鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁+銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞�锛�2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛炴搳鈥�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�鈥� 涓嬭級
銆€銆€銆愬緸鍙ャ€�
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銆€銆€瀹氳獮寰炲彞鍒嗙偤闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ拰闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙�銆傚紩灏�(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴湁that锛寃hich锛寃ho锛寃hom锛寃hose(of which)锛宐ut(who/that鈥ot)锛宎s绛�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炴湁when锛寃here锛寃hy锛宧ow绛�銆傚ぇ澶氭暩(sh霉)瀹氳獮寰炲彞閮藉皪鎵€淇>鐨勫悕瑭炴垨浠h鍔犱互闄愬埗锛屽幓鎺夎┎寰炲彞鍚庡厛琛岃灏囨剰缇╀笉鍏ㄦ垨澶卞幓鎰忕京銆傝€岄潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ョ殑浣滅敤鍦ㄤ簬瑁滃厖锛岀炕璀檪甯稿父鍙﹁捣涓€鍊嬪彞瀛愶紝鑸囦富鍙ユ(g貌u)鎴愬苟鍒楀彞銆�
銆€銆€(涓€)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲紩灏�(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�
銆€銆€1銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛宼hat鎸囦汉鎴栨寚鐗�锛屽湪寰炲彞涓彲浠ヤ綔涓昏獮銆佽硴瑾炪€傚鏁�(sh霉)鎯呮硜涓�锛屽彲鑸噖hich浜掓彌銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖n a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins銆�(2001瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill鈥�锛涘叾涓璪ill鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity鈥︿慨椋�锛屽湪寰炲彞涓紝that鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀊ill浣滀富瑾�銆傝瀵熼€hand锛屽彲纰哄畾姝ゅ緸鍙ヤ腑骞跺垪鍏╁€嬭瑐瑾瀢ill propose鍜寃ill control銆傚叾涓璫ontrol鐨勮硴瑾瀟he amount of publicity鍚庡張璺熶竴鍊媡hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat can be given to a case before a trial begins锛屼娇鐢ㄤ簡琚嫊瑾炴厠(t脿i)锛宼hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀙ublicity浣滀富瑾炪€傚彞棣栫殑浠嬭鐭獮In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press浣滃叏鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠偤浜嗘湁鏁堝湴鍔犲挤灏嶆柊鑱炵晫鐨勬硶寰嬬洠(ji膩n)鎺э紝澶ф硶瀹樻瓙鏂囧嫑鐖靛皣寮曞叆涓€闋呰崏妗�銆傞€欓爡鑽夋灏囨彁鍑轰粯娆剧郸璀変汉鏄潪娉曠殑锛屽苟涓旇鍤�(y谩n)鏍兼帶鍒跺鍒ゅ墠灏嶆浠剁殑鏇濆厜銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣he overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄竴鍊嬪畬鎴愭檪鐨勪富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)The overall result has been鈥� for amateurs锛岃〃瑾炵敱涓嶅畾寮忕煭瑾瀟o make鈥(hu谩n)arder(浣库€︹€︽洿闆�)鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚悕瑭炵煭瑾瀉 result that鈥︽槸涓诲共涓富瑾瀝esult鐨勫悓浣嶈獮锛屼綔鐢ㄦ槸灏嶅叾閫茶瑁滃厖瑾槑銆傚湪姝ゅ悕瑭炵煭瑾炰腑锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞that has been reinforced by鈥︿慨椋惧厛琛岃result锛宼hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浠f浛result浣滀富瑾�锛屽緸鍙ョ殑璎傝獮浣跨敤浜嗚鍕曡獮鎱�(t脿i)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠附楂旂祼(ji茅)鏋滄槸锛屾キ(y猫)浣欎汉鍝″湪灏堟キ(y猫)鍦拌唱(zh矛)瀛�(xu茅)鍒婄墿涓婄櫦(f膩)琛ㄨ珫鏂囨洿闆d簡锛岄€欑ó绲�(ji茅)鏋滃張鐢变簬瀵╃ǹ鐨勫唬娉涘紩鍏ヨ€岃畩寰楁洿绯熲€斺€�19涓栫磤(j矛)鐢卞湅瀹剁礆闆滃織瑭曞锛� 20涓栫磤(j矛)鐢变竴浜涘湴鏂瑰湴璩�(zh矛)瀛�(xu茅)闆滃織瑭曞銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣here will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤there be鍙ュ瀷銆備富骞茬偤There will be television chat shows鈥�锛宎nd cars鈥﹀叾涓璼hows鍚庣敱閬庡幓鍒嗚绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)hosted by robots(浣滃畾瑾�)淇>锛宑ars鍚庣殑浠嬭硴鐭獮with pollution monitors浣滃悗缃畾瑾�锛岃┎瀹氳獮涓璵onitors鍚庤窡涓€鍊媡hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat will disable them鈥�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鎸囦唬monitors鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�銆傚彞鏈殑when they offend浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勬檪闁撶媭瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞湭渚嗗皣鍑虹従(xi脿n)姗熷櫒浜轰富鎸佺殑璜囪┍绡€(ji茅)鐩互鍙婅鏈夋薄鏌撶洠(ji膩n)鎺у櫒鐨勬苯杌婏紝鐣�(d膩ng)姹借粖姹℃煋瓒呮(bi膩o)鏅�锛岀洠(ji膩n)鎺у櫒灏辨渻璁撳叾鍋滄銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慉nd thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy鈥攆ar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヨ垏涓婂彞鍚�锛屼富骞瞭here be鍙ュ瀷there are already robot systems鈥︿腑锛宻ystems鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat can perform鈥�(鐩村埌鍙ユ湯)淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀞ystems鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�銆傜牬鎶樿櫉涔嬪悗鐨勯儴鍒唂ar greater precision than鈥︽槸submillimeter accuracy鐨勫悓浣嶈獮锛岃捣瑁滃厖瑾槑浣滅敤锛岄€欓噷浣跨敤浜嗘瘮杓冪礆銆傚彞棣栫殑And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics浣滃叏鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠敱浜庨浕瀛愭妧琛�(sh霉)鐨勪笉鏂峰井鍨嬪寲鍜屽井鍨嬫姊板(xu茅)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�锛屽凡缍�(j墨ng)鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗚兘澶犲畬鎴愭煇浜涜叇閮ㄥ拰楠ㄧ鎵嬭(sh霉)鐨勬鍣ㄤ汉绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屽叾绮剧⒑绋嬪害宸查仈鍒颁簽姣背绱�锛岄€欎竴绮剧⒑绋嬪害澶уぇ瓒呭嚭浜嗘妧琛�(sh霉)瀚荤啛鐨勯啱(y墨)鐢熷厜鎲戦洐鎵嬫墍鑳介仈鍒扮殑姘村钩銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慒or example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain銆�(2004瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐐衡€滀富+璎�+璩�+璩撹鈥�锛屽嵆changes make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain銆備富瑾瀋hanges鍚庢湁鍏╁€嬩慨椋捐獮锛屽叾涓€鏄粙瑭炵煭瑾瀒n the economy浣滅殑鍚庣疆瀹氳獮锛屽叾浜屾槸that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general銆傝┎瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃changes浣滀富瑾�锛岃瑐瑾瀕ead to鏈夊叐鍊嬭硴瑾烇紝鍒嗗垾鐐簀ob opportunities 鍜� unemployment锛岀敱and骞跺垪銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣垑渚嬩締瑾�锛岀稉(j墨ng)婵熸敼闈╁皫(d菐o)鑷翠簡骞磋紩浜哄氨妤�(y猫)姗熸渻鐨勬笡灏戝拰鏅亶涓婂崌鐨勫け妤�(y猫)鐜囷紝閫欎簺閮戒娇寰楁湁閰伐浣滆秺渚嗚秺闆f壘銆�
