Section I Use of English

绛旀瑙ｆ瀽锛�

1. B.鏈鑰冩煡鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�锛屽悗闈㈢殑璩撹獮鏄€渢he fruit-fly experiments described鈥︹€濓紝 suppose琛ㄧず鈥滃亣瑷�(sh猫)鈥�锛� observe琛ㄧず鈥滆瀵熲€�锛宨mage琛ㄧず鈥滄兂璞♀€濓紝 Consider鈥滆€冩叜鈥�锛屼唬鍏ユ枃涓〃绀衡€滆€冩叜宸茬稉(j墨ng)琚弿杩板嚭渚嗙殑瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)鈥�锛岀鍚堣獮澧冦€�

2. A.鏈鑰冩煡鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炵煭瑾�锛宧appen to(纰板阀)锛宖ear to(鍞亹鈥�)锛宐e threatened to琚亹鍤団€︺€倀end to do琛ㄧず鈥滄湁鈥﹀偩鍚�锛屽線寰€鈥︹€�锛屼唬鍏ユ枃涓〃绀烘瘮杓冭伆鏄庣殑鏋滆爡寰€寰€澹藉懡杓冪煭銆�

3. D.鏈鑰冩煡褰㈠瑭烇紝 lighter鏇磋紩鐨�锛宼hinner鏇寸槮鐨�锛宻tabler鏇寸┅(w臎n)瀹氱殑锛宒immer姣旇純鏆楁贰鐨勶紝鏈彞鏄墠涓€鍙ユ帹鍑虹殑绲�(ji茅)璜�锛屽嵆鐢扁€滄灉锠呰秺鑱版槑澹藉懡瓒婄煭鈥濇帹鍑� 鈥滅噲娉¤秺鏆椾娇鐢ㄦ檪(sh铆)闁撹秺闀封€�銆�

4. B.鏈鑰冩煡鍚嶈銆傜敱鍓嶅崐鍙モ€滅噲娉¤秺鏆椾娇鐢ㄦ檪(sh铆)闁撹秺闀封€濇帹鍑衡€滈€欐槸涓嶇壒鍒ヤ寒鐨勭噲娉＄殑涓€鍊�(g猫)鍎�(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)鈥�銆倀endency鍌惧悜锛宎dvantage鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)锛宨nclination鍌惧悜锛宲riority鍎�(y艒u)鍏堟瑠(qu谩n)銆�

5. C.鏈鑰冩煡鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炵煭瑾烇紝turns out璀夋槑鏄�锛宨nsist on鍫�(ji膩n)鎸侊紝sum up绺界祼(ji茅)锛宲ut forward鎻愬嚭銆�

6. A.鏈鑰冩煡浠嬭锛� off琛ㄧず闆㈤枊銆備唬鍏ユ枃涓〃绀洪洟闁嬭捣榛�(di菐n)鏅�(sh铆)銆�

7. D.incredible闆ｄ互缃俊鐨勶紝spontaneous鑷櫦(f膩)鐨�锛宨nevitable涓嶅彲閬垮厤鐨�锛実radual婕搁€�(j矛n)鐨�銆傚(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鏄竴鍊�(g猫)婕搁€�(j矛n)鐨勯亷绋�锛屾墍浠ラ伕gradual.

8. C.鏈枃鐨勪富鏃ㄦ槸鏅哄姏闇€瑕佹槀璨寸殑浠ｅ児(ji脿)銆傚ぇ閲忕殑鐗╃ó鏈�(hu矛)瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)锛屼絾瀹冨€戦鍏堝(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)鐨勬槸鐭ラ亾浠€涔堟檪(sh铆)鍊欏仠姝㈠(xu茅)缈�(x铆)锛岃垏涓婃枃鐨勪緥瀛愮噲娉″懠鎳�(y墨ng)銆傚洓鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓紝 fight琛ㄧず鏂楃埈(zh膿ng)锛宒oubt琛ㄧず鎳风枒锛宻top琛ㄧず鍋滄锛宼hink琛ㄧず鎬濊€冿紝姝ｇ⒑绛旀鐐篊

9. B.鏈鑰冩煡褰㈠瑭�锛屼慨椋緄ntelligence銆� invisible鐪嬩笉瑕嬬殑锛� indefinite涓嶇⒑瀹氱殑锛岄€欏叐鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鎰忔€濅笉绗﹀悎锛屾帓闄�銆俤ifferent涓嶅悓鐨勶紝limited鏈夐檺鐨�銆傚洜?y脿n)妯楊媱褰㈤敁N鐨勬櫤鍔涢兘鏄湁闄愮殑锛屾墍浠imited绗﹀悎鏂囨剰銆�

