涓€ 鍛介瑕�(gu墨)寰�

銆€銆€2000骞翠互鍓嶇殑澶х侗瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾細瀹屽舰濉┖婊垮垎鐐�10鍒嗭紝鍏�10鍊嬬┖锛屾瘡绌�1鍒�锛岀煭鏂囬暦搴﹀湪150鍊嬭宸﹀彸銆傛墍閬告枃绔犻洠搴﹂仼涓�锛屾垨鑰呰鍋忔槗銆傚皪澶у鏁�(sh霉)鑰冪敓渚嗚锛屾枃绔犲湪娌掓湁鍘绘帀瑭炰箣鍓嶉柋璁€璧蜂締骞句箮娌掓湁浠讳綍鍥伴洠銆備絾寰�2001骞磋捣锛屽畬褰㈠～绌烘墍閬哥殑鏂囩珷绡囧箙鍔犲ぇ鍒�240~280瑭炲乏鍙�锛岀己鐪佺┖鏍肩敱10鍊嬪鍔犲埌20鍊�锛屾瘡鍊嬬┖鏍�0.5鍒�锛岀附鍒嗗€间粛鏄�10鍒�銆�

銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽涓€涓�2001骞磋嚦2007骞寸殑瀹屽舰濉┖锛屽彲浠ョ櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岄€�7骞寸殑瀹屽舰濉┖闆ｅ害澶уぇ鎻愰珮浜嗐€傚湪鐭煭鐨勬枃绔犱腑锛岄暦鍙ュ瓙鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐨勬瘮渚嬭秴閬庝簡闁辫畝鐞嗚В涓殑鏂囩珷锛岄€欑劇褰腑澧炲姞浜嗚€冪敓鐞嗚В鐨勯洠搴�?锛熸ⅱ閽ラ棷?锛屾暣鍊嬭獮绡囩悊瑙ｉ洠搴﹀湪鍚�鑰冪爺鐨勯柋璁€鐞嗚В闈犳攺锛岀己鐪佸収(n猫i)瀹归洠搴︿篃鏈夋墍鍔犲ぇ銆傜洝绠¤繎骞惧勾鐨勮€冮鍦ㄨ畩鍖�锛岃│椤岄洠搴︿篃閫愬勾鍔犲ぇ锛屼絾缍滃悎鍒嗘瀽杩戝勾鐨勮€冪爺瀹屽舰濉┖椤岀洰锛屾垜鍊戦倓鏄渻鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍏朵腑鐨勪竴浜涜(gu墨)寰�銆傛枃绔犻珨瑁佷互瑾槑鏂囧拰璀拌珫鏂囩偤涓�銆傚畬褰㈠～绌烘墍閬哥殑鐭枃澶氭槸瑙€榛為鏄�銆佹鐞嗘竻妤氱殑瑾槑鏂囨垨璀拌珫鏂�锛屾墍娑夊強鐨勫鏄鏅�銆佺稉(j墨ng)婵�銆佹鍙层€佺ぞ鏈�銆佹枃鍖栥€佹暀鑲茬瓑锛屽叿鏈変竴瀹氭檪浠ｆ劅銆佺従(xi脿n)瀵︽€ф垨绉戝鎬х殑鏂囩珷銆傚锛�1998骞达細灏嶈嫳鍦嬪伐妤�(y猫)闈╁懡鐨勭湅娉�2003骞达細闈掑皯骞寸殑韬績鏁欒偛1999骞达細鍕炲嫊瀹夊叏鎺柦2004骞达細闈掑皯骞寸姱缃�2000骞达細杈�(n贸ng)妤�(y猫)缍�(j墨ng)婵�2005骞达細浜洪鍡呰鐨勯潏鏁忓害2001骞达細鏂拌仦绔嬫硶2006骞达細缇庡湅鐒″鍙浜哄彛鍟忛2002骞达細鍌冲獟鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�2007骞达細娈栨皯鍦板湅瀹剁崹绔嬪悗鐨勬敼闈╄€冪敓濡傛灉骞虫檪澶氳畝閫欎竴椤炴枃绔�锛岀⿳绱鏂归潰鐨勮鍖拰鑳屾櫙鐭ヨ瓨锛屽氨鑳藉緢瀹规槗鍦板紕娓呮枃绔犵殑澶ф剰鍜岄倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯�锛岀偤鍋氶鎵撲笅鑹ソ鐨勫熀绀�銆�

銆€銆€浜� 鑰冮粸鍒嗘瀽

銆€銆€(涓€)鑰冮粸绶婄穵鍦嶇篂钁楄獮绡�

銆€銆€缍滆杩戝勾鐨勮€冮锛屾垜鍊戠櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛屽畬褰㈠～绌轰笉鏄鑰冭缇╄鲸鏋愩€佸浐瀹氭惌閰�銆佽獮娉曠瓑瀛ょ珛鐨勭煡璀橀粸锛岃€屾槸寰炶獮绡囩殑瑙掑害缍滃悎娓│鑰冪敓灏嶆枃绔犵殑鐞嗚В鑳藉姏鍜屽皪鍩虹鐭ヨ瓨鐨勯亱鐢ㄨ兘鍔�銆備篃灏辨槸瑾�锛岃€冪敓鐨勮獮鎰熷強鍏跺皪鏁寸瘒鏂囩珷鐨勭悊瑙ｇ▼搴﹀湪鍋氶涓捣鍒颁簡鑷抽棞(gu膩n)閲嶈鐨勪綔鐢�銆傝珛鐪嬩笅闈㈢殑渚嬪瓙锛�

銆€銆€We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use. You would beif the inside of your bedroom was suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant. (1993顎�51)

銆€?銆傝窐锛� amused锛籅锛� interested锛籆锛� shocked锛籇锛� frightened

銆€銆€寰炲柈鍙ョ湅锛屼竴鍊嬩汉鐪嬪埌鑷繁鐨勮嚗瀹ょ獊鐒惰畩寰楀儚椋え涓€妯ｏ紝鎰熷埌“鏈夎叮銆佸ソ绗�”銆�“鏈夎垐瓒�”銆�“澶у悆涓€椹�”鎴栬€�“瀹虫€�”閮芥湁鍙兘锛屼絾浣滆€呭湪涓婂彞璜囧埌瀹ゅ収(n猫i)瑷▓鐨勯噸瑕佹€ф檪瑾�“鎴戝€戦倓鏈熸湜姣忓€嬪湴鏂归兘閬╁悎鍏朵綔鐢�”(We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use)锛屾湰鍙ヨ垑鍑轰簡瑷▓寮忔ǎ鑸囦綔鐢ㄤ笉鐩哥鐨勫叿楂斾緥瀛�锛岃浣夸汉鎰熷埌“鍑轰箮鎰忔枡”(unexpected)鎵嶈兘鏀寔涓婃枃瑙€榛�锛屾晠閬竤hocked(澶у悆涓€椹�)銆�

銆€銆€鍥犳锛岃€冪敓鍦ㄥ仛瀹屽舰濉┖椤屾檪锛屽垏蹇屽彧瑕嬫ü鏈�锛屼笉瑕嬫．鏋楋紱鎷嬮枊瑾炵瘒瀛ょ珛鍦扮湅鍙ュ瓙鐨勫仛椤屾柟娉曟槸绲曚笉鍙彇鐨�銆�

銆€銆€(浜�)瀹氳獮寰炲彞銆佸€掕鍙�銆佹瘮杓冨彞鑸囧钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄獮娉曡€冩煡鐨勯噸榛�

銆€銆€杩戝勾渚�锛屽畬褰㈠～绌哄皥闁€娓│瑾炴硶鐨勯鐩笉澶氾紝閲嶉粸鍦ㄨ鍖強灏嶄笂涓嬫枃鐨勭悊瑙ｄ笂锛屼絾鎴戝€戠櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛屽畬褰㈠～绌轰竴鏃﹁€冭獮娉�锛屽氨涓€瀹氭槸鑸囧畾瑾炲緸鍙ャ€佸€掕鍙�銆佹瘮杓冨彞鎴栧钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)銆備緥濡傦細

銆€銆€The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listenerinterfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission顎憆eception system breaks down. (1994顎�45)

銆€?銆傝窐锛� who锛籅锛� as锛籆锛� which锛籇锛� what

銆€銆€鏈椤劧鏄畵鑰冪敓鍦ㄧ┖鐧借檿鎸戝嚭涓€鍊嬪悎閬╃殑闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭�銆傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴槸鏈夊厛琛岃鐨�锛屽洜姝よ寰炰笂鏂囦腑鎵惧嚭鏄粈涔坕nterfere with his comprehension銆傝嫢鍙湅鍒扮┖鏍煎墠鐨則he listener灏变富瑙€鍦颁互鐐哄畠鏄厛琛岃锛屽墖寰堝鏄撹閬革蓟A锛�銆備絾寰炲叏鍙ヤ締鐪嬶紝鍙湁unfavorable reactions鏈夊彲鑳戒綔寰炲彞鐨勫厛琛岃銆傞€欐檪鍐嶇湅閬搁爡锛歸ho鎸囦汉锛屼笉琛岋紱as寮曞皫闈為檺瀹氭€у畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ眳澶�锛屼笖as鐨勮缇╀笉鍚堥鎰�锛泈hat涓嶅紩灏庡畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛涘彧鏈墂hich鍚堥仼銆�

銆€銆€鍥犳鑰冪敓瑕佺壒鍒ラ棞(gu膩n)娉ㄩ€欏咕鍊嬭獮娉曠従(xi脿n)璞�锛屽苟鑳藉皣鍏跺悆閫�銆�

銆€銆€(涓�)鍦ㄤ笂涓嬫枃涓殑瑾嶈銆佽鲸瑭炶兘鍔涙槸瑭炲尟鑰冩煡鐨勯噸榛�

銆€銆€灏嶈鍖殑娓│鍦ㄧ爺绌剁敓鍏ュ鑻辫獮鑰冭│涓噳瑭茶鏄劇铏曚笉鍦ㄧ殑锛屽畠璨┛鑰冨嵎鐨勫悇鍊嬮儴鍒�銆傚湪瀹屽舰濉┖椤屼腑閲嶉粸鑰冩煡鑰冪敓鍦ㄤ笂涓嬫枃涓獚瑭炲拰杈ㄨ鐨勮兘鍔�銆傝繎骞翠締瀹屽舰濉┖鎵€瑷疆鐨勯伕闋呰姹傝€冪敓鍦ㄦ帉鎻′竴瀹氳鍖噺鐨勫熀绀庝笂锛岄€氶亷澶ч噺闁辫畝骞跺叿鏈変竴瀹氱殑瑾炴劅鎵嶈兘鍗€(q奴)鍒嗘纰鸿垏閷銆傛脯瑭﹁鍖紩鐢冲惈缇╃殑鎯呮硜涔熻秺渚嗚秺澶�銆備緥濡傦細

銆€銆€But they insisted that itsresults during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the bulk of the English population. (1998顎�43)

銆€銆€锛籄锛� momentary锛籅锛� prompt锛籆锛� instant锛籇锛� immediate

銆€銆€寰炲洓鍊嬮伕闋呬締鐪�锛宮omentary(鐭毇鐨�)锛宲rompt(杩呴€熺殑)锛宨nstant(绔嬪嵆鐨�)锛� immediate(鐩存帴鐨�)浼间箮閮借兘鑸囧叾鍚庣殑results鎼厤锛岃€屼笖鎰忔€濅篃鐩稿樊鐒″咕銆備絾鏄�锛屽緸鍚庨潰鐨�1750骞村埌1850骞翠締鐪�锛屽墠闈㈢殑涓夐爡灏变笉鍚堥仼浜嗐€傜敱姝ゅ彲瑕�锛岃€冪敓鍍呭儏瀛告渻澶х侗瑭炲尟琛ㄤ腑鐨勮鎴栬绲勬槸閬犻仩涓嶅鐨�銆傛噳鎰忚瓨鍒�锛岃檿浜庤€冪爺闅庢锛岃鎲跺柈瑭炰笉鑳藉彧闄愪簬涓€瑭炰竴缇�锛屼竴瑭炰竴鐢�銆傚彧鏈夌稉(j墨ng)甯稿皪瑭炲尟閫茶鍚岀京銆佸弽缇�銆佽繎缇�銆佸悓褰�銆佸悓闊崇瓑澶氱ó姣旇純锛岀窗蹇冭瀵熶笉鍚屼笂涓嬫枃銆佷笉鍚屾惌閰嶇殑鍚勭ó鍚京銆佸悇绋敤娉曠壒榛烇紝鏂瑰彲灏嶅畠鍊戞湁姣旇純娣卞埢鍏ㄩ潰鐨勭悊瑙�锛屾墠鑳芥湁鎶婃彙鍦伴伕鎿囨纰虹殑鎰忕京鍜屾惌閰�銆�

銆€銆€(鍥�)閭忚集閵滄帴椤屾瘮閲嶅姞澶�

銆€銆€寰炶繎10骞寸殑鑰冮渚嗙湅锛岄倧杓姕鎺ラ鐨勬瘮閲嶅姞澶э紝灏ゅ叾鏄繎3骞�锛岃〃鐝�(xi脿n)寰楁洿鍔犳槑椤€傞€欏氨灏嶈€冪敓寰炴暣楂斾笂鎶婃彙鏂囩珷鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�锛屾敞鎰忓彞闅涢枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯绘彁鍑轰簡鏇撮珮鐨勮姹傘€�

銆€銆€骞翠唤1998199920002001200220032004200520062007

銆€銆€鏁�(sh霉)閲�1022445642

銆€銆€渚嬶細More families consist of one顎憄arent households or two working parents;, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.(2004顎�34)

銆€?銆傝窐锛� contrarily锛籅锛� consequently锛籆锛� similarly锛籇锛� simultaneously

銆€銆€绌哄墠“鏇村鐨勫柈瑕搴拰闆欒Κ灏辨キ(y猫)瀹跺涵”鑸囩┖鍚�“瀛╁瓙鍊戝彈鍒拌純灏戠殑鐩�(ji膩n)绠�”鏈夋槑椤殑鍥犳灉闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛宑onsequently“鍥犳锛屾墍浠�锛岀祼(ji茅)鏋�”锛屾晠閬革蓟B锛�銆傦蓟A锛� contrarily“鐩稿弽鍦�”锛涳蓟C锛� similarly“椤炰技鍦帮紝鍚屾ǎ鍦�”锛涳蓟D锛� simultaneously“鍚屾檪鐧�(f膩)鐢熷湴”锛屽潎鑸囦笂涓嬫枃瑾炵京涓嶇銆傚皪浜庨倧杓姕鎺ヨ鐨勯伕鎿�锛岄洊鍙互寰炲彞娉曠殑瑙掑害閫茶鍒ゆ柗锛屼絾鑰冩煡鐨勫璩�(zh矛)鏄笂涓嬫枃涓殑閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�

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銆€銆€鐗瑰垾瑾槑锛氱敱浜庡悇鏂归潰鎯呮硜鐨勪笉鏂疯(di脿o)鏁磋垏璁婂寲锛屾柊娴恫(w菐ng)鎵€鎻愪緵鐨勬墍鏈夎€冭│淇℃伅鍍呬緵鍙冭€�锛屾暚璜嬭€冪敓浠ユ瑠(qu谩n)濞侀儴闁€鍏竷鐨勬寮忎俊鎭偤婧�銆