銆€銆€娉ㄦ剰锛氬彧鑳界敤that浣滅偤瀹氳獮寰炲彞鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炵殑鎯呮硜锛�
銆€銆€(1)鍦╰here be 鍙ュ瀷涓�锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛屼笉鐢╳hich锛�
銆€銆€(2)涓嶅畾浠h濡俛nything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little绛変綔鍏堣瑭炴檪锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛屼笉鐢╳hich锛�
銆€銆€(3) 鍏堣瑭炴湁the only, the very淇>鏅�锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛�
銆€銆€(4) 鍏堣瑭炵偤搴忔暩(sh霉)瑭�銆佸舰瀹硅鏈€楂樼礆鏅�锛屽彧鐢╰hat锛�
銆€銆€(5) 鍏堣瑭炴棦鏈変汉锛屽張鏈夌墿鏅�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣o paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, 鈥渁ll that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing?锛�?2003闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑鐩存帴寮曡獮涓�锛屼富骞茬偤涓€鍊嬩富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)all is that鈥�锛屽叾涓富瑾瀉ll鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀉ll鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�銆傝〃瑾炵敱that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙hat good people do nothing鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠敤18涓栫磤(j矛)鏀挎不瀹跺焹寰疯挋路鏌忓厠鐨勮┍瑾細鈥滀竴鍊嬭瑾ゅ皫(d菐o)鐨勪簨妤�(y猫)濡傛灉鑳芥垚鍔�锛屽畠鍞竴闇€瑕佺殑灏辨槸濂戒汉鐒℃墍浣滅偤鈥�銆�
銆€銆€2銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛寃hich鎸囩墿锛屽湪寰炲彞涓彲浠ヤ綔涓昏獮銆佽硴瑾炵瓑銆傚鏁�(sh霉)鎯呮硜涓�锛屽彲鑸噒hat浜掓彌銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€戠敤If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it鈥檒l be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman鈥檚 notorious bad taste in ties銆�(2002闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚叐鍊嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�锛岀敱and閫f帴銆傜涓€鍊嬪垎鍙ョ偤you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you锛岄€欓噷鍖呭惈涓€鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛岀敱which寮曞皫(d菐o)锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀟he experiences and problems锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮銆傜浜屽€嬪垎鍙ョ偤it鈥檒l be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman鈥檚 notorious bad taste in ties锛屽叾涓娇鐢ㄤ簡it浣滃舰寮忎富瑾�锛岀湡姝g殑涓昏獮鐐轰笉瀹氬紡to make a passing remark about鈥︺€傚彞棣栫殑if寮曞皫(d菐o)姊濅欢鐙€瑾炲緸鍙�锛屽叾涓璯(sh霉)roup鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hich you are addressing淇>锛寃hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀏roups锛屼綔address鐨勮硴瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝鏋滀綘鏄綘璜囪┍鑱界溇涓殑涓€鍝★紝浣犲氨鑳藉浜嗚В浣犲€戞墍鍏辨湁鐨勭稉(j墨ng)姝峰拰鍟忛锛岃€屼笖浣犱篃鍙皪椁愬怀妤甸洠鍚冪殑椋熺墿鎴栬€呴牁(l菒ng)灏�(d菐o)鍦ㄩ伕鎿囬牁(l菒ng)甯舵柟闈㈠樊鍕佺殑鍝佸懗閫茶瑭曢牠璜栬冻銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣hus, the anthropological concept of 鈥渃ulture鈥�锛� like the concept of 鈥渟et鈥� in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003-65)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄竴鍊嬩富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屼富瑾炲拰绯诲嫊瑭炶浠嬭硴鐭獮like the concept of 鈥渟et鈥� in mathematics鎵€浣滅殑鐙€瑾炲垎闅�锛岄€f帴鍚庣偤the anthropological concept of 鈥渃ulture鈥� is an abstract concept鈥�锛屽叾涓〃瑾瀉bstract concept鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hich makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding淇>锛屽湪寰炲彞涓�锛寃hich浠f浛concept浣滀富瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝洜姝�锛屽氨鍍�鏁�(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)涓€滈泦鍚堚€濈殑姒傚康涓€妯�锛屼汉椤炲(xu茅)涓€滄枃鍖栤€濈殑姒傚康鏄竴鍊嬫娊璞℃蹇点€傚畠浣垮ぇ閲忕殑鍏烽珨鐮旂┒鍜岃獚(r猫n)璀樻垚鐐哄彲鑳�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔e adds humbly that perhaps he was 鈥渟uperior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully?锛�?nbsp;(2008-49)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富鍙ョ偤He adds humbly that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦dds鐨勮硴瑾為儴鍒嗙敱that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傚湪姝よ硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛屽叐鍊嬩粙璩撶煭瑾瀒n noticing things 鍜� in observing them carefully閮戒綔鐙€瑾烇紝闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hich easily escape attention淇>鍏堣瑭瀟hings锛寃hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ユ寚浠hings浣滀富瑾炪€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜粬璎欏崙鍦拌鍏呴亾锛屾垨瑷变粬鈥滃拰鏅€氫汉姣旇捣渚�锛屾洿鑳藉娉ㄦ剰鍒伴偅浜涘垾浜轰笉瀹规槗娉ㄦ剰鍒扮殑绱扮瘈(ji茅)锛屽苟灏嶆鍔犱互瑭崇窗鍦拌瀵熲€�銆�
銆€銆€3銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炶垏浠嬭涓€璧风敤锛屼粙瑭炴彁鍓嶆檪锛屽彧鐢╳hich銆�
