銆€銆€鑰冪爺鑻辫獮鍚嶅斧鎸囧皫锛氶€氶亷闁辫畝瀛歌鍖�(涓€)

銆€銆€Unit one

銆€銆€Elementary Schools in early America

銆€銆€What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?

銆€銆€Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

銆€銆€Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

銆€銆€Acute foreign observers related american adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."

銆€銆€A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

銆€銆€In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

銆€銆€Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."

銆€銆€This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. robert fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."

銆€銆€When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that american characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

銆€銆€invention n. 1.鐧�(f膩)鏄�,鐧�(f膩)鏄庣墿 2.鎹忛€�,铏涙(g貌u)

銆€銆€inventor n.鐧�(f膩)鏄庡,鐧�(f膩)鏄庤€�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€inventory n.1.瑭崇窗鐩寗 2.瀛樿波娓呭柈

銆€銆€breakthhrough n. 1.绐佸湇,绐佺牬 2.閲嶅ぇ鎴愬氨,椹氫汉鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€breakdown n. 1.鍨嚭,鐮磋 2.琛扮,琛板急 3.鎼嶅,鏁呴殰 4.鍒嗛

銆€銆€premium n. 1.淇濋毆閲� 2.椤嶅璨荤敤 3. 鐛庡搧,璐堝搧,椤嶅娲ヨ布

銆€銆€a. 1.楂樼礆鐨�,鍎�(y艒u)璩�(zh矛)鐨� 2.鍞児楂樼殑

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€subsidy n. 娲ヨ布,瑁滆布

銆€銆€verbal a. 1.鍙ｉ牠鐨� 2.鐢ㄨ█杈殑,鐢ㄦ枃瀛楃殑

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€vocal a. 鐧�(f膩)鑱茬殑,鍡撻煶鐨�

銆€銆€spatial a. 绌洪枔鐨�,鑸囩┖闁撴湁闂滅殑

銆€銆€literacy n.璀樺瓧,鏈夋枃鍖�,璁€瀵兘鍔�

銆€銆€literate a.1.鏈夎畝瀵兘鍔涚殑 2.鏈夋枃鍖栦慨椁�(y菐ng)鐨�

銆€銆€stimulus n. 1.淇冮€� 2.鍒烘縺

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€provocation n. 1.鎸戦噥,鎸戞挜 2.鍒烘縺,婵€鎬�

銆€銆€provocative a. 1.鎸戦噥鐨�,鐓藉嫊鐨� 2.鍒烘縺鐨�

銆€銆€precede vt. 鍦�...涔嬪墠,鍏堜簬

銆€銆€precedent n. 1.鍏堜緥,鑼冧緥,鍒や緥 2.鎱ｄ緥

銆€銆€patent n.灏堝埄,灏堝埄娆�

銆€銆€a.灏堝埄(娆�)鐨�,鍙楀皥鍒╀繚璀风殑

銆€銆€vt.寰楀埌...鐨勫皥鍒╂瑠

銆€銆€originate vi. 璧锋簮浜�,渚嗚嚜,鐢�(ch菐n)鐢�

銆€銆€vt.鍓�(chu脿ng)閫�,鍓�(chu脿ng)濮�,闁嬪壍(chu脿ng)

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€commence v.闁嬪

銆€銆€incentive n.鍒烘縺,榧撳嫷

銆€銆€multitude n. 1.澶ч噺,瑷卞 2.澶х溇,姘戠溇

銆€銆€ambiguous a.寮曡捣姝х京鐨�,妯″紡妫卞叐鍙殑,鍚硦涓嶆竻鐨�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€indefinite a. 1.涓嶆槑纰虹殑,鍚硦鐨� 2.鐒￠檺鏈熺殑