10.D.cast a glance backward鈥滃洖椤р€�锛屽浐瀹氭惌閰�銆�

11.D.feature鐗瑰緛锛宨nfluence褰遍熆锛宺esult绲�(ji茅)鏋�锛宑ost浠ｅ児(ji脿)銆侰ost鈥滀唬鍍�(ji脿)鈥濊垏鏂囦腑鈥滀簨瀵�(sh铆)璀夋槑锛屾櫤鍔涙槸瑕佷粯鍑轰唬鍍�(ji脿)鈥濈浉鍛兼噳(y墨ng)銆�

12.B.鏈鑰冩煡浠嬭锛宱n the mind of鈥滅偤鈥﹁憲鎯斥€濓紝by the mind鈥滈€氶亷鎬濊€冣€�锛宱utside鍜宎cross涓嶈垏mind鐨勬惌閰嶃€�

13.C.鏈鑰冩煡鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�锛岃垏涔嬫惌閰嶇殑璩撹獮鏄痚xperiments 锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓璸erform鑳借垏experiments 鎼厤锛岃〃绀衡€滃仛瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)鈥�銆俤eliver閬為€侊紝carry閬�(y霉n)閫�锛� apply鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�銆�

14.D.鍓嶄竴鍙ユ彁鍒癳xperiments锛屾湰鍙ユ彁鍒颁竴鍊�(g猫)鍏烽珨鐨勫(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)锛屾墍浠ラ伕for instance渚嬪銆俠y chance鍋剁劧锛宨n contrast鐩稿弽锛宎s usual鐓у父銆�

15.A.鐢卞悗鍗婂彞涓璽hey would test us to鍙帹娓�(c猫)鏈彞浣跨敤浜嗚櫅鎿獮姘�锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓璱f鍙互寮曞皫(d菐o)铏涙摤姊濅欢鍙ャ€� unless闄ら潪锛宎s姝ｅ锛宭est鍞亹銆�

16.C.鏈鑰冩煡鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�銆傛墍濉嫊(d貌ng)瑭炶〃鏄庡(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)鐨勭洰鐨�锛屽苟涓旀墍濉嫊(d貌ng)瑭炵殑璩撹獮鏄痩imits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain 锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓€渄etermine纰哄畾鈥濈鍚堥鎰忥紝骞惰垏涓嬫枃鐨刣ecide鐩稿懠鎳�(y墨ng)銆俶oderate閬╀腑鐨勶紝overcome鍏嬫湇锛� reach閬�(d谩)鍒般€�

17.B.鏈鑰冩煡浠嬭锛屽洓鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓璮or 琛ㄧず琛ㄧず鐩殑锛岄€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勬甯稿彞搴忔槸intelligence in humans is really for what.

18.A.鏈鑰冩煡閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傞€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙浣嶄簬娈垫湯锛岄’鐒惰捣鍒扮附绲�(ji茅)鎬х殑浣滅敤銆傚洓鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓�锛孉bove all鏈€閲嶈锛孉fter all鐣㈢珶锛孒owever鐒惰€�锛孫therwise鍚﹀墖锛屾晠閬窤bove all銆�

19.A.鏈鑰冩煡褰㈠瑭�锛屼慨椋緌uestion 銆俧undamental鍩烘湰鐨�锛宑omprehensive鍏ㄩ潰鐨勶紝equivalent鐩哥瓑鐨�锛宧ostile鏁靛皪(du矛)鐨勩€傜敱鍙ュ悗鍟忛鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹瑰彲鎺ㄥ嚭閫欐槸涓€鍊�(g猫)鏈€鍩烘湰鍜岄噸瑕佺殑鍟忛锛屾墍浠ラ伕fundamental銆�

20.C.鏈鑰冩煡鍓?锛熸定缃鈥滄兂鐮旂┒閫欏€�(g猫)鍟忛鈥濓紝绌哄悗瑾€滅祼(ji茅)鏋滈倓涓嶇⒑瀹氣€�銆傚洓鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓紝By accident鈥滃伓鐒垛€�锛孖n time鈥滃強鏅�(sh铆)鈥濓紝So far鈥滃埌鐩墠鐐烘鈥�锛孊etter still鈥滄洿濂界殑鏄€�锛屽彧鏈塖o far绗﹀悎瑾炴剰銆�

鍏ㄦ枃缈昏锛�

灏�(du矛)鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╂櫤鍔涚殑鐮旂┒绺芥槸璁撴垜鍊戞€濊€冧汉椤炲埌搴曟湁澶氳伆鏄�銆傚弮鑰冧笅鍗＄埦榻婇粯鍛ㄤ簩鐧�(f膩)琛ㄥ湪绉戝(xu茅)鏅�(sh铆)浠ｅ垔鐗╀笂鐨勬枃绔犳墍鎻忚堪鐨勬灉锠呰│椹�(y脿n)銆傛湁浜涙灉锠呮瘮鏅€氭灉锠呰伆鏄�锛屼絾鏄＝鍛借純鐭€傞€欒〃鏄庢殫娣＄殑鐕堟场浣跨敤鏅�(sh铆)闁撴洿闀�锛屼篃琛ㄦ槑鏆楁贰鏄噲娉＄殑涓€鍊�(g猫)鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)銆�

浜嬪(sh铆)璀夋槑锛屾櫤鍔涙槸瑕佷粯鍑烘槀璨寸殑浠ｅ児(ji脿)銆傚畠闇€瑕佹洿楂樼殑绲﹂(y菐ng)銆佹秷鑰楁洿澶氱殑鐕冩枡锛屽洜?y脿n)姗规﹪蟽鎻藉悍姘栬弽W(xu茅)缈�(x铆)(涓€鍊�(g猫)寰簭婕搁€�(j矛n)鐨勯亷绋�)鑰屼笉鏄竴绋湰鑳�锛屾墍浠ラ洟闁嬭捣榛�(di菐n)鏅�(sh铆)绶╂參銆傝ū澶氬叾浠栫殑鐗╃ó涔熸湁瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鑳藉姏锛屽緢椤劧浠栧€戝(xu茅)鍒扮殑鏉辫タ涔嬩竴灏辨槸鐭ラ亾浣曟檪(sh铆)鍋滄銆�

鏈夐檺鐨勬櫤鍔涙槸鍚︽湁閬╂噳(y墨ng)鍊煎憿锛熼€欎篃鏄闋�(xi脿ng)鐮旂┒鐨勮椤屻€傛垜灏�(du矛)姝ゅ緢鎰熻垐瓒�銆傞€欏€�(g猫)瑭﹂(y脿n)涓嶆槸鍘诲洖椤ч偅浜涜鎴戝€戝妰鐐轰綆鏅哄晢鐨勭墿绋�锛岃€屾槸鍚搫鍦ㄥ晱鎴戝€戣嚜宸辨櫤鍔涚殑鐪熸浠ｅ児(ji脿)鏄粈涔�銆傛垜鍊戞墍閬囧埌鐨勬瘡绋嫊(d貌ng)鐗╃殑鎯虫硶銆�

灏�(du矛)鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╂櫤鍔涚殑鐮旂┒涔熻畵鎴戞兂锛屽鏋滃嫊(d貌ng)鐗╂湁姗�(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)鐨勮┍锛屼粬鍊戞渻(hu矛)灏�(du矛)浜洪浣滀粈涔堟ǎ鐨勫(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)銆傛瘮濡傝锛屾瘡鍙湁涓讳汉鐨勮矒閮藉湪閫�(j矛n)琛屼竴鍊�(g猫)灏忓瀷鐨勬搷浣滄€ф浠跺弽灏勭爺绌�銆傛垜鍊戣獚(r猫n)鐐哄鏋滃嫊(d貌ng)鐗╀篃鑳介€�(j矛n)琛岃│椹�(y脿n)鐨勮┍锛屼粬鍊戞渻(hu矛)娓�(c猫)瀹氭垜鍊戠殑蹇嶈€愬害锛屽繝瑾犲害锛屼互鍙婂皪(du矛)鍦板舰鐨勮鎲跺姏銆備粬鍊戞渻(hu矛)瑭﹀湒鍒ゅ畾浜洪鏅哄姏鐨勫(sh铆)闅涚敤铏�锛岃€屼笉鍍呭儏鏄垽瀹氫汉椤炴櫤鍔涚殑楂樹綆銆傛渶閲嶈鐨勬槸浠栧€戝笇鏈涚爺绌朵竴鍊�(g猫)鏈€鍩烘湰鐨勫晱椤岋細浜洪鏄惁鐪熸鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鍒颁簡鑷繁鎵€鐢熷瓨鐨勪笘鐣岋紵灏�(du矛)姝�锛岀洰鍓嶄粛鐒″畾璜栥€�

Section II Reading Comprehension

Text 1

21銆怌銆戜簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤�銆傛剰鐐猴細Wordsworth瑾�(r猫n)鐐轰互浣曠ó鏂瑰紡渚胯兘鐛插緱

鏂囩珷绗簩鍙ヤ腑鎻愬埌We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and

relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.鎴戝€�?c猫)璺搊鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)涓嬪氨鑳借鎴�锛屼娇

