涓€ 鍛介瑕�(gu墨)寰�

銆€銆€2000骞翠互鍓嶇殑澶х侗瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾細瀹屽舰濉┖婊�(m菐n)鍒嗙偤10鍒嗭紝鍏�10鍊�(g猫)绌�锛屾瘡绌�1鍒嗭紝鐭枃闀�(zh菐ng)搴﹀湪150鍊�(g猫)瑭炲乏鍙�銆傛墍閬告枃绔犻洠搴﹂仼涓�锛屾垨鑰呰(shu艒)鍋忔槗銆傚皪(du矛)澶у鏁�(sh霉)鑰冪敓渚�(l谩i)瑾�(shu艒)锛屾枃绔犲湪娌�(m茅i)鏈夊幓鎺夎涔嬪墠闁辫畝璧蜂締(l谩i)骞句箮娌�(m茅i)鏈変换浣曞洶闆�銆備絾寰�2001骞磋捣锛屽畬褰㈠～绌烘墍閬哥殑鏂囩珷绡囧箙鍔犲ぇ鍒�240~280瑭炲乏鍙�锛岀己鐪佺┖鏍肩敱10鍊�(g猫)澧炲姞鍒�20鍊�(g猫)锛屾瘡鍊�(g猫)绌烘牸0.5鍒�锛岀附鍒嗗€间粛鏄�10鍒�銆�

銆€銆€鍒嗘瀽涓€涓�2001骞磋嚦2007骞寸殑瀹屽舰濉┖锛屽彲浠ョ櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岄€�7骞寸殑瀹屽舰濉┖闆ｅ害澶уぇ鎻愰珮浜�銆傚湪鐭煭鐨勬枃绔犱腑锛岄暦(zh菐ng)鍙ュ瓙鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐨勬瘮渚嬭秴閬�(gu貌)浜嗛柋璁€鐞嗚В涓殑鏂囩珷锛岄€欑劇(w煤)褰腑澧炲姞浜嗚€冪敓鐞嗚В鐨勯洠搴�?锛熸ⅱ閽ラ棷瑙儼楹勨偓(g猫)瑾�(y菙)绡囩悊瑙ｉ洠搴﹀湪鍚�鑰冪爺鐨勯柋璁€鐞嗚В闈犳攺锛岀己鐪佸収(n猫i)瀹归洠搴︿篃鏈夋墍鍔犲ぇ銆傜洝绠¤繎骞惧勾鐨勮€冮鍦ㄨ畩鍖�锛岃│椤岄洠搴︿篃閫愬勾鍔犲ぇ锛屼絾缍滃悎鍒嗘瀽杩戝勾鐨勮€冪爺瀹屽舰濉┖椤岀洰锛屾垜鍊戦倓鏄渻(hu矛)鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍏朵腑鐨勪竴浜涜(gu墨)寰�銆傛枃绔犻珨瑁佷互瑾�(shu艒)鏄庢枃鍜岃璜栨枃鐐轰富銆傚畬褰㈠～绌烘墍閬哥殑鐭枃澶氭槸瑙€榛�(di菐n)楫槑銆佹鐞嗘竻妤氱殑瑾�(shu艒)鏄庢枃鎴栬璜栨枃锛屾墍娑夊強鐨勫鏄鏅�銆佺稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)銆佹鍙�銆佺ぞ鏈�(hu矛)銆佹枃鍖�銆佹暀鑲茬瓑锛屽叿鏈変竴瀹氭檪(sh铆)浠ｆ劅銆佺従(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)鎬ф垨绉戝(xu茅)鎬х殑鏂囩珷銆傚锛�1998骞达細灏�(du矛)鑻卞湅(gu贸)宸ユキ(y猫)闈╁懡鐨勭湅娉�2003骞达細闈掑皯骞寸殑韬績鏁欒偛1999骞达細鍕炲嫊(d貌ng)瀹夊叏鎺柦2004骞达細闈掑皯骞寸姱缃�2000骞达細杈�(n贸ng)妤�(y猫)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)2005骞达細浜洪(l猫i)鍡呰(ju茅)鐨勯潏鏁忓害2001骞达細鏂拌仦绔嬫硶2006骞达細缇庡湅(gu贸)鐒�(w煤)瀹跺彲姝镐汉鍙ｅ晱(w猫n)椤�2002骞达細鍌冲獟鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�2007骞达細娈栨皯鍦板湅(gu贸)瀹剁崹(d煤)绔嬪悗鐨勬敼闈╄€冪敓濡傛灉骞虫檪(sh铆)澶氳畝閫欎竴椤�(l猫i)鏂囩珷锛岀⿳绱鏂归潰鐨勮鍖拰鑳屾櫙鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)锛屽氨鑳藉緢瀹规槗鍦板紕娓呮枃绔犵殑澶ф剰鍜岄倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝鐐哄仛椤屾墦涓嬭壇濂界殑鍩虹(ch菙)銆�

銆€銆€浜� 鑰冮粸(di菐n)鍒嗘瀽

銆€銆€(涓€)鑰冮粸(di菐n)绶婄穵鍦嶇篂钁楄獮(y菙)绡�

銆€銆€缍滆杩戝勾鐨勮€冮锛屾垜鍊戠櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛屽畬褰㈠～绌轰笉鏄鑰冭缇╄鲸鏋愩€佸浐瀹氭惌閰�銆佽獮(y菙)娉曠瓑瀛ょ珛鐨勭煡璀�(sh铆)榛�(di菐n)锛岃€屾槸寰炶獮(y菙)绡囩殑瑙掑害缍滃悎娓�(c猫)瑭﹁€冪敓灏�(du矛)鏂囩珷鐨勭悊瑙ｈ兘鍔涘拰灏�(du矛)鍩虹(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鐨勯亱(y霉n)鐢ㄨ兘鍔�銆備篃灏辨槸瑾�(shu艒)锛岃€冪敓鐨勮獮(y菙)鎰熷強鍏跺皪(du矛)鏁寸瘒鏂囩珷鐨勭悊瑙ｇ▼搴﹀湪鍋氶涓捣鍒颁簡鑷抽棞(gu膩n)閲嶈鐨勪綔鐢�銆傝珛(q菒ng)鐪嬩笅闈㈢殑渚嬪瓙锛�

銆€銆€We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use. You would beif the inside of your bedroom was suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant. (1993顎�51)

銆€?銆傝窐锛� amused锛籅锛� interested锛籆锛� shocked锛籇锛� frightened

銆€銆€寰炲柈鍙ョ湅锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)浜虹湅鍒拌嚜宸辩殑鑷ュ绐佺劧璁婂緱鍍忛／椁ㄤ竴妯�锛屾劅鍒�“鏈夎叮銆佸ソ绗�”銆�“鏈夎垐瓒�”銆�“澶у悆涓€椹�”鎴栬€�“瀹虫€�”閮芥湁鍙兘锛屼絾浣滆€呭湪涓婂彞璜囧埌瀹ゅ収(n猫i)瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鐨勯噸瑕佹€ф檪(sh铆)瑾�(shu艒)“鎴戝€戦倓鏈熸湜姣忓€�(g猫)鍦版柟閮介仼鍚堝叾浣滅敤”(We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use)锛屾湰鍙ヨ垑鍑轰簡瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)寮忔ǎ鑸囦綔鐢ㄤ笉鐩哥鐨勫叿楂斾緥瀛�锛岃(shu艒)浣夸汉鎰熷埌“鍑轰箮鎰忔枡”(unexpected)鎵嶈兘鏀寔涓婃枃瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛屾晠閬竤hocked(澶у悆涓€椹�)銆�

銆€銆€鍥犳锛岃€冪敓鍦ㄥ仛瀹屽舰濉┖椤屾檪(sh铆)锛屽垏蹇屽彧瑕�(ji脿n)妯�(sh霉)鏈�锛屼笉瑕�(ji脿n)妫灄锛涙媼闁�(k膩i)瑾�(y菙)绡囧绔嬪湴鐪嬪彞瀛愮殑鍋氶鏂规硶鏄禃涓嶅彲鍙栫殑銆�

銆€銆€(浜�)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞銆佸€掕鍙�銆佹瘮杓冨彞鑸囧钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄獮(y菙)娉曡€冩煡鐨勯噸榛�(di菐n)

銆€銆€杩戝勾渚�(l谩i)锛屽畬褰㈠～绌哄皥(zhu膩n)闁€(m茅n)娓�(c猫)瑭﹁獮(y菙)娉曠殑椤岀洰涓嶅锛岄噸榛�(di菐n)鍦ㄨ鍖強灏�(du矛)涓婁笅鏂囩殑鐞嗚В涓�锛屼絾鎴戝€戠櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛屽畬褰㈠～绌轰竴鏃﹁€冭獮(y菙)娉�锛屽氨涓€瀹氭槸鑸囧畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞銆佸€掕鍙�銆佹瘮杓冨彞鎴栧钩琛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)銆備緥濡傦細

銆€銆€The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listenerinterfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission顎憆eception system breaks down. (1994顎�45)

銆€?銆傝窐锛� who锛籅锛� as锛籆锛� which锛籇锛� what

銆€銆€鏈椤劧鏄畵鑰冪敓鍦ㄧ┖鐧借檿鎸戝嚭涓€鍊�(g猫)鍚堥仼鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炪€傞棞(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭炴槸鏈夊厛琛岃鐨�锛屽洜姝よ寰炰笂鏂囦腑鎵惧嚭鏄粈涔坕nterfere with his comprehension銆傝嫢鍙湅鍒扮┖鏍煎墠鐨則he listener灏变富瑙€鍦颁互鐐哄畠鏄厛琛岃锛屽墖寰堝鏄撹閬革蓟A锛�銆備絾寰炲叏鍙ヤ締(l谩i)鐪�锛屽彧鏈塽nfavorable reactions鏈夊彲鑳戒綔寰炲彞鐨勫厛琛岃銆傞€欐檪(sh铆)鍐嶇湅閬搁爡(xi脿ng)锛歸ho鎸囦汉锛屼笉琛�锛沘s寮曞皫(d菐o)闈為檺瀹氭€у畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞灞呭锛屼笖as鐨勮缇╀笉鍚堥鎰�锛泈hat涓嶅紩灏�(d菐o)瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛涘彧鏈墂hich鍚堥仼銆�

銆€銆€鍥犳鑰冪敓瑕佺壒鍒ラ棞(gu膩n)娉ㄩ€欏咕鍊�(g猫)瑾�(y菙)娉曠従(xi脿n)璞★紝骞惰兘灏囧叾鍚冮€�銆�

銆€銆€(涓�)鍦ㄤ笂涓嬫枃涓殑瑾�(r猫n)瑭炪€佽鲸瑭炶兘鍔涙槸瑭炲尟鑰冩煡鐨勯噸榛�(di菐n)

銆€銆€灏�(du矛)瑭炲尟鐨勬脯(c猫)瑭﹀湪鐮旂┒鐢熷叆瀛�(xu茅)鑻辫獮(y菙)鑰冭│涓噳(y墨ng)瑭茶(shu艒)鏄劇(w煤)铏曚笉鍦ㄧ殑锛屽畠璨┛鑰冨嵎鐨勫悇鍊�(g猫)閮ㄥ垎銆傚湪瀹屽舰濉┖椤屼腑閲嶉粸(di菐n)鑰冩煡鑰冪敓鍦ㄤ笂涓嬫枃涓獚(r猫n)瑭炲拰杈ㄨ鐨勮兘鍔涖€傝繎骞翠締(l谩i)瀹屽舰濉┖鎵€瑷�(sh猫)缃殑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)瑕佹眰鑰冪敓鍦ㄦ帉鎻′竴瀹氳鍖噺鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓�锛岄€氶亷(gu貌)澶ч噺闁辫畝骞跺叿鏈変竴瀹氱殑瑾�(y菙)鎰熸墠鑳藉崁(q奴)鍒嗘纰鸿垏閷�(cu貌)瑾ゃ€傛脯(c猫)瑭﹁鍖紩鐢冲惈缇╃殑鎯呮硜涔熻秺渚�(l谩i)瓒婂銆備緥濡傦細

銆€銆€But they insisted that itsresults during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the bulk of the English population. (1998顎�43)

銆€銆€锛籄锛� momentary锛籅锛� prompt锛籆锛� instant锛籇锛� immediate

銆€銆€寰炲洓鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)渚�(l谩i)鐪�锛宮omentary(鐭毇鐨�)锛宲rompt(杩呴€熺殑)锛宨nstant(绔嬪嵆鐨�)锛� immediate(鐩存帴鐨�)浼间箮閮借兘鑸囧叾鍚庣殑results鎼厤锛岃€屼笖鎰忔€濅篃鐩稿樊鐒�(w煤)骞�銆備絾鏄紝寰炲悗闈㈢殑1750骞村埌1850骞翠締(l谩i)鐪�锛屽墠闈㈢殑涓夐爡(xi脿ng)灏变笉鍚堥仼浜�銆傜敱姝ゅ彲瑕�(ji脿n)锛岃€冪敓鍍呭儏瀛�(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)澶х侗瑭炲尟琛ㄤ腑鐨勮鎴栬绲勬槸閬�(yu菐n)閬�(yu菐n)涓嶅鐨�銆傛噳(y墨ng)鎰忚瓨(sh铆)鍒帮紝铏曚簬鑰冪爺闅庢锛岃鎲跺柈瑭炰笉鑳藉彧闄愪簬涓€瑭炰竴缇╋紝涓€瑭炰竴鐢�銆傚彧鏈夌稉(j墨ng)甯