銆€銆€exdplicit a. 1.鏄庣⒑鐨�,鏄庢櫚鐨�;瑭宠堪鐨� 2.鐩磋█鐨�,姣笉闅辩灋鐨�,闇查鐨�

銆€銆€manipulate vt. 1.鎿嶇副,鎺у埗,褰遍熆 2.鎿嶄綔,浣跨敤

銆€銆€lever n. 1.鏉犳】 2.閫斿緫,宸ュ叿,鎵嬫

銆€銆€vt. 鎾嫊,鎾捣

銆€銆€wedge n.妤�(瀛�) vt. 鎶�...妤斿叆,濉炲叆

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€groove n. 婧�,妲�

銆€銆€hinge n. 閴搁張

銆€銆€interact vi. 鐩镐簰浣滅敤,鐩镐簰褰遍熆

銆€銆€emulation n. 1.绔惰辰,绔剁埈 2.浠挎晥,浠跨湡

銆€銆€imitation n. 1.妯′豢 2.浠垮埗,浠垮埗鍝� 3.璐楀搧

銆€銆€strive vi. 鍔姏,濂枟,鍔涙眰

銆€銆€sculpture n.1.闆曞埢,闆曞 2.闆曞埢浣滃搧,闆曞鍝�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€carve vt. 1.鍒�,鎶�...鍒囩 2.闆曞埢,鍒�

銆€銆€engrave vt. 1.鍦�...涓婇洉鍒� 2.浣块姌瑷�,浣跨墷瑷�

銆€銆€statue n. 闆曞儚,濉戝儚

銆€銆€bust n. 1.鑳稿儚,鍗婅韩鍍� 2.鑳搁儴,鑳稿湇

銆€銆€marble n. 1.澶х悊鐭�

銆€銆€diploma n. 鐣㈡キ(y猫)鏂囨啈,鐣㈡キ(y猫)璀夋浉,璩囨牸璀夋浉

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€diplomat n. 1.澶栦氦瀹�,澶栦氦瀹� 2.鏈変氦闅涙墜娈电殑浜�,鍦撴粦鐨勪汉

銆€銆€perpetual a. 1.姘镐箙鐨�,姘告亽鐨�,闀锋湡鐨� 2.鐒′紤姝㈢殑,娌掑畬娌掍簡鐨�

銆€銆€Unit Two

銆€銆€Fight Again Youth Smoking

銆€銆€Three years ago, appalled by how many children were becoming addicted to cigarettes every year, the Vice President and I committed this administration to stopping the sale and marketing of cigarettes to children. Today, thanks to these efforts and the persistence of state attorneys general, the public health community, and leaders in Congress, we have the best opportunity ever to pass comprehensive anti-smoking legislation that well save millions of our children from a premature, painful, and very preventable death.

銆€銆€This week, in a historic and resounding 19 to 1 vote, a key Senate committee gave its stamp of approval to comprehensive legislation sponsored by Senator John McCain, a Republican, and Senator Fritz Hollings, a Democrat, that would cut youth smoking by half over the next decade. This bill represents a dramatic step forward. It would raise the price of cigarettes, give the FDA full authority to regulate tobacco products, ban advertising aimed at children, and protect tobacco farmers.

銆€銆€We still have work to do in this legislation. Above all, we need to put in place tough penalties that will cost the tobacco industry if it continues to sell cigarettes to young people. Just this week the Centers for Disease Control released a disturbing report that more than a third of teenagers in the United States now smoke, even though it's illegal.

銆€銆€It is time to hold tobacco companies accountable. Reducidng youth smoking must be veerybody's bottom line. Let's remember -- this is not about politics or money, or seeking revenge against the tobacco industry for past practices. We're not trying to put the tobacco companies out of business; we want to put them out of the business of selling cigarattes to kids. This week's progress in the Senate shows we have real momentum in both parties to do just that.

銆€銆€There're still maly issues to be worked out and many long nights ahead. But we have within our grasp one of the most important public health victories our nation has ever achieved.

銆€銆€Finally, lit me just pause a moment to observe the 30th anniversary of the death of one of America's greatest heroes, Dr. Martin Luther King. His dream, deeply rooted in the American Dream, is a dream for all Americans. Let us here at home always strive to heed Dr. King's words and live up to his legacy.

銆€銆€-------- Bill Clinton

銆€銆€appall vt.浣块椐�,浣垮ぇ鍚冧竴椹�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€terrify vt.浣垮鎬�,浣块鍤�

銆€銆€outrage vt.婵€璧�...鐨勭京鎲�,婵€鎬�

銆€銆€n.1.缇╂啢,鎲ゆ叏 2.鏆磋,椐汉鑱借仦鐨勪簨浠�

銆€銆€addict n.1.鏈夌櫘鐨勪汉 2.鍏ヨ糠鐨勪汉

銆€銆€vt.浣挎垚鐧�,浣垮叆杩�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€cocaine n.鍙崱鍥�

銆€銆€toxic a.鏈夋瘨鐨�,涓瘨寮曡捣鐨�

銆€銆€persistent a. 1.鍫呮寔涓嶆噲鐨�,鍩�(zh铆)鎰忕殑 2.鎸佺簩(x霉)鐨�

銆€銆€persistence n.1.鍫呮寔涓嶆噲,鍩�(zh铆)鎰� 2. 鎸佺簩(x霉)鎬�,鎸佺簩(x霉)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€stubborn a. 1.闋戝浐鐨�,鍩�(zh铆)鎷楃殑,鍊斿挤鐨� 2.闆ｅ皪浠樼殑,闆ｄ簬鍏嬫湇鐨�

銆€銆€legislation n.1.娉曞緥,娉曡(gu墨) 2,绔嬫硶鐨�,娉曞緥鐨勫埗瀹�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€legitimate a. 1.鍚堟儏鍚堢悊鐨� 2.鍚堟硶鐨�,娉曞緥瑾嶅彲鐨�

銆€銆€judicial a. 1.鍙告硶鐨�,娉曞涵鐨�,瀵╁垽鐨� 2.鏄庢柗鐨�,鍏鐨�

銆€銆€sue vi.1.鎺у憡,璧疯ù 2.瑕佹眰,璜嬫眰 vt.鎺у憡,璧疯ù

銆€銆€prosecute vt.1.灏�...鎻愯捣鍏ù,鍛婄櫦(f膩),妾㈣垑 2.绻肩簩(x霉)寰炰簨 vi.璧疯ù,鍛婄櫦(f膩)

銆€銆€defendant n.琚憡

銆€銆€invalid a.1.鐒℃晥鐨�,浣滃虎鐨� 2.鐒″彲闈犱緷鎿�(j霉)鐨� n.鐥呭急鑰�,娈樼柧鑰�

銆€銆€testify vi.1.浣滆瓑,璀夋槑 2.琛ㄦ槑,瑾槑 vt.浣滆瓑,璀夋槑

銆€銆€testimony n.1.璀夎 2.瑕嬭瓑,璀夋槑

銆€銆€premature a.1.姣旈爯鏈熸檪闁撴棭鏄� 2.涓嶆垚鐔熺殑,鍊変績鐨�

銆€銆€authority n.1.娆婂姏,绠¤絼娆� 2.瀹樻柟,鐣跺眬 3.鐣舵瑠鑰�,琛屾斂绠＄悊姗熸(g貌u) 4.娆婂▉,灏堝

銆€銆€authoritative a.1.娆婂▉鎬х殑,鍙俊鐨� 2.灏堟柗鐨�,鍛戒护寮忕殑

銆€銆€authorize vt.鎺堟瑠,鎵规簴

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€definitive a. 1.鏈€鍙潬鐨�,娆婂▉鎬х殑 2.姹哄畾鎬х殑

銆€銆€accountable a. 璨犺捣璨换鐨�

銆€銆€revenge n.鍫卞京,鍫变粐

銆€銆€momentum n.1.鍕曞姏,娌栧姏,鍕㈠姏 2.鍕曢噺

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€impetus n.1.鎺ㄥ嫊,淇冮€�,鍒烘縺 2.鎺ㄥ嫊鍔�

銆€銆€strive vi.鍔姏,濂枟,鍔涙眰

銆€銆€heed vt.鐣欏績,娉ㄦ剰,鑱藉緸

銆€銆€legency n.閬鸿磮鐨勮病鐗�,閬虹敘(ch菐n)

銆€銆€deadly a.1.鑷存鐨�,鑷村懡鐨� 2.涓嶅叡鎴村ぉ鐨�,娈婃鐨� 3.妤靛害鐨�,鍗佽冻鐨� ad.闈炲父,妤靛害鍦癩

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€drastic a.1.妤电鐨�,鍤村幉鐨� 2.婵€鐑堢殑,杩呯寷鐨�

銆€銆€epidemic n.1.娴佽鐥� 2.娴佸偝,娴佽 a.娴佽鎬х殑,娴佸偝妤靛唬鐨�

銆€銆€lure vt.鍚稿紩,寮曡獦,瑾樻儜

銆€銆€Unit Three

銆€銆€Beauty Is Meaningless

銆€銆€A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some wqy higher. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet they do convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe, for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.

銆€銆€That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods, Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a wision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable linging and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries, if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us , if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.

銆€銆€intense a. 1.寮风儓鐨�,鍔囩儓鐨�,绶婂嫉鐨� 2.瑾嶇湡鐨�,灏堟敞鐨� 3.鐔辨儏鐨�,鐔卞垏鐨�

銆€銆€intensify v. (浣�)澧炲挤,(浣�)鍔犲妵

銆€銆€aesthetic a. 1.缇庡鐨�,瀵╃編鐨� 2.鎮呯洰鐨�,闆呰嚧鐨�

銆€銆€gleam vi.1.闁冧寒,闁冪垗 2.闁冪従(xi脿n),娴侀湶 n.1.闁冨厜,闁冧寒 2.闁冪従(xi脿n),娴侀湶

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€sparkle vi.1.鐧�(f膩)鍏�,闁冭€€,闁冪垗 2.娲昏簫,鐓ョ櫦(f膩) n.1.鐧�(f膩)鍏�,闁冭€€,闁冪垗 2.娲诲姏,鐢熸埃

銆€銆€glitter vi. 闁冮杻鐧�(f膩)鍏�,闁冭€€ n.闁冨厜,鐕︾垱鐨勫厜杓� 2.鑰€鐪�,杓濈厡

銆€銆€dazzle vt. 浣跨湬鐩� n.1.鑰€鐪肩殑鍏� 2.浠や汉璐婂槅鐨勬澅瑗�

銆€銆€serenity n. 1.骞抽潨,瀹夎┏ 2.鏅存湕,鏄庢湕

銆€銆€denial n. 1.鍚﹁獚 2.鎷掔禃

銆€銆€undeniable a.涓嶅彲鍚﹁獚鐨�

銆€銆€vulgar a. 1.绮楅噹鐨�,涓嬫祦鐨� 2.搴镐織鐨�,绮椾織鐨�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€boscene a. 1.娣鐨�,涓嬫祦鐨� 2.鍙啂鐨�,鍙儭鐨�

銆€銆€flare vi. 1.(鐏劙)闁冭€€ 2.绐佺櫦(f膩),绐佺劧鐧�(f膩)鎬� n.闁冨厜淇¤櫉,鐓ф槑褰�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€erupt vi. 1.(鐏北绛�)鍣寸櫦(f膩) 2.(鎴�(zh脿n)鐖瓑)鐖嗙櫦(f膩),绐佺劧鐧�(f膩)鐢�

銆€銆€ignite vt. 榛炵噧,寮曠櫦(f膩)

銆€銆€radiant a. 1.瀹瑰厜鐓ョ櫦(f膩)鐨�,鍠滃舰浜庤壊鐨� 2.鍏夎姃鍥涘皠鐨�,鍏夎紳鐕︾垱鐨� 3.杓诲皠鐨�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€radiate v. 1.鐧�(f膩)鍑�(鍏夋垨鐔�),杓诲皠 2.娴侀湶,椤ず

銆€銆€radioactive a. 鏀惧皠鎬х殑,鏈夎蓟灏勭殑

銆€銆€bray vi. 1.(椹�)鍙� 2.浠ラ熆鑰岀矖鐨勮伈闊宠(鎴栫瑧)

銆€銆€whimsy n. 1.鎬康闋�,闆㈠鐨勬兂娉� 2.绋€濂囧彜鎬�

銆€銆€[鑱�(li谩n)鎯宠]

銆€銆€bizare a. 鎬獣鐨�,濂囧舰鎬媭鐨�

銆€銆€weird a. 1.鍙ゆ€殑,闆㈠鐨� 2.鎬獣鐨�,绁炵鍙€曠殑

銆€銆€mock vt. 1.鍢茬瑧,鍢插紕 2.(鐐轰簡鍙栫瑧)妯′豢 vi.鍢茬瑧,鍢插紕

銆€銆€a. 1.妯℃摤鐨�,瀛哥繏鐨� 2.鍋囩殑,鍋囪鐨