鍊戠殑闋叇铏曚簬鑷嫊(d貌ng)灏�(d菐o)鑸紝鏀炬澗鍦伴€�(j矛n)鍏ヤ竴绋劇鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鐨勬叄鎬х暥(d膩ng)涓�銆傚緸閫欏€�(g猫)琛ㄨ堪涓彲浠ョ湅鍑虹繏(x铆)鎱ｇ殑

褰㈡垚閬庣▼瀹屽叏鏄竴绋劇鎰忕媭鎱�(t脿i)涓嬬殑姗�(j墨)姊版椿鍕�(d貌ng)銆�

22.銆怐銆戜簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤�銆傛剰鐐猴細鐮旂┒鑰呯櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)缈�(x铆)鎱ｇ殑褰㈡垚鍙互琚�

绗簩娈电浜屽彞鐣�(d膩ng)涓寚鍑虹暥(d膩ng)浜哄€戞湁鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鐨勫煿椁�(y菐ng)鏂扮殑缈�(x铆)鎱ｆ檪(sh铆)锛屾垜鍊戝氨鍓�(chu脿ng)閫犲嚭涓€绋浉闂�(gu膩n)鐨勮粚璺★紝鐢氳嚦鏄叏鏂扮殑鑵︾窗(x矛)鑳�锛岄€欏彲浠ヤ娇鎴戝€戠殑鎬濇兂閫�(j矛n)鍏ヤ竴鍊�(g猫)鍓�(chu脿ng)鏂扮殑杌岄亾涓�銆傜敱姝ゅ彲瑕嬬爺绌朵汉鍝¤獚(r猫n)鐐虹繏(x铆)鎱ｇ殑褰㈡垚鏄彲浠ヨ寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勩€�

23.銆怉銆戣缇╁彞缇╅銆傛剰鐐猴細鈥渞uts鈥濈殑鎰忔€濇渶璨艰繎浜�

A 鐥曡贰 B 绯诲垪 C 鐗归粸(di菐n) D 鑱�(li谩n)绯�

鍘熸枃鎻愬埌锛氫笉瑕佽│鍦栨摵鑴綘鐨勮垔缈�(x铆)鎱ｏ紱涓€鏃﹂€欏€�(g猫)閬庣▼鐨� 閫�(j矛n)鍏ュぇ鑵�锛屽畠鍊戝氨鏈�(hu矛)鐣欏湪鑵︿腑銆傛牴鎿�(j霉)涓婁笅鏂囬倧杓渶鍚堜笂涓嬫枃瑾炲鐨勭偤A閬搁爡(xi脿ng)銆�

鐢变簬24銆�25椤岄骞蹭笉娓呮櫚鏆笉鍋氬嚭瑙ｆ瀽銆�

24.銆怉銆戜簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤屻€�

25.銆怉銆戜簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤�銆�

Text 2

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30.銆怋銆戜富鏃ㄥぇ鎰忛銆� 鎰忕偤锛氭湰鏂囨渶鍚堥仼鐨勯鐩噳(y墨ng)鏄疍NA娓�(c猫)瑭﹀強瀹冨瓨鍦ㄧ殑鍟忛銆�

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Text 3

31.銆怐銆戞帹鐞嗗垽鏂烽鐩�銆傛剰鐐猴細鍦ㄧ涓€娈典綔鑰呰獚(r猫n)鐐哄湪璨у洶鍦嬪鏁欒偛鐨勯噸瑕佹€ц楂樹及浜�銆�

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32.銆怋銆戜簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤屻€傛剰鐐猴細绗竴娈佃〃鏄庡缓绔嬫柊鐨勬暀鑲查珨绯婚渶瑕佸咕浠ｄ汉鐨勫姫鍔�銆�

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34.銆怉銆戞帹鐞嗗垽鏂烽銆傛剰鐐猴細浣滆€呭紩鐢ㄤ簡鎴戝€戠鍏堢殑渚嬪瓙渚嗚〃鏄庣暥(d膩ng)浜哄€戞湁浜嗗厖瑁曠殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撴檪(sh铆)锛屾暀鑲叉墠鍑虹従(xi脿n)銆�

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35.銆怌銆戜富鏃ㄥぇ鎰忛銆傛剰鐐猴細鏁欒偛鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曞彈绱勪簬鐢�(ch菐n)閲忕殑鎻愰珮銆�

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Text 4

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37.銆怋銆戞帹鐞嗗垽鏂烽銆傛剰鐐猴細绗簩娈典腑鏆楃ず鍑烘柊鍒伴仈(d谩)鑻辨牸铇殑浜�

B鐐烘纰洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛屾柊鍒伴仈(d谩)娓呮暀寰掑付钁楄垔涓栫晫鐨勬枃鍖�銆備簺娈典腑鐨勭浜屽彞鎻愬埌锛寃e may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture鈥︹€�锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓殑New Englanders灏�(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鏂囦腑鐨凱uritans, brought with them the culture of the Old World灏�(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉枃绔犱腑鐨刢arriers of European culture锛屾晠姝ら伕闋�(xi脿ng)鐐烘鍙ヤ腑鐨勫悓缇╂浛鎻�銆�

38.銆怐銆戜簨瀵�(sh铆)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤屻€傛剰鐐猴細鏃╂湡鍒伴仈(d谩)棣柀璜歌辰娴风仯鐨勭墽甯拰鏀挎不闋�(l菒ng)灏�(d菐o)浜�

D鐐烘纰洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)鐐烘柊鑻辨牸铇壍(chu脿ng)閫犱簡鏂扮殑鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鐠�(hu谩n)澧�銆傚皪(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)绗笁娈典腑鐨勬渶鍚庝竴鍙ヨ┍There men wrote and publish ed extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. A閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓璱n the new world绺皬浜嗗師鏂囨墍琛ㄨ堪鐨勮寖鍦�锛孊閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鍦ㄦ枃绔犱腑娌掓湁鎻愬埌锛孋閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓嶅鍏ㄩ潰銆傚公D鐐烘纰虹瓟妗�銆�

39.銆怉銆戜緥璀夐銆傛剰鐐猴細闂�(gu膩n)浜嶫ohn Dane鐨�鏁呬簨琛ㄦ槑鍙楁暀鑲茶純灏戠殑鏂拌嫳鏍艰槶浜� 銆�

A鐐烘纰洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)鑸変緥鏄偤浜嗚鏄庢枃涓殑瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛岀敱鏂囩珷绗洓娈靛彲鐭�锛岃榛�(di菐n)鐐簍heir thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality锛屾墍浠ュ湪鍥涘€�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓彧鏈堿閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鍜屾枃绔犵殑瑙€榛�(di菐n)鏈€鐐虹鍚�銆�

40.銆怌銆戞帹鏂烽銆傛剰鐐猴細寰炴枃绔犱腑鍙互鐪嬪嚭鍒版柊鑻辨牸铇殑鏃╂湡鐨勫畾灞呰€� 銆�

C鐐烘纰洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛岃兘閬庡叏鏂囧彲鐪嬪嚭渚嗗埌鑻辫獮铇棭鏈熺殑瀹氬眳鑰�锛屾湁鏀垮銆佺墽甯€佽绺倓鏈夋紒鐢辨鍙鏃╂湡鐨勫畾灞呰€呰儗鏅绋妯�銆�

Part B

涓€.鏂囩珷绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽

鏈枃鏄竴绡囨枃鍖栭鐨勬枃绔�锛屼富瑕佽瑳鐨勬槸鏂囧寲鐧�(f膩)灞曢亷绋嬩腑鐨勫悇绋棞(gu膩n)浜庢枃鍖栫殑鐞嗚珫銆�

绗竴娈佃瑳鐨勬槸Herbert Spencer鐨勨€滅敓鐗╁拰鏂囧寲閫�(j矛n)鍖栫悊璜栤€�銆�

绗簩娈佃瑳鐨勬槸Lewis Henry Morgan鐨勨€滄枃鍖栭€�(j矛n)鍖栫悊璜栤€�銆�

绗笁娈靛彲浠ョ湅鍒�锛孎(xi脿n)ranz Boas鎻愬嚭浜嗕竴绋€滄鍙茬壒娈婅珫(historical particularism)鈥�锛屽畠寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鎵€鏈夋枃鍖栫殑鍞竴鎬с€�

绗洓娈甸倓鏄瑳浜咶ranz Boas鐨勭悊璜�銆�

绗簲娈垫垜鍊戦櫎浜嗙湅鍒扳€滄鍙茬壒娈婅珫(historical particularism)鈥濆锛岄倓鐪嬪埌涓€绋€渄iffusionism鈥濈悊璜栧拰鈥渄iffusionists鈥濋€欎竴绋汉銆�

绗叚娈�锛�Émile Durkheim鎻愬嚭浜嗕竴绋枃鍖栫悊璜�锛屼粬瑾�(r猫n)鐐哄畻鏁欎俊浠版湁鍔╀簬鍔犲挤(qi谩ng)绀炬渻(hu矛)鍦�(tu谩n)绲�(ji茅)銆�

浜�.瑭﹂鍏烽珨瑙ｆ瀽

閫氶亷鍒嗘瀽鏂囩珷鎴戝€戝彲浠ョ湅鍒�锛屾枃绔犲氨鏄湇绻炶憲閫欏咕绋悊璜栧睍闁嬭◣璜栫殑锛屾枃绔犲堡娆″緢娓呮櫚锛�

鑰岀┖鏍煎嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勪綅缃竴寰嬮兘鏄钀界殑鏈熬锛岄€欐ǎ鎴戝€戝彲浠ュ垎鏋�锛屾墍鏈夌殑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鍏�(n猫i)瀹规噳(y墨ng)瑭茶垏娈佃惤鍓嶉潰鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规湁瀵嗗垏鐨勮伅(li谩n)绯�銆�

鎴戝€戝厛澶ч珨鐎忚涓€涓嬪悇鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)A涓昏浠嬬垂浜嗕粈涔堝彨鈥渄iffusionism鈥�锛� 鍗冲畠瑾�(r猫n)鐐烘枃鍖栫殑闈╂柊鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)鍞竴鐨勮捣婧愶紝骞朵笖鍦ㄧぞ鏈�(hu矛)涔嬮枔鍌抽仦銆傚洜?y脿n)姒�?娈靛嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜哾iffusionism锛屾墍浠ユ垜鍊戝彲浠ュ垽鏂凤紝閬搁爡(xi脿ng)A鑲畾鍑虹従(xi脿n)鍦�44椤屼箣鍓�銆傝€屼笖other anthropologists鐨勫嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鎻愮ず锛屽墠鏂囧彲鑳藉嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜哸nthropologist閫欎竴瑭�锛岄偅鎴戝€戝洖鍒板師鏂囦腑鎵惧悇鍊�(g猫)浜虹殑鑱锋キ(y猫)锛屽氨鍙互鐪嬪埌鏁寸瘒鏂囩珷鎻愬嚭鐨�4鍊�(g猫)涓昏鐞嗚珫瀹朵腑锛屽彧鏈塋ewis Henry Morgan鍜孎ranz Boas鐨勮伔妤�(y猫)鏄痑nthropologist锛屾墍浠�锛屾垜鍊戞毇鏅�(sh铆)鎶婄瓟妗圓閹栧畾鍦�42鍜�43涔嬮枔銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)B鐨勫ぇ楂旀剰鎬濇槸锛氱偤浜嗙洝鍙兘鍏ㄩ潰鐨勪簡瑙ｇ壒娈婄殑鏂囧寲锛�(particular cultures鏄棞(gu膩n)閸佃)锛屼粬灏�(du矛)瑾炶█瀛�(xu茅)鍜岃韩楂斾汉椤炲(xu茅)閮藉緢鐔熸倝銆傚洖鍒版枃绔�锛屾垜鍊�?c猫)璇�?娈垫壘鍒颁簡the uniqueness of all cultures, 鎴戝€戝彲浠ユ柗瀹�锛岄€欏€�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓殑he鎸囩殑灏辨槸Franz Boas銆傞偅Boas鍦ㄧ3娈靛拰绗�4娈甸兘鍑虹従(xi脿n)閬�锛屾墍浠ユ垜鍊戞妸閬搁爡(xi脿ng)B閹栧畾鍦�43鍜�44銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)C鐨勬剰鎬濇槸锛屼汉椤炵殑閫�(j矛n)鍖栨湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍊�(g猫)鐗瑰緛锛屽氨鏄€渟urvival of the fittest鈥濋仼鑰呯敓瀛橈紝骞朵笖瑙ｉ噵浜嗙ó鏃忓拰绀炬渻(hu矛)鐨勯仼鑰呯敓瀛樿蹇�銆傚洜?y脿n)姒堣皾娆㈡矁v鐨勬槸Herbert Spencer鐨勨€滅敓鐗╁拰鏂囧寲閫�(j矛n)鍖栫悊璜栤€�銆傚苟涓斿嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜咰harles Darwin锛屾垜鍊戦兘鐭ラ亾Charles Darwin鎻愬嚭浜嗙敓鐗╃晫鐨勯仼鑰呯敓瀛�锛岃€岄€欓噷瑾汉椤炵ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鐨勯€�(j矛n)鍖栦篃鏈夐仼鑰呯敓瀛橀€欎竴鐗瑰緛锛屾墍浠�锛屾垜鍊戝彲浠ラ鍏堢⒑瀹�41鐨勭瓟妗堟槸閬搁爡(xi脿ng)C銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)D鐨勯棞(gu膩n)閸佃鏄痠mportant