銆€銆€(1)寰炲彞涓瑐瑾為儴鍒嗘垚鍒嗘彁鍓�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慦ith regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be鈥攅ven admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right鈥攊t can hardly be classed as Literature銆�(2000闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚叐鍊嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鐐簍he case is rather difficult锛屽悗涓€鍒嗗彞whatever Futurist poetry may be鈥�(鐩村埌鍙ユ湯)鐢眆or閫f帴锛岃〃绀哄師鍥�銆傚湪姝ゅ垎鍙ヤ腑锛寃hatever寮曞皫(d菐o)璁撴鐙€瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝鍏╁€嬬牬鎶樿櫉涔嬮枔鐨勬彃鍏ラ儴鍒�锛岀偤鍒嗚绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎵€浣滅殑璁撴鐙€瑾炪€俛dmitting鍚庣殑璩撹獮鐢卞緸鍙hat the theory鈥ay be right鍏呯暥(d膩ng)锛岃┎璩撹獮寰炲彞鐨勪富瑾瀟heory鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ慨椋撅紝which鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀟heory鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滆瑐瑾為儴鍒哹e based on(浠モ€︹€︾偤鍩虹(ch菙)锛屾牴鎿�(j霉))鐨勮硴瑾�锛岃〃鐝�(xi脿n)鐐轰粙瑭瀘n鎻愬墠銆傚彞棣栫殑浠嬭硴鐭獮With regard to Futurist poetry浣滃叏鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜絾鏄�锛屽氨鏈締娲捐┅姝岃€岃█锛屾儏娉佸嵒鐩哥暥(d膩ng)涓嶅悓浜�锛屽洜鐐虹劇璜栨湭渚嗘淳瑭╂瓕鐐轰綍鐗┾€斺€斿嵆浣挎壙瑾�(r猫n)鍏剁悊璜栨牴鎿�(j霉)鍙兘鏄纰虹殑锛屼篃寰堥洠绋卞叾鐐烘枃瀛�(xu茅)浣滃搧銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慚ost journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day鈥檚 events銆�(2001闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤涓诲緸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞锛屼富鍙ョ偤Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞into which they plug each day鈥檚 events淇>鍏堣瑭瀉 set of standard templates锛寃hich鍦ㄥ畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔into鐨勮硴瑾�(into鎻愬墠)锛屾垜鍊戝彲灏囧叾閭勫師鐐簆lug each day鈥檚 events into(a set of standard templates)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝鏁�(sh霉)鏂拌仦瑷樿€呴兘瀛�(xu茅)钁楃敤涓€濂楁(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐨勬ā寮忓幓鐪嬪緟涓栫晫锛屽苟鎶婃瘡澶╃櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑浜嬩欢绱嶅叆閫欑ó妯″紡銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慦hat is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn銆�(2002鑻辫婕�)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚敱but閫f帴鐨勫叐鍊嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鏄竴鍊嬩富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叾涓富瑾炵敱what寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勪富瑾炲緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞涓寘鍚玾hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hich such a technology might be drawn淇>鍏堣瑭瀞cience锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬science鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渂e drawn from鐨勮硴瑾�锛屾湰鍙ヨ〃鐝�(xi脿n)鐐篺rom鎻愬墠锛屾垜鍊戝彲閭勫師寰炲彞閮ㄥ垎鐐簊uch a technology might be drawn from (science)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞垜鍊戦渶瑕佺殑鏄竴绋鐐烘妧琛�(sh霉)锛屼絾鏄洰鍓嶇敘(ch菐n)鐢熼€欑ó鎶€琛�(sh霉)鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)閫插睍绶╂參銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖t鈥檚 theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail銆�(2003闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヨ垏涓婂彞涔熷悓锛屼篃鍖呭惈鍏╁€嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�锛岀敱but閫f帴锛岄珨鐝�(xi脿n)杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鐨勮〃瑾瀟heory鐢遍棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙o which many economists subscribe淇>銆傚湪瑭插畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛寃hich浣渟ubscribe to鐨勮硴瑾烇紝鏈彞楂旂従(xi脿n)鐐轰粙瑭瀟o鎻愬墠鐨勫舰寮�锛屾垜鍊戝彲閭勫師鍏剁偤many economists subscribe to (the theory)銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞涓�锛宒etermining鐨勮硴瑾炵敱鍏╁€媤hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛屽垎鍒ョ偤which companies will flourish 鍜寃hich will fail銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欑ó鐞嗚珫鏄鏁�(sh霉)缍�(j墨ng)婵熷(xu茅)瀹堕兘璐婂悓鐨�锛屼絾鍦ㄥ闅涙搷浣滀腑锛屽畠甯稿父浣块惖璺叕鍙哥嵅寰椾簡姹哄畾鍝鍏徃鑸堢洓鍝鍏徃鍊掗枆鐨勬瑠(qu谩n)鍔�銆�
銆€銆€(2)浠f浛鍏堣瑭炶垏浠嬭妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣hey are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements銆�(2002-64)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚叐鍊嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�銆傚湪and鍚庣殑骞跺垪鍒嗗彞涓紝practices鐢变竴鍊媤hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙n which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements淇>銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬practices鑸噄n妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀炕璀偤鈥滃湪鍊嬩汉琛岀偤涓€濅綔鏁村€嬪緸鍙ョ殑鐙€瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣嚜鐢卞拰灏婂毚(y谩n)(鍙冭鍘熼)鏄偝绲�(t菕ng)鐞嗚珫涓嚜涓讳汉鎵€鎿佹湁鐨�锛屽苟涓旀槸鍊嬩汉琛岀偤涓繀涓嶅彲灏戠殑鈥斺€斾汉瑕佸皪鑷繁鐨勯€欑ó鍝佽璨犺铂(z茅)骞朵笖鍥犲叾鎴愬氨琚郸浜堢崕鍕�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣elevision is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed鈥攁nd perhaps never before has it served so much so connect different peoples and nations as the recent events in Europe. (200546)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヨ垏涓婂彞鍚�锛屼篃鍖呭惈and閫f帴鐨勫叐鍊嬪苟鍒楀垎鍙�銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞涓�锛岃〃瑾為儴鍒唌eans鐢卞畾瑾炲緸鍙y which these feelings are created and conveyed淇>銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯粀hich鎸囦唬means鑸囦粙瑭瀊y鐩搁€�锛岀炕璀偤鈥滈€氶亷閫欑ó鏂瑰紡鈥濓紝鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞鎻愬墠浜唍ever妲�(g貌u)鎴愬€掕(鍙冭鍊掕绔犵瘈(ji茅))锛屽苟浣跨敤浜唖o much鈥s鐨勬瘮杓冪祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)(鍙冭姣旇純绔犵瘈(ji茅))銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦浕瑕栨槸鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熷拰琛ㄩ仈閫欎簺鎰熷彈鐨勬墜娈典箣涓€鈥斺€斿湪姝愭床杩戜締鐧�(f膩)鐢熺殑浜嬩欢涓紝瀹冩妸涓嶅悓鐨勬皯鏃忓拰鍦嬪閫e埌涓€璧�锛屽叾浣滅敤涔嬪ぇ锛屽墠鎵€鏈湁銆�
銆€銆€4銆傞潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ彧鐢╳hich锛屽苟澶氳鐐哄苟鍒楀彞绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣he more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you鈥檙e going to be銆�(2001闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞叉槸the more鈥he more鈥�(瓒婁締瓒�)绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ綔鍒嗛殧绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叾涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀒nfrastructure浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勪富瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜綘鎿佹湁鐨勫幓寤洪€犵涓夋娴疆鍩虹(ch菙)瑷�(sh猫)鏂�(浠婂ぉ涓昏鎸囬浕瀛愬熀绀�(ch菙)瑷�(sh猫)鏂�)鐨勫鍦嬭硣閲戣秺澶氾紝閭d箞浣犵殑鎯呮硜灏辫秺濂�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔ere is an example, which I heard at a nurses鈥� convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (2002闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鐐烘彁鍓峢ere鐨勫€掕Here is an example銆� which寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙hich I heard at a nurses鈥� convention淇>鍏堣瑭瀍xample锛屽湪鏁村€嬪彞瀛愪腑璧峰垎闅旂殑浣滅敤銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔heard鐨勮硴瑾�銆備粙瑭瀘f a story鈥︿篃淇>example锛屼綔瀹氳獮銆俿tory鍚庡張鏈変竴鍊媤hich瀹氳獮寰炲彞锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�銆傚湪姝ゅ緸鍙ヤ腑锛岄倓鍖呭惈涓€鍊媌ecause寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫師鍥犵媭瑾炲緸鍙ャ€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜笅闈㈡槸涓€鍊嬩緥瀛�锛屾槸鎴戝湪涓€娆¤澹渻璀颁笂鑱藉埌鐨�锛岄€欏€�鏁呬簨寰堜笉閷洜鐐鸿伣鐪惧皪閱�(y墨)鐢熼兘鏈夌浉鍚岀殑鐪嬫硶銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣hese days the Net, which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan鈥檚 vocation as well銆�(2003闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄竴鍊嬩富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)These days the Net is reshaping Donovan鈥檚 vocation as well锛屽叐鍊嬮€楄櫉涔嬮枔鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙hich has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail浣滃垎闅旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭� which鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浠f浛net浣滀富瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝浠婏紝浜掕伅(li谩n)缍�(w菐ng)宸茬稉(j墨ng)鏀硅畩浜嗚濡傝卜鏇�銆佺櫦(f膩)閮典欢閫欐ǎ鐨勬棩甯告秷閬o紝鍚屾檪瀹冧篃姝e湪閲嶅钁楀璜炬倍鎵€寰炰簨鐨勯€欏€嬭伔妤�(y猫)銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慏r. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account銆�(2006闁辫畝3)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鍦ㄩ€楄櫉鍓岲r. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦rgue鐨勮硴瑾炵敱that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傚湪瑭茶硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛屽寘鍚棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ慨椋惧厛琛岃a correct baseline銆� 鍦ㄦ瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓�锛寃hich浠f浛鍏堣瑭瀊aseline浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑璎傝獮take into account鐨勮硴瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦亥鐖炬柉鍗氬+鍜屾矁濮嗗崥澹寚鍑�锛屼粬鍊戠殑宸ヤ綔纰哄畾浜嗕竴鍊嬫簴(zh菙n)纰虹殑(鎹曟拡鏁�(sh霉)閲�)搴曠窔锛屾湭渚嗙殑(娴锋磱)绠$悊蹇呴爤灏囧叾鑰冩叜閫插幓銆�
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銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣he Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be銆�(2004-61)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富鍙ョ偤The Greeks assumed that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦ssumed鐨勮硴瑾炵敱that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傚湪瑭茶硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙hich took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be缈昏鐐衡€滄棭鍦ㄤ汉鍊戣獚(r猫n)璀樺埌鍚勭ó瑾炶█鐨勫崈宸惉鍒ヤ箣鍓�锛�(which)灏卞凡缍�(j墨ng)鎵庢牴浜庢瓙娲测€�锛屼笉闆g櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛寃hich鍙湁鎸囦唬鍓嶆枃鏁村€嬪彞瀛�锛屽嵆閫欑ó瑙€榛烇紝鍙ュ瓙鎵嶆槸瀹屾暣鐒¤鍦拌〃閬�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝笇鑷樹汉瑾�(r猫n)鐐鸿獮瑷€绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍚屾€濈董閬庣▼涔嬮枔瀛樺湪钁楁煇绋棞(gu膩n)绯汇€傛棭鍦ㄤ汉鍊戣獚(r猫n)璀樺埌鍚勭ó瑾炶█鐨勫崈宸惉鍒ヤ箣鍓�锛岄€欑ó鐪嬫硶灏卞凡缍�(j墨ng)鎵庢牴浜庢瓙娲�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€態ut a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well銆�(2005闁辫畝1)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富鍙ョ偤涓昏瑐璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)But a study suggests that鈥�锛屽叾涓璼uggest鐨勮硴瑾為儴鍒嗙偤that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙hat it is all too monkey, as well鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚叐鍊嬮€楄櫉闁撶偤which寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙hich has just been published in Nature璀偤鈥�(which)鍓涘墰鐧�(f膩)琛ㄥ湪銆婅嚜鐒躲€嬫湡鍒婁笂鈥濓紝鍦ㄦ湰鍙ヤ腑璧峰垎闅斾綔鐢�銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�锛岄€氶亷鍒嗘瀽鍏ㄥ彞锛屼笉闆g湅鍑簑hich鍚屾檪鎸囦唬涓婃枃瀹屾暣鐨勪富鍙ュ収(n猫i)瀹广€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜絾鏄敱浣愭不浜炲窞浜炵壒铇ぇ鍩冮粯閲屽ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鐨勮柀鎷壜峰竷榄柉鍗楀拰寮楄槶鏂峰痉鐡︾埦閫茶鐨勪竴闋呯爺绌惰〃鏄�锛岀尨瀛愪篃鏈夐浼肩殑鎯呯窉琛ㄩ仈锛岄€欓爡鐮旂┒鎴愭灉鍓涘墰鐧�(f膩)琛ㄥ湪銆婅嚜鐒躲€嬫湡鍒婁笂銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔e asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics銆�(2008-47)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ユ槸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富鍙ョ偤He asserted that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦ssert鐨勮硴瑾炵偤that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛屽叾涓富瑾瀙ower鍚庣敱涓嶅畾寮忕祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought浣滃悗缃畾瑾�銆� 鍙ユ湯鏄潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙or which reason he felt certain that鈥�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich淇>reason鎸囦唬鍓嶉潰鏁村彞鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹筯is power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited锛岃垏for閫f帴浣跨敤锛屽湪寰炲彞涓〃绀哄師鍥犮€傛敞鎰廻e felt certain that鈥︽槸涓荤郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓殑涓€椤炵壒娈婂垎鏀細涓�+绯�+adj.+that寰炲彞銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦仈鐖炬枃鍚屾檪鑱茬ū锛屽皪浜庡啑闀疯€屼笖绱旀娊璞$殑鎬濇兂锛岃嚜宸辩殑鐞嗚В鑳藉姏骞朵笉寮�銆傚洜鐐洪€欏€嬪師鍥狅紝浠栫浉淇¤嚜宸卞湪鏁�(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)鏂归潰鏍规湰涓嶆渻鎴愬姛銆�
銆€銆€6銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲鏋滃湪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑浣滆硴瑾炲彲浠ヨ鐪佺暐銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慛othing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12 hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on 鈥渜uality time鈥�銆�(2001闁辫畝5)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞插湪鍙ラ锛孨othing could persuade me to return to the kind of life鈥�锛宭ife鐢卞叐鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ慨椋�锛屽垎鍒ョ偤Kelsey used to advocate鍜孖 once enjoyed銆傜敱浜庡湪寰炲彞涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃the kind of life鍒嗗垾浣滃叐鍊嬪緸鍙ヤ腑鍚勮嚜璎傝獮used to advocate鍜宔njoyed鐨勮硴瑾�锛屽洜姝ら棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炶鐪佺暐銆傚啋铏熷悗鐐簍he kind of life 鐨勫叿楂斿収(n猫i)瀹�锛屾槸鐢卞洓鍊嬪苟鍒楃煭瑾炴(g貌u)鎴愮殑銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞矑鏈変粈涔堣兘瑾湇鎴戝洖鍒伴偅绋嚤鐖捐寽鏇惧€″皫(d菐o)銆佹垜涔熸浘閻樻剾鐨勭敓娲讳腑鍘伙細姣忓ぉ12灏忔檪鐨勫伐浣滄棩锛屽寰椾汉鍠樹笉閬庢埃渚嗙殑鏈€鍚庢湡闄�锛屽彲鎬曡€岀穵寮电殑杈﹀叕瀹ゆ瑠(qu谩n)鍔涙枟鐖�锛岀偤浜虹埗姣嶇殑鈥滄渶浣虫檪闁撯€濈殑闄愬埗銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慙arge numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes 鈥渟ystematic patient abuse鈥�銆�(2002闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain锛屽叾涓璸ain鍚庣殑瀹氳獮寰炲彞鈥渢heir patients are needlessly and predictably suffering鈥濅腑鐪佺暐浜嗛棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炩€渢hat/which鈥�(瑭查棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃pain锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔be suffering 鐨勮硴瑾�)銆傚彞鏈殑涓嶅畾寮弔o the extent that鈥︿綔鐩殑鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓璽hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鍚屼綅瑾炲緸鍙�(鍙冭鍚屼綅瑾炲緸鍙�)锛岃В閲嬭鏄巈xtent銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戜笉灏戦啱(y墨)鐢熶技涔庡皪鐥呬汉鎵€閬彈鐨勬鐒″繀瑕佺殑銆佸彲闋�(y霉)瑕嬬殑鐥涜嫤鐒″嫊浜庤》锛岀敋鑷抽仈鍒颁簡鈥滆搫鎰忚檺寰呯梾浜衡€濈殑绋嬪害銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€態olivar had received aid from Haiti and had promise in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (2007瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑鍏╁€嬭瑐瑾瀐ad received aid鈥﹀拰had promise in return to鈥︾敱and骞跺垪銆傚湪绗簩鍊嬭瑐瑾炰腑锛屽湴榛炵媭瑾� in the areas鈥﹀悗璺熺渷鐣ヤ簡闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat/which鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙e liberated锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲湪寰炲彞涓寚浠reas浣渓iberated鐨勮硴瑾炪€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠幓鍒╃摝鐖惧緱鍒版捣鍦扮殑鎻村姪锛屼綔鐐哄洖鍫憋紝浠栨壙璜惧湪鑷繁瑙f斁鐨勫湴鍗€(q奴)寤㈤櫎濂撮毟鍒�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慞lenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they鈥檝e apparently learned is when to stop銆�(2009瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ュ寘鍚玜nd骞跺垪鐨勫叐鍊嬪垎鍙�銆傚湪绗簩鍊嬪垎鍙ヤ腑锛屼富骞茬偤one of the things is when to stop銆備富瑾瀟hings鐢辩渷鐣ヤ簡闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat/which鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hey鈥檝e apparently learned鎵€淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠hings鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渓earn鐨勮硴瑾炪€傛敞鎰廼s鍚庣殑琛ㄨ獮浣跨敤浜唚hen+to+do褰㈠紡銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣ū澶氬叾浠栫殑鐗╃ó涔熸湁瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鑳藉姏锛屽緢椤劧浠栧€戝(xu茅)鍒扮殑鏉辫タ涔嬩竴灏辨槸鐭ラ亾浣曟檪鍋滄銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖nstead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we鈥檝e left in the dust I.Q.顎憌ise, it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be銆�(2009瀹屽舰)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞插湪閫楄櫉鍚�锛岀偤it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be锛屽叾涓硴瑾為儴鍒嗙敱what寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫悕瑭炴€у緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛寃hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滆〃瑾炪€傚彞棣栭儴鍒嗘槸浠嬭硴鐭獮鎵€浣滅殑鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓寘鍚渷鐣ヤ簡闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat/which鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙e鈥檝e left in the dust I.Q.顎憌ise锛屼慨椋惧厛琛岃species锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浠e厛琛岃鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渓eft鐨勮硴瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欏€嬭│椹椾笉鏄幓鍥為¨閭d簺琚垜鍊戝妰鐐轰綆鏅哄晢鐨勭墿绋紝鑰屾槸鍚搫鍦ㄥ晱鎴戝€戣嚜宸辨櫤鍔涚殑鐪熸浠e児鏄粈涔�銆�
銆€銆€7.who/whom鍜寃hose寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�
銆€銆€(1)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝瑭查棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浜�锛屽彲浠ュ湪瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮銆佽硴瑾炵瓑銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔ofstader says our country鈥檚 educational system is in the grips of people who 鈥渏oyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise?锛�?2004闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤Hofstader says鈥︼紝鍏朵腑says鍚庣殑璩撹獮鐢辩渷鐣ヤ簡that鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙ur country鈥檚 educational system is in the grips of people鈥﹀厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛岄€欐槸涓€鍊嬩富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽叾涓〃瑾炰腑people鍚庤窡涓€鍊媤ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ho joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children鈥︼紝闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀙eople锛屽湪寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮銆傞€欓噷鎴戝€戞敞鎰忓埌姝ゅ緸鍙ョ殑璎傝獮鍕曡proclaim鍚庣殑璩撹獮鐢盿nd骞跺垪锛屽垎鍒ョ偤their hostility to intellect鍜� their eagerness to identify with children銆傚墠涓€鍊媡o鐐轰粙瑭�锛岃垏鍚嶈intellect妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙瑭炵煭瑾炲悗缃綔瀹氳獮锛屽悗涓€鍊媡o鏄笉瀹氬紡鐭獮锛屽皪eagerness閫茶淇>锛屼篃鏄悗缃綔瀹氳獮锛屽彞鏈殑瀹氳獮寰炲彞who show the least intellectual promise 淇>鍏堣瑭瀋hildren锛屽湪寰炲彞涓�锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鎸囦唬children鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾炪€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦湇澶柉濉旇鎴戝€戝湅瀹剁殑鏁欒偛楂旂郴鎺у埗鍦ㄩ€欐ǎ涓€浜涗汉鎵嬩腑鈥斺€斾粬鍊戔€滃緱鎰忓苟鎸戦噥鍦板绋变粬鍊戝皪鏅哄晢鐨勬暤瑕�锛屼互鍙婁粬鍊戣獚(r猫n)鍚岄偅浜涘湪鏅哄晢鏂归潰鏈€娌掓湁甯屾湜鐨勫瀛愬€�?锛�?/p>
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖 shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(铇囨牸鎷夊簳) way about moral problems銆�(2006-46)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ユ槸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富鍙ョ偤I shall define him as an individual鈥�銆傚畾瑾炲緸鍙ho has elected as鈥�(鐩村埌鍙ユ湯)鐢ㄤ締淇>鍏堣瑭瀒ndividual锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔涓昏獮銆傚湪瑭插畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛屾垜鍊戞敞鎰忓埌妲�(g貌u)鎴愨€渆lect鈥s鈥︹€濈殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽湪姝ゅ彞涓炕璀偤鈥滈伕鎿団€︹€︿綔鐐衡€︹€︹€�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戞垜灏囦粬(鐭ヨ瓨鍒嗗瓙)瀹氱京鐐洪€欑ó鍊嬮珨锛氱敤铇囨牸鎷夊簳寮忕殑鏂瑰紡鎬濊€冮亾寰峰晱椤�锛屽苟灏囨浣滅偤鑷繁浜虹敓鐨勯瑕佽铂(z茅)浠诲拰妯傝叮銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慔is function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ユ槸寰�(f霉)鍚堝彞銆備富骞茬偤涓€鍊嬬郴琛ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)His function is analogous to that of a judge锛岄€楄櫉鍚巜ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙ho must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning鈥︿慨椋惧厛琛岃judge銆傚湪姝ゅ緸鍙ヤ腑锛岃硴瑾瀘bligation鍚庣殑瀹氳獮鐢变粙璩撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning鈥﹀厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆傛浠嬭硴鐭獮姣旇純寰�(f霉)闆�锛屾甯歌獮搴忔噳(y墨ng)鐐簉evealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible锛岄€欓噷as obvious as possible浣滅媭瑾�锛屽湪鍘熷彞涓互鍒嗛殧绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍑虹従(xi脿n)銆傚彞鏈玶easoning 鐢眞hich寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hich led him to his decision淇>锛寃hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬reasoning浣滀富瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠煡璀樺垎瀛�(鍙冭鍓嶆枃)鐨勪綔鐢ㄨ垏娉曞畼鐩镐技锛屼粬蹇呴爤鐩$京鍕�(w霉)鐢ㄧ洝鍙兘娓呮鐨勬柟寮忚В閲嬭嚜宸变綔鍑虹祼(ji茅)璜栫殑鎺ㄧ悊閬庣▼銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慦ashington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will銆�(2008闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤Washington overcame the strong opposition鈥�銆傚叐鍊嬮€楄櫉闁撶偤who寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯潪闄愬埗鎬у畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛屼互鍒嗛殧绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍑虹従(xi脿n)锛屼慨椋句富瑾濿ashington銆傝┎寰炲彞涓�锛宐elieve鐨勮硴瑾炵敱鍚嶈鎬у緸鍙hat all men were created equal after鈥﹀厖鐣�(d膩ng)锛屽彞鏈殑涓嶅畾寮忕祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u) to grant his slaves their freedom in his will浣滄暣鍊嬪彞瀛愮殑鐙€瑾炪€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝湪鐪嬪埌鐛ㄧ珛鎴�(zh脿n)鐖腑榛戜汉澹叺鐨勮嫳鍕囪〃鐝�(xi脿n)骞堕枊濮嬬浉淇′汉浜虹敓鑰屽钩绛夊悗锛岃彲鐩涢爴鍏嬫湇浜嗚Κ灞殑寮风儓鍙嶅皪锛屾寜鐓ц嚜宸辩殑鎰忔効锛岃畵浠栫殑濂撮毟鍊戠嵅寰椾簡鑷敱銆�
銆€銆€(2)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴寚浜哄苟妲�(g貌u)鎴愪粙瑭炵煭瑾�锛屼粙瑭炴彁鍓嶆檪锛屽彧鐢╳hom銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慜n another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted顎憇uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying銆�(2002闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戝幓鎺夊彞棣栦粙璩�锛屾湰鍙ヤ富骞茬偤many acknowledge that鈥�锛屽叾涓璦cknowledge鐨勮硴瑾炵敱璩撹獮寰炲彞that the assisted顎憇uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients鍏呯暥(d膩ng)銆傚湪姝よ硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛屽畾瑾炲緸鍙or whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying淇>鍏堣瑭瀙atients锛岀敱浜庝粙瑭瀎or鎻愬墠锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炰娇鐢ㄨ硴鏍紈hom锛屾寚浠atients鑸噁or閫f帴浣跨敤浣滃緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勭媭瑾�锛岀炕璀偤鈥滃皪鈥︹€﹁€岃█鈥濄€�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戝湪鍙︿竴灞ら潰锛屽緢澶氶啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)鐣岀殑浜烘壙瑾�(r猫n)锛屽崝(xi茅)鍔╄嚜娈虹埈璀伴儴鍒嗘槸鐢变簬鐥呬汉妤靛害绲曟湜寮曡捣鐨�锛屽皪浠栧€戣€岃█锛岀従(xi脿n)浠i啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)寤堕暦浜嗕粬鍊戞浜″墠鐨勮倝楂旂棝鑻�銆�
銆€銆€(3)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hose寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝瑭查棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炲湪寰炲彞涓〃绀衡€滄煇浜�(鍏堣瑭�)鐨勨€�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慉s a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor銆�(2002闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞叉槸涓€鍊嬭鍕曡獮鎱�(t脿i)the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos锛屼互but閫f帴鐨勫叐鍊嬬敱whose寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勯檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛岄兘淇>鍏堣瑭瀏izmos銆傚湪绗竴鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙hose presence we barely notice涓�锛寃hose鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀏izmos浣減resence鐨勫畾瑾�锛屼簩鑰呴€g敤浣渂arely notice鐨勮硴瑾�锛涚浜屽€嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙hose universal existence has removed much human labor涓�锛寃hose鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀏izmos浣渦niversal existence鐨勫畾瑾�锛屼簩鑰呴€g敤浣滃緸鍙ョ殑涓昏獮銆傚彞棣栫殑as a result鐐轰粙瑭炵煭瑾炰綔鐙€瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠祼(ji茅)鏋滄槸锛岀従(xi脿n)浠d笘鐣屽厖婊夸簡瓒婁締瓒婃櫤鑳藉寲鐨勫皬鐜╂剰锛岄€欎簺灏忕帺鎰忕殑鍑虹従(xi脿n)鏄垜鍊戝咕涔庢敞鎰忎笉鍒扮殑锛屼絾瀹冨€戠殑鏅亶瀛樺湪鍗荤瘈(ji茅)鐪佷簡寰堝鍕炲嫊鍔�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慡cientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care銆�(2003闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戣┎鍙ュ瓙涓�锛屼富骞茬偤Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hose寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙hose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care淇>鍏堣瑭瀞cientists锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hose浣渁rguments鐨勫畾瑾�锛屾寚浠e厛琛岃scientists銆傚緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勮瑐瑾炰娇鐢ㄤ簡鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄩ€茶鏅傦紝鐢盿nd骞跺垪锛屽垎鍒ョ偤are confusing鍜�(are)threatening銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠瀛�(xu茅)瀹堕渶瑕佸皪鍕曠墿娆�(qu谩n)鍒╃殑鍊″皫(d菐o)鑰呬綔鍑烘湁鍔涚殑鍙嶆搳锛屽洜鐐轰粬鍊戠殑瑙€榛炴鍦ㄨ糠鎯戝叕鐪�锛岄樆绀欎簡鍋ュ悍閱�(y墨)鐧傜殑鐧�(f膩)灞�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慣his entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own銆�(2005鑻辫婕�)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞叉竻鏅�锛屾槸涓€鍊嬩富璎傝硴绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)This entails reducing our dependence鈥�锛屽叾涓粙瑭炵煭瑾瀘n the North American浣渄ependence鐨勫悗缃畾瑾�銆傞€楄櫉鍚巜hose寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙hose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions锛屼慨椋惧厛琛岃North American market锛寃hose浣減rograms鐨勫畾瑾�锛屽悓鏅傛寚浠e厛琛岃鈥淣orth American market鈥濄€傚湪瑭插畾瑾炰腑锛宺elate to鐨勮硴瑾瀍xperiences and cultural traditions鐢卞畾瑾炲緸鍙hich are different from our own淇>锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀍xperiences and cultural traditions浣滀富瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戦€欏氨鎰忓懗钁楄娓涘皯灏嶅寳缇庡競鍫寸殑渚濊炒锛屽洜鐐轰粬鍊戠殑绡€(ji茅)鐩噷鍖呭惈涓嶅悓浜庢垜鍊戠殑缍�(j墨ng)姝峰拰鏂囧寲鍌崇当(t菕ng)銆�
銆€銆€8銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀉s寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛岃鐐衡€滃儚鈥︹€﹂偅妯b€�銆�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慚eanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane鈥檚, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. (2009闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ヤ富骞插湪鍏╁€嬮€楄櫉涔嬮枔锛岀偤涓€鍊嬫瘮杓冪祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane鈥檚銆俛s寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙s one clergyman learned鈥s鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣渓earned鐨勮硴瑾烇紝鍚庡張鍖呭惈涓€鍊媤ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ho mocked that鈥︿慨椋綾lergyman锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾烇紝璎傝獮鍕曡mocked鍚庣殑璩撹獮寰炲彞鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫緸鍙ュ厖鐣�(d膩ng)銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣垏姝ゅ悓鏅�锛岃垏鎴存仼鐩告瘮锛岃ū澶氬畾灞呰€呭苟娌掓湁閭d箞铏旇獱锛屽氨鍍忎竴浣嶇墽甯湪閬囧埌娴烽倞鐨勪汉鏅傝伣鍒扮殑閭fǎ锛岄偅浜涗汉鍢插紕瑾粬鍊戜笉鏄偤浜嗗畻鏁欎締鍒版柊澶ч櫢鐨�銆�
銆€銆€9銆傞暦闆e彞涓稉(j墨ng)甯稿悓鏅傚寘鍚鍊嬪畾瑾炲緸鍙�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慡ocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞垜鍊戝厛娉ㄦ剰鍒扮涓€鍊媡hat锛屽彧鏄痓ranch鍓嶇殑淇>瑾�锛屼笉寮曞皫(d菐o)寰炲彞銆傚緱鍒颁富骞�锛屼竴鍊嬩富绯昏〃绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鈥斺€擲ocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞which seeks to study humans and their endeavors鈥�锛寃hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭瀍nquiry鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾炪€備粙瑭炵煭瑾瀒n the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that鈥︿綔鏂瑰紡鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓畾瑾炲緸鍙hat natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena淇>鍏堣瑭瀖anner锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀟hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炰綔use鐨勮硴瑾�銆傚湪缈昏鏅�锛岀偤閬垮厤瀹氳獮閮ㄥ垎閬庨暦锛屾垜鍊戝皣which寰炲彞杞�(zhu菐n)璀偤骞跺垪绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽皣that寰炲彞杞�(zhu菐n)璀偤鐙€瑾�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戣嚜鐒剁瀛�(xu茅)鏄煡璀樻帰绱㈢殑涓€鍊嬪垎鏀紝瀹冨姏鍦栧儚鑷劧瀛�(xu茅)瀹剁爺绌惰嚜鐒剁瀛�(xu茅)鐝�(xi脿n)璞′竴妯�锛岀敤鐞嗘€с€佹湁搴�銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)浠ュ強鍐烽潨瀹㈣鐨勬柟寮忕爺绌朵汉椤炲強鍏惰鐐恒€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慖nstead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three顎憇tar restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools銆�(2000闁辫畝5)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄痺e are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles銆傚叾鍚庣殑which寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺瀹氭€у畾瑾炲緸鍙hich now more than ever seem in ample supply锛屼慨椋惧厛琛岃spectacles锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hich鎸囦唬鍏堣瑭炲湪寰炲彞涓綔涓昏獮銆傚啋铏熷悗鏄痵pectacles鐨勫悓浣嶈獮锛屽皪鍏堕€茶瑙i噵瑾槑锛岀敱涓夊€嬪苟鍒楀钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)妲�(g貌u)鎴�銆傚叾涓浜屽€嬪钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓寘鎷竴鍊媤ho寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ho takes his meals in three顎憇tar restaurants锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢ho鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滀富瑾�锛屾寚浠e厛琛岃publisher锛涙渶鍚庝竴鍊嬪钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓瓀hose寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺鍒舵€у畾瑾炲緸鍙hose own children are enrolled in private schools锛寃hose浣渙wn children鐨勫畾瑾�锛屾寚浠e厛琛岃journalist銆傛敞鎰忔湰椤屼腑spectacles鍏锋湁璨剁京锛屾硾鎸囪櫅鍋界殑浜嬬墿銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠浉鍙�锛屼汉鍊戜互缇庡ソ鐨勮櫅鍋芥櫙璞℃寰呮垜鍊�(閫欎簺铏涘伣鏅薄浼间箮姣斾互寰€浠讳綍鏅傚€欓兘澶�)锛氭壒鍒ょ編鍦嬪紡鐗╄唱(zh矛)涓荤京鐨勪汉鍗诲湪鍗楀畨鏅爴鎿佹湁娑堝鍒ュ锛涘嚭鐗堟縺閫叉浉绫嶇殑浜哄嵒鍦ㄤ笁鏄熼/搴楃敤椁愶紱鍊″皫(d菐o)鍦ㄤ汉鐢熷悇鍊嬮殠娈靛琛屽弮鑸囨皯涓诲埗鐨勮鑰�锛屽嵒璁撹嚜宸辩殑瀛愬コ鍦ㄧ绔嬪(xu茅)鏍′笂瀛�(xu茅)銆�
銆€銆€(浜�)闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炲紩灏�(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�
銆€銆€1銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢hen寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛岃┎闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炲湪瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓綔鏅傞枔鐙€瑾炪€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慞earson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. (2001-73)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ殑涓诲共鏄疨earson has pieced together the work鈥o produce鈥�锛屼笉瀹氬紡绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)to produce a unique millennium technology calendar浣滅洰鐨勭媭瑾�銆俢alendar鍚庣偤鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hat gives the latest dates鈥�锛宼hat鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浠f浛calendar浣滀富瑾炪€傛瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓張鍖呭惈闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢hen寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙hen we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place淇>鍏堣瑭瀌ates锛岄棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭瀢hen鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�锛岀悊瑙g偤鈥滃湪閭d簺鏅傛湡鈥�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠毊鐖炬.鍖泦涓栫晫鍚勫湴鏁�(sh霉)鐧句綅鐮旂┒浜哄摗鐨勬垚鏋�锛岀法鍒朵簡涓€鍊嬬崹鐗圭殑鎶€琛�(sh霉)鍗冨勾姝�锛屽畠鍒楀嚭浜嗕汉鍊戞湁鏈涚湅瑕嬫暩(sh霉)鐧鹃爡閲嶅ぇ绐佺牬鍜岀櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勬渶杩戞棩鏈熴€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€慏espite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries銆�(2002闁辫畝2)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戦€楄櫉鍚庣偤鏈彞涓诲彞researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries锛屽彞棣栭儴鍒嗕粙璩撶煭瑾濪espite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s鎵€浣滅殑璁撴鐙€瑾�锛屽叾涓棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭� when寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010淇>1960s and 1970s锛� when鍦ㄥ緸鍙ヤ腑浣滅媭瑾�锛岀悊瑙g偤鍦�60骞翠唬鍜�70骞翠唬銆傚湪姝ゅ畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛宨t浣滃舰寮忎富瑾�锛岀湡姝g殑涓昏獮鐐簍hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勪富瑾炲緸鍙ransistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010銆傛敞鎰廼t appeared缈昏鐐衡€滅湅璧蜂締鈥�銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戠洝绠″湪20涓栫磤(j矛)60骞翠唬鍜�70骞翠唬鎯呮硜寰堟▊瑙€锛屽洜鐐哄湪閭f檪鐪嬭捣渚嗘櫠楂旂闆昏矾鍜屽井铏曠悊鍣ㄦ垨瑷卞彲浠ュ湪2010骞村墠灏辫兘澶犲京(f霉)鍒朵汉鑵︾殑娲诲嫊锛屼絾鏄�锛岀爺绌朵汉鍝℃渶杩戝凡闁嬪鎶婇€欎竴闋�(y霉)瑷€鎺ㄩ伈浜嗕笉鏄咕鍊嬩笘绱€(j矛)灏辨槸骞惧崄骞�銆�
銆€銆€2銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢here寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛岃┎闂�(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭炲湪瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓綔鍦伴粸鐙€瑾炪€�
銆€銆€銆愮湡椤屼緥鍙ャ€戔€淪chools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,鈥� says education writer Diane Ravitch銆�(2004闁辫畝4)
銆€銆€銆愮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽銆戞湰鍙ョ偤鐩存帴寮曡獮锛屼富骞茬偤Schools have always been in a society銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯诲壇瑭瀢here寮曞皫(d菐o)瀹氳獮寰炲彞where practical is more important than intellectual淇>鍏堣瑭瀞ociety锛寃here鍦ㄥ畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑浣滃湴榛炵媭瑾�锛屾垜鍊戠悊瑙g偤in this society锛屽苟涓旇┎寰炲彞浣跨敤浜嗘瘮杓冪礆锛屾敞鎰弍ractical鑸噄ntellectual鍧囩炕璀垚鍚嶈銆�
銆€銆€銆愬弮鑰冭鏂囥€戔€滃(xu茅)鏍′竴鐩磋檿浜庨噸瑕栧鐢ㄧ敋浜庡(xu茅)璀樼殑绀炬渻涔嬩腑鈥�锛屾暀鑲蹭綔瀹堕粵瀹壜疯悐缍タ瑾�銆�
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