銆€銆€涓嶅皯09骞�鑰冪爺鐨勫悓瀛�(xu茅)鍊戠従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ凡缍�(j墨ng)鎶曞叆鍒颁簡绗竴杓京(f霉)缈�(x铆)鐣�(d膩ng)涓�锛屽皪浜�鑻辫獮缈昏椤屽瀷锛屽墠娈垫檪(sh铆)闁撳氨鏈夊悓瀛�(xu茅)鍟忔垜鎬庢ǎ寰�(f霉)缈�(x铆)銆備粖澶�锛屾垜绨″柈鐨勮珖涓€璜囪€冪爺鑻辫獮缈昏椤岃В椤岀殑鎶€宸с€�

銆€銆€椤屽瀷鐗归粸(di菐n)

銆€銆€缈昏椤屽瀷鑷緸浣滅偤鑰冩煡鑰冪敓缍滃悎閬�(y霉n)鐢ㄨ獮瑷€鑳藉姏鐨勯鍨嬪嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍚�锛屽緢澶氳€冪敓瑕哄緱闆ｄ互鍕�(d貌ng)绛�锛岃獚(r猫n)鐐洪€欑ó椤屽瀷鐨勯洠搴﹁純澶с€傝€岄€欑ó椤屽瀷鍦ㄨ繎浜涘勾鐨勮€冪爺鑻辫獮瑭﹀嵎涓嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浠ュ悗锛岃€冨療褰㈠紡宸茬稉(j墨ng)瓒ㄤ簬绌�(w臎n)瀹�銆傝€冮瑕佹眰鑰冪敓鍦ㄧ悊瑙ｅ叏鍙�銆佸叏娈垫垨鍏ㄦ枃鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓�锛屾妸瑾炴硶銆佽鍖殑鎰忔€濆拰涓婁笅鏂囩祼(ji茅)鍚堣捣渚嗙悊瑙�銆傛垜瑾�(r猫n)鐐虹炕璀鐨勮В椤屽彧闈犵啛鎮夎獮娉曡(gu墨)鍓囧拰瀛ょ珛鍦拌儗鍠宸茬稉(j墨ng)閬�(yu菐n)閬�(yu菐n)涓嶅浜�銆傞偅涔堣┎鎬庢ǎ鏀诲厠閫欓椤屽瀷鍛�锛熷悗闈㈡垜灏囪┏绱�(x矛)鐨勮瑳涓€涓嬪畠鐨勮В椤屾妧宸с€傛垜鍏堣珖涓€璜�?d貌ng)鈷唃婕㈣│椤岀殑椤屽瀷鐗归粸(di菐n)銆傚緸鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛締鐪嬶紝閫欑ó椤岀殑鏂囩珷閬告澶氫互鑷劧绉戝(xu茅)銆佺ぞ鏈�(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)銆佺瀛�(xu茅)鍫�(b脿o)閬撴垨瑭曡珫绛夊収(n猫i)瀹圭偤涓汇€傝垏鍏朵粬椤屾潗鎴栧収(n猫i)瀹圭殑鏂囩珷鐩告瘮锛屼互涓婇€欎簺鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勯牷鐜囨洿楂樹簺锛屽緸椤屽瀷闆ｅ害渚嗙湅锛岃繎浜涘勾锛岄€欓椤屽瀷鐨勭附楂旈洠搴﹀湪涓婂崌锛岄暦闆ｅ彞鍑虹従(xi脿n)娆℃暩(sh霉)鏈夋墍澧炲姞銆備絾鏄紝瑾炴硶闆ｅ害鍗荤暐鏈変笅闄�銆�

銆€銆€鍛介瓒ㄥ嫝

銆€銆€寰�1996骞撮鍨嬫敼闈╄嚦浠婏紝缈昏椤岀殑閬告枃椤屾潗澶氫互鍙嶆槧鑷劧绉戝(xu茅)銆佺ぞ鏈�(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)鐨勫父璀�(sh铆)鎬у牨(b脿o)鍒婅⿻璜栨枃绔犵偤涓�銆傚苟涓斿収(n猫i)瀹规秹鍙婂埌鏈夐噸瑕佺従(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)鎰忕京鐨勯鏉愶紝濡傜挵(hu谩n)澧�銆佽兘婧�銆佺鎶€鍓�(chu脿ng)鏂�銆佹皯涓汇€佺敓鍛界瀛�(xu茅)銆佸畤瀹欐帰绱�銆佷俊鎭妧琛�(sh霉)绛夋湁鐝�(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)鎰忕京鐨勭鏅鏉�銆傞€欓閬告枃鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鎬у挤(qi谩ng)锛屽収(n猫i)瀹规柊绌庢湁瓒�锛屾€濇兂閫�(j矛n)姝�锛屾湁杓冨挤(qi谩ng)鐨勭従(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)鎰忕京銆傞€欓椤屽瀷鑰冨療鑰冪敓灏嶈缇╃殑閬告搰鍙婂紩鐢�锛屽皪鍘熸枃鐞嗚В鐨勬繁搴﹀拰瑾炶█鐨勬簴(zh菙n)纰鸿〃閬�(d谩)?锛熷繉顚ｈ瘱鐤珸椤為鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊欙紝鎶婃饥瑾炴簴(zh菙n)纰虹殑琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鍑轰締鏄渶闆ｆ妸鎻″拰寰楀垎闆ｉ粸(di菐n)銆�

銆€銆€缈昏鎶€宸�

銆€銆€1銆佺渷璀硶

銆€銆€鑻辨饥鍏╃ó瑾炶█鍦ㄨ獮娉曠祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囪鐨勭敤鎰忚〃閬�(d谩)涓婃湁钁楀緢澶х殑宸暟銆傚湪涓€浜涜獮澧冧笅锛屽師鏂囦腑鐨勮鐩存帴璀嚭渚嗘渻(hu矛)浣挎枃鎰忎笉閫氶爢锛屼篃涓嶇鍚堟饥瑾炵殑琛ㄩ仈(d谩)缈�(x铆)鎱ｃ€傚湪閫欑ó鎯呮硜涓�锛屽氨瑕佺渷鐣ユ帀鍐犺銆佷唬瑭炪€佷粙瑭�銆侀€ｈ绛変笉璀�锛屼絾涓嶈兘褰遍熆鍘熸枃鐨勬剰缇╄〃閬�(d谩)銆備緥濡傦細

銆€銆€There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

銆€銆€澶╂湭涓嬮洩锛屼絾钁夎惤鑽夋灟(鐪佽浜唂rom the trees)銆�

銆€銆€2銆佺祫鍚堥倧杓硶

銆€銆€鎸夌収涓枃琛ㄩ仈(d谩)缈�(x铆)鎱ｅ拰閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯婚噸鏂板畨鎺掑彞瀛愰爢搴�锛屽瀹氳獮鍜岀媭瑾炲墠缃€�

銆€銆€鎴戝€戜互2003骞寸62椤岀偤渚�锛岃瑳璎涢€欎竴缈昏鎶€宸с€�

銆€銆€鈥淪ocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.鈥�

銆€銆€瀹氳獮寰炲彞鈥渨hich seeks to study humans and their endeavors鈥︹€︹€濊純闀�锛屽彲浠ヨ垏鍓嶉潰鐨勪富鍙ュ垎闁嬬炕璀紱鈥渋n the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner鈥濆仛鐙€瑾�锛屼慨椋锯€渟tudy鈥濓紝缈昏鏅�(sh铆)鍙互鏀惧湪study鍓嶉潰锛涘畾瑾炲緸鍙モ€渢hat natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena鈥濆彲浠ュ墠缃慨椋锯€渕anner鈥�銆�

銆€銆€3銆侀爢璀硶

銆€銆€闋嗚娉曟槸鎸夌収鑻辫獮琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鐨勫堡娆￠爢搴忥紝渚濇缈昏鑻辫獮鍙ュ瓙锛屽緸鑰屼娇璀枃鑸囪嫳瑾炲師鏂囩殑闋嗗簭鍩烘湰涓€鑷淬€傞€欐槸鏈€鍩虹(ch菙)鐨勭炕璀柟寮�锛岀炕璀亷绋嬩腑娉ㄦ剰瑭炴€ц缇╃殑婧�(zh菙n)纰烘妸鎻°€�

銆€銆€4銆侀€嗚娉�

銆€銆€灏嶄簬鍙ュ瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寰�(f霉)闆滅殑鑻辫獮鍙ュ瓙锛屾垜寤鸿浣犲彲浠ュ槜瑭﹀厛缈昏鍏ㄥ彞鐨勫悗鍗婇儴鍒�锛屽湪渚濇鍚戝墠閫嗗簭缈昏鍓嶉潰鐨勫彞瀛�銆傞€欑ó寰炲悗鍚戝墠鎺ㄩ€�(j矛n)鐨勭炕璀柟娉曞彨鍋氶€嗚娉曘€傞€欑ó缈昏鏂瑰紡鍙互骞姪浣犳洿蹇殑鐞嗘竻鍘熷彞鐨勯倧杓爢搴�锛屽緸鑰岄仈(d谩)鍒版簴(zh菙n)纰烘妸鎻″師鍙ユ剰鎬濈殑鐩殑銆�

銆€銆€5銆佹牳灏嶅畬鏁�

銆€銆€鍦ㄧ炕璀畬涓€鍙ヨ┍鍚庯紝鑰冪敓闇€瑕佸皪缈昏閫�(j矛n)琛屾牳灏�銆傛牳灏嶇殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹规湁锛氬悕瑭炲拰鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炵殑鎰忔€濇槸鍚︾⒑閼�锛涗富璎備箣闁�銆佸嫊(d貌ng)璩撲箣闁�銆佷慨椋捐獮鍜岃淇＞瑾炰箣闁擄紱缈昏閬庝締鐨勮獮鍙ユ惌閰嶆槸鍚︾鍚堟饥瑾炵繏(x铆)鎱�锛涢噸瑕佽绲勫拰绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄惁鍏ㄩ儴璀嚭銆