶犲京(f霉)鍒朵汉鑵︾殑娲诲嫊(d貌ng)锛屼絾鏄�锛岀爺绌朵汉鍝℃渶杩戝凡闁�(k膩i)濮嬫妸閫欎竴闋�(y霉)瑷€鎺ㄩ伈浜嗕笉鏄咕鍊�(g猫)涓栫磤(j矛)灏辨槸骞惧崄骞淬€�
銆€銆€2銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢here寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岃┎闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炲湪瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓綔鍦伴粸(di菐n)鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€戔€淪chools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,鈥� says education writer Diane Ravitch銆�(2004闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤鐩存帴寮曡獮(y菙)锛屼富骞茬偤Schools have always been in a society銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢here寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞where practical is more important than intellectual淇>鍏堣瑭瀞ociety锛寃here鍦ㄥ畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓綔鍦伴粸(di菐n)鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屾垜鍊戠悊瑙g偤in this society锛屽苟涓旇┎寰炲彞浣跨敤浜嗘瘮杓冪礆(j铆)锛屾敞鎰弍ractical鑸噄ntellectual鍧囩炕璀垚鍚嶈銆�
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