|
鍙嬫儏鎻愮ず锛氭湰绔欐彁渚涘叏鍦�(gu贸)400澶氭墍楂樼瓑闄㈡牎鎷涙敹纰╁＋銆佸崥澹爺绌剁敓鍏ュ(xu茅)鑰冭│姝峰勾鑰冪爺鐪熼銆佽€冨崥鐪熼銆佺瓟妗�锛岄儴鍒嗗(xu茅)鏍℃洿鏂拌嚦2012骞达紝2013骞�锛涘潎鎻愪緵鏀惰不(f猫i)涓嬭級銆� 涓嬭級娴佺▼锛� 鑰冪爺鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冪爺瑭﹀嵎鈥濃€濅笅杓�; 鑰冨崥鐪熼 榛�(di菐n)鎿娾€�鑰冨崥瑭﹀嵎搴�(k霉)鈥� 涓嬭級
浣滅偤鑰冪爺鑻辫獮(y菙)涓叕瑾�(r猫n)闆ｅ害鏈€楂樼殑绉戠洰锛岀炕璀竴鐩翠互渚�(l谩i)閮芥槸浠ゅ唬澶ц€冪敓鐐轰箣闋棝鐨勫晱(w猫n)椤�銆傝€屽浣曡兘鐔熺反鎺屾彙缈昏鐨勫熀鏈妧宸у拰鏂规硶锛岃繀閫熷湴灏囩箒闆滅殑鑻辨枃杞�(zhu菐n)鎻涙垚鍙〃杩板拰鐞嗚В鐨勪腑鏂�锛屼究鎴愮偤浜嗚€冪敓闇€瑕侀潰灏�(du矛)鐨勭涓€闆ｉ銆�
缈昏浣滅偤瑾�(y菙)瑷€瀛�(xu茅)涓殑涓€闋�(xi脿ng)鍒嗘敮锛屽叾鏈韩娑佃搵鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规槸澶氭柟闈㈢殑锛屽洜鑰岃姹傚唬澶ц€冪敓鍦ㄦ簴(zh菙n)鍌欒嫳瑾�(y菙)涔嬫檪(sh铆)閭勮灏堥杸(m茅n)寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)涓€闁€(m茅n)缈昏瀛�(xu茅)鏄笉鍒囧(sh铆)闅涚殑锛涘啀鑰呴憭浜庣炕璀儴鍒嗗湪鑰冪爺鑻辫獮(y菙)涓殑鍒�?j菒n)?sh霉)姣斾緥锛岃€冪敓鎳�(y墨ng)鍔涘湒浠ョ洝鍙兘绨�(ji菐n)鍠殑鏂规硶鍦ㄧ煭鏅�(sh铆)闁撳収(n猫i)绐佺牬缈昏銆�
鐩告瘮璧风炕璀腑鐨勬鍖栫暟鍖栫瓑鍘熺悊锛岃€冪爺缈昏鍦ㄨ繎骞惧勾閭勬槸灏囧伌(c猫)閲嶉粸(di菐n)鏀惧湪鍙ュ紡绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫垽鏂峰拰灏�(du矛)浜庤缇╃殑鐞嗚В涓�锛屽緸鑰岄€氶亷(gu貌)缈昏鑰冨療鑰冪敓閫氶亷(gu貌)闁辫畝鐞嗚В瑭炵京鍜屽彞鎰忕殑鑳藉姏銆傚洜鑰屽湪鑰冪爺缈昏涓�锛岃€冪敓闇€鎶婃彙骞惧€�(g猫)鍩烘湰鍘熷墖浠ヤ究蹇€熻В姹虹炕璀洠椤�銆�
涓€銆佸彞寮忛棞(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)鍎�(y艒u)鍏堝埛
鑰冪爺鍦ㄧ炕璀箣鏅�(sh铆)锛屾噳(y墨ng)瑭查鍏堝垽鏂峰彞寮忕祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岀悊娓呭彞鍏�(n猫i)闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆傚彞瀛愰棞(gu膩n)绯讳富瑕侀€氶亷(gu貌)浠ヤ笅鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰垽鏂凤細
妯�(bi膩o)榛�(di菐n)绗﹁櫉(h脿o)锛氳€冪爺涓昏鏄€楄櫉(h脿o)锛岀牬鎶樿櫉(h脿o)锛屽紩铏�(h脿o)绛�锛岄渶瑕佺暀鎰忕殑鏄細
閫楄櫉(h脿o)锛氫富瑕佺敤渚�(l谩i)鍒嗛殧绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岄€楄櫉(h脿o)涔嬮枔甯哥偤鎻掑叆绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岄€楄櫉(h脿o)鍚庡嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勭枒鍟�(w猫n)浠ｈ闇€瑕佺暀鎰忓垽鏂凤紱
鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)锛氱洿鎺ュ皪(du矛)鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)鍓嶅悕瑭炶В閲嬭(shu艒)鏄�锛岀牬鎶樿櫉(h脿o)鍚庝篃鐐哄悕瑭炴€ф垚鍒�锛屽叐鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)闁撶偤鎻掑叆鎴愬垎锛�
寮曡櫉(h脿o)锛氬紩铏�(h脿o)鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰郊姝ょ浉闂�(gu膩n)銆�
1銆侀€ｈ鎴栭€ｈ绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)
and锛宐ut锛宱r绛夐€ｈ鏃㈠彲浠ュ柈鐛�(d煤)浣跨敤骞跺垪鐭獮(y菙)鎴栧彞寮�锛屼篃鍙互鍜屽叾浠栬绲勬垚骞跺垪绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽not…but…锛宔ither…or…绛�
as锛宻ince锛寃hile锛宎lthough锛宐efore绛夐€ｈ鍧囧彲閫ｆ帴寰炲彞锛屼笉閬�(gu貌)as锛宻ince锛寃hile绛夎鍧囨湁澶氱ó鐢ㄦ硶锛屽洜鑰屽湪鍒ゆ柗鏅�(sh铆)鍧囬渶鐣欐剰
2銆佺枒鍟�(w猫n)浠ｈ鍜岀枒鍟�(w猫n)鍓
who锛宧ow绛夎鐢ㄦ硶鐩稿皪(du矛)鍠竴锛屽垽鏂蜂篃杓冪偤绨�(ji菐n)鍠�銆�
which閲嶉粸(di菐n)鍦ㄤ簬鍒ゆ柗鍏舵寚浠�锛屽挨鍏舵槸鍓嶉潰鏈夊付鏈夊閲嶄慨椋剧祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫悕瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)銆�
when閲嶉粸(di菐n)鍦ㄤ簬鍒ゆ柗鍏跺紩灏�(d菐o)寰炲彞椤炲瀷锛岀暥(d膩ng)鍏跺墠闈㈡湁鏅�(sh铆)闁撴垨琛ㄧず鏅�(sh铆)闁撶殑鎶借薄鍚嶈鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊欏墖鎳�(y墨ng)鐐轰慨椋炬檪(sh铆)闁撶殑瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞銆�
3銆佺壒娈婅
that闇€瑕佸垽鏂峰叾浣滅敤锛屽叾甯歌(ji脿n)浣滅敤鏈夛紙1锛変綔鐐哄舰瀹硅锛屾剰鎸囦竴鍊�(g猫)锛�2锛変綔鐐轰唬瑭�锛屾寚浠ｄ笂鏂囧収(n猫i)瀹癸紙3锛夊紩灏�(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛�4锛夊紩灏�(d菐o)鍚嶈寰炲彞锛�5锛夎垏Itis/was绲勬垚寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鍙�銆�
浜屻€佸彞鍏�(n猫i)鎴愬垎鍒嗛枊(k膩i)鍔�
濡傛灉鑳藉鍔冨垎闁�(k膩i)寰炲彞锛屾帴涓嬩締(l谩i)鐨勭炕璀噸榛�(di菐n)鏄悊娓呭柈鍙ュ収(n猫i)鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�锛屼互渚跨炕璀€備互涓嬫垚鍒嗘渻(hu矛)杓冨鏄撴贩娣�锛岃€冪敓鍦ㄥ垽鏂锋檪(sh铆)闇€瑕佺暀鎰忓垎瑭炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍜屼笉瀹氬紡闇€鏄庣⒑鍏惰獮(y菙)娉曚綔鐢�锛屾槸鍋氬畾瑾�(y菙)淇＞鍓嶉潰鐨勬垚鍒�锛岄倓鏄仛鐙€瑾�(y菙)鐛�(d煤)绔嬬炕璀�锛岄渶瑕佽€冪敓鍒ゆ柗锛屼綔鐙€瑾�(y菙)鐨勫垎瑭炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寰€寰€鏈夐€楄櫉(h脿o)鍒嗛殧闀�(zh菐ng)鍚嶈鐭獮(y菙)涓殑淇＞闂�(gu膩n)绯诲線寰€闇€瑕佽€冪敓鐞嗘竻锛屽湪闆ｄ簬鍒ゆ柗鏅�(sh铆)鍙互鎸夌収寰炲悗鍚戝墠鐨勯爢搴忕炕璀紝灏ゅ叾鏄嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浠嬭鐭獮(y菙)鍜屽垎瑭炵祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏅�(sh铆)褰㈠紡涓昏獮(y菙)锛屽挤(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鍙�锛岃櫅鎿獮(y菙)姘ｇ瓑鐗规畩瑾�(y菙)娉曠従(xi脿n)璞￠渶瑕佹寜鐓у浐瀹氱祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)缈昏鏅�(sh铆)鎱�(t脿i)锛岃鍕�(d貌ng)瑾�(y菙)鎱�(t脿i)绛夎獮(y菙)娉曠従(xi脿n)璞″苟闈炵郸鍒嗛粸(di菐n)锛屼絾鍙互鍦ㄧ炕璀檪(sh铆)鐣欐剰瑾�(di脿o)鏁�銆�
涓夈€侀噸榛�(di菐n)瑭炲尟涓€璧锋姄
鍦ㄩ€�(j矛n)鍏ュ叿楂旂炕璀椹熺殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛岃€冪敓浠嶆渻(hu矛)灏�(du矛)涓€閮ㄥ垎瑭炲尟寮勪笉娓咃紝瑭炲尟涓昏鍒嗙偤瀵�(sh铆)瑭炲拰铏涜鍏╁ぇ椤�锛涘叿楂斾締(l谩i)鐪�锛屽洶鎿捐€冪敓缈昏鐨勪富瑕佹槸浠ヤ笅骞鹃鍏烽珨鐨勮鍖細
1銆佷唬瑭�
浠ｈ锛屽挨鍏舵槸it鍜宼hat绛夎純寰�(f霉)闆滅殑浠ｈ棣栧厛闇€瑕佹槑纰哄叾瑾�(y菙)娉曚綔鐢紝that鐨勭敤娉曚笂鏂囧凡缍�(j墨ng)瑷庤珫閬�(gu貌)锛屼笉鍐嶈磪杩�锛沬t濡傛灉缃簬灞呴锛屽劒(y艒u)鍏堝垽鏂锋槸鍚︽槸寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)鍙ユ垨鏄舰寮忎富瑾�(y菙)锛屽鍚�锛屽墖鎳�(y墨ng)鎸囦笂鏂囧収(n猫i)瀹�锛屽湪涓嶈兘鏄庣⒑瀹氫綅鐨勬儏娉佷笅锛屼篃鍙互绨�(ji菐n)鐣ョ炕璀垚“閫欑ó鎯呮硜”銆�“閫欑ó瑙€榛�(di菐n)”锛�“閫欎欢浜嬫儏”绛夛紱鍏朵粬浠ｈ濡傞渶瑕佷篃鎳�(y墨ng)缈昏鎴愭墍鎸囧収(n猫i)瀹�銆�
2銆佷粙瑭�
浠嬭鍦ㄨ垏鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炵瓑鎼厤浣跨敤鏅�(sh铆)寰€寰€鎸夌収鐭獮(y菙)鐨勫惈缇╃炕璀�锛岃純闆ｇ炕璀殑浠嬭寰€寰€鏄垏鍚嶈鎬ф垚鍒嗙祫鎴愪粙瑭炵煭瑾�(y菙)锛屼笖琛ㄧず杓冪偤鎶借薄鐨勫惈缇�銆傛鏅�(sh铆)鍙寜鐓т粙瑭炵殑鏈締(l谩i)鍚京锛岀祼(ji茅)鍚堣獮(y菙)澧冩帹鏁插叾鎰忕京锛屽with鍦ㄨ垏skill鎼厤鏅�(sh铆)鍙〃绀�“閲囩敤鎶€宸�”锛�1995锛�锛岃垏monitors鎼厤鏅�(sh铆)鍙〃绀�“甯舵湁鐩�(ji膩n)鎺у櫒”锛�2001锛�銆�
3銆佸(sh铆)瑭�
瀵�(sh铆)瑭炲線寰€鏈�(hu矛)鍑虹従(xi脿n)涓€瑭炲缇╂垨鏄啛瑭炲兓缇╃従(xi脿n)璞�锛屽洜鑰屽湪缈昏鏅�(sh铆)闇€瑕佺祼(ji茅)鍚堟惌閰嶆垨鏄笂涓嬫枃閫�(j矛n)琛岀炕璀�锛涢亷(gu貌)闆ｇ殑瑭炲尟鍙互鑰冩叜鍥炴枃绔犲畾浣嶅皨鎵捐В閲嬬殑鏂规硶缈昏锛屽anthropologist锛�2003锛夌瓑銆�
浠ヤ笂鐨勬椹熷彲浠ュ公鍔╁唬澶ц€冪敓杩呴€熶笂鎵嬭€冪爺缈昏锛屽湪鑳藉仛鍒版竻鏅板妰鍒嗙祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涔嬪悗锛岄亱(y霉n)鐢ㄩ仼鐣�(d膩ng)?sh霉)鎱昅鍚堟妧宸у氨鍙互灏囩炕璀悗鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹归噸鏂版暣鍚堝埌涓€璧�锛岀炕璀箣閬�锛岄倓鏄噸鍦ㄦ柟娉曪紝甯屾湜鑰冪敓鑳藉澶氬姞寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)锛屾柟鑳界磾鐔熼亱(y霉n)鐢ㄣ€�
鍏嶈铂(z茅)鑱叉槑锛氭湰鏂囩郴杞�(zhu菐n)杓夎嚜缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)锛屽鏈変镜鐘紝璜�(q菒ng)鑱�(li谩n)绯绘垜鍊戠珛鍗冲埅闄�锛屽彟锛氭湰鏂囧儏浠ｈ〃浣滆€呭€�(g猫)浜鸿榛�(di菐n)锛岃垏鏈恫(w菐ng)绔欑劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆傚叾鍘熷壍(chu脿ng)鎬т互鍙婃枃涓櫝杩版枃瀛楀拰鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湭缍�(j墨ng)鏈珯璀夊(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)鏈枃浠ュ強鍏朵腑鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呴儴鍒嗗収(n猫i)瀹广€佹枃瀛楃殑鐪熷(sh铆)鎬�銆佸畬鏁存€с€佸強鏅�(sh铆)鎬ф湰绔欎笉浣滀换浣曚繚璀夋垨鎵胯锛岃珛(q菒ng)璁€鑰呭儏浣滃弮鑰�锛屽苟璜�(q菒ng)鑷鏍稿(sh铆)鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�
|
鏂囩珷鎼滅储
鎮ㄧ従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑浣嶇疆锛� 