rituals閲嶈鐨勭Ξ鍎€鍜宨nitiation ceremonies鍜屼竴浜涘吀绂�锛屾垜鍊�?c猫)璋栨伡杞儊顤€]鏈夌櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鏈夐€欐柟闈㈢殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�锛屾墍浠ユ毇涓旀摫缃�銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)E瑾紝鍦ㄤ粬鐪嬩締锛屼笉鍚屾柟闈㈢殑鏂囧寲diverse aspects of culture锛屼緥濡傗€︹€︼紝闅ㄨ憲绀炬渻(hu矛)鐨勯€�(j矛n)鍖栭兘鏀硅畩浜�銆傛垜鍊�?c猫)璋鏂囩珷鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊�锛屼竴瀹氳鎶婃瘡涓€娈电殑闂�(gu膩n)閸佃鍔冨嚭渚�锛屼互鍒╀簬鍜岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓殑闂�(gu膩n)閸佃灏�(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)銆傝畝绗簩娈电殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛屾枃绔犺锛屽湪浠栫殑浣滃搧閲岋紝浠栫洝閲忚鏄庝簡how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 閫欒窡閬搁爡(xi脿ng)E鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹逛笉璎€鑰屽悎銆傛墍浠�锛屾垜鍊戝彲浠ユ柗瀹氾紝42椤岀殑绛旀鐐洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)E銆傚洜?y脿n)姒嶆噴濮樻睕楦㈢閹栧畾鍦�42鍜�43涔嬮枔锛岃€�42椤岀殑绛旀鐐洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)E锛屾墍浠ョ⒑瀹氶伕闋�(xi脿ng)A鐐�43椤岀殑绛旀銆傜⒑瀹氫簡43椤岀瓟妗堢偤A锛屽洜?y脿n)姗诡啚鎷旇鍎煎牥x闋�(xi脿ng)B閹栧畾鍦�43鍜�44锛屾墍浠ユ帓鍑轰簡43锛屾垜鍊戞妸閬搁爡(xi脿ng)B閹栧畾鍦�44椤�銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)F鎴戝€戝彲浠ョ湅鍒颁竴鍊�(g猫)闂�(gu膩n)閸佃functioning锛岄€欏€�(g猫)瑭炲湪绗�6娈靛嚭鐝�(xi脿n)閬�锛屾墍浠�锛屾垜鍊戞毇涓旀摫缃笉绠�銆�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)G鏄竴鍊�(g猫)渚嬪瓙锛屽鏋滄槸绛旀鐨勮┍鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸鐢ㄤ締瑁�(b菙)鍏呰鏄庡墠闈㈢殑瑙€榛�(di菐n)鐨�锛屽畠瑾紝鐢变簬淇℃伅缂轰箯锛岄€欏叐浣嶄汉椤炲(xu茅)瀹舵彁鍑鸿静(n贸ng)鑰曠瓑閫欎簺閮芥槸璧锋簮浜庡彜鍩冨強锛屽苟涓斿偝鎾埌涓栫晫鍚勫湴銆備簨瀵�(sh铆)涓婏紝鎵€鏈夐€欎簺鏂囧寲鐧�(f膩)灞曞湪涓栫晫涓嶅悓鍦版柟鐨勪笉鍚屾檪(sh铆)鏈熼兘鏇惧垎鍒ュ嚭鐝�(xi脿n)閬�銆傞€氶亷鍒嗘瀽閫欏€�(g猫)渚嬪瓙锛屾垜鍊戝彲浠ョ煡閬擄紝閫欐槸鍏╃ó涓嶅悓鐨勮榛�(di菐n)鐨勬瘮杓�銆� 鍦ㄧ浜旀鎴戝€戦櫎浜嗙湅鍒扳€滄鍙茬壒娈婅珫(historical particularism)鈥濆锛岄倓鐪嬪埌涓€绋€渄iffusionism鈥濈悊璜栧拰鈥渄iffusionists鈥濋€欎竴绋汉銆傛濂芥槸鍏╃ó鐞嗚珫鐨勫皪(du矛)姣�锛屾墍浠ユ垜鍊戝彲浠ユ妸45椤岀殑绛旀杓曟澗鐨勫畾浣嶅埌閬搁爡(xi脿ng)G銆�

閫欐ǎ鎴戝€戝垵姝ョ⒑瀹氫簡绛旀锛�41鐨勭瓟妗堟槸閬搁爡(xi脿ng)C锛�42椤岀殑绛旀鐐洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)E锛�43椤岀殑绛旀鐐洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)A锛�44椤岀殑绛旀鐐洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)B锛�45椤岀殑绛旀瀹氫綅鍒伴伕闋�(xi脿ng)G銆�

鏈€鍚庝唬鍏ラ伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛岄€氳畝鍏ㄦ枃锛屾鏌ユ枃绔犻倧杓爢搴忓拰娴佹殺绋嬪害銆�

Part C

46. 鏈彞鑰冮粸(di菐n)锛氳硴瑾炲緸鍙�锛宱f 鐭獮浣滃畾瑾�锛屼唬瑭炴寚浠�锛� but寮曞皫(d菐o)骞跺垪鍙�

绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽锛氬彞瀛愪富骞叉槸锛歩t may be said that鈥�, but this effect鈥� its effect鍙奿ts original motive.涓璱t鍦ㄥ彞涓寚浠ocial institution銆�

鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鍙互瑾�锛屼换浣曠ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鍒跺害鐨勫児(ji脿)鍊煎湪浜庡畠灏�(du矛)鎿�(ku貌)澶у拰鏀归€�(j矛n)缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)鏂归潰鐨勫奖闊�锛屼絾鏄€欑ó褰遍熆骞朵笉鏄畠鍘熶締鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎銆�

47. 鏈彞鑰冮粸(di菐n)锛氬挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鍙�锛屽垎瑭炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)浣滃悗缃畾瑾�, 鐪佺暐

绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽锛氬挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鍙ョ殑姝ｅ父瑾炲簭鏄細the by-product of the institution was noted Only gradually, and this effect 鈥as only still more gradually (noted). considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution浣渢his effect鐨勫悗缃畾瑾�銆�

鍙冭€冭鏂囷細涓€绋埗搴︾殑鍓敘(ch菐n)鍝�锛屽彧鏄€愭琚敞鎰忓埌鐨�锛岃€岄€欑ó鏁堟灉琚鐐哄(sh铆)鏂介€欑ó鍒跺害鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鎸囧皫(d菐o)鎬у洜绱犳洿鍔犵珐鎱㈠緱澶�銆�

48. 鏈彞鑰冮粸(di菐n)锛氭瘮杓冪媭瑾炲緸鍙�锛屽嫊(d貌ng)璩撳垎闅�

绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽:鏈彞涓诲共鏄痺hile寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)姣旇純鐙€瑾炲緸鍙ャ€俰n our contact with 浣滅偤涓€鍊�(g猫)鎻掑叆鎴愬垎锛屽垎闅斾簡ignore鍜屽畠鐨勮硴瑾瀟he effect of鈥�銆�

鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鍦ㄥ拰浠栧€�(骞磋紩浜�)鎺ヨЦ鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊�锛岄洊鐒跺鏄撳拷鐣ユ垜鍊戠殑琛屽嫊(d貌ng)灏�(du矛)浠栧€戠殑鍌惧悜鐨勫奖闊�锛屼絾鏄篃涓嶅儚鑸囨垚骞翠汉鎵撲氦閬撻偅涔堢啊(ji菐n)鍠€�

49. 鏈彞鑰冮粸(di菐n)锛歴ince寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫師鍥犵媭瑾炲緸鍙�锛屼唬瑭炴寚浠�锛岃硴瑾炲緸鍙�锛岃硴瑾炲緸鍙ュ祵濂楀畾瑾炲緸鍙�銆�

绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽锛氭湰鍙ヤ富骞叉槸Since鈥� we cannot help considering鈥﹀叾涓瓀hether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability浣渃annot help considering鐨勮硴瑾�锛寃hich will secure this ability浣滅偤宓屽瀹氳獮寰炲彞淇＞the powers銆�

鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鏃㈢劧鎴戝€戠殑涓昏浠诲嫏(w霉)鍦ㄤ簬浣垮勾杓曚汉鍙冭垏鍏卞悓鐢熸椿锛屾垜鍊戠涓嶄綇鑰冩叜鎴戝€戞槸鍚﹀湪褰㈡垚鐛插緱閫欑ó鑳藉姏鐨勫姏閲�銆�

50. 鏈彞鑰冮粸(di菐n)锛氭彃鍏ヨ獮锛屽畾瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝鍚屼綅瑾炲緸鍙�

绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍒嗘瀽锛歸ithin the broad educational process which we have been so far considering 浣滅偤鎻掑叆瑾�锛寃hich we have been so far considering鐐哄畾瑾炲緸鍙ヤ慨椋緋rocess锛屾湰鍙ヤ富骞叉槸锛歐e are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education. that of direct tuition or schooling鑸嘺 more formal kind of education 鏄悓浣嶈獮闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�

鍙冭€冭鏂囷細鍥犳锛屾垜鍊戝彲浠ュ湪涓婇潰鎵€鑰冩叜鐨勫唬闂婄殑鏁欒偛閬庣▼涔嬪収(n猫i)鍗€(q奴)鍒ュ嚭涓€绋瘮杓冩瑕�(gu墨)鐨勬暀鑲�锛屽嵆鐩存帴鐨勬暀灏�(d菐o)鎴�?q奴)W鏍℃暀鑲�銆�

Section III Writing

51.

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52.

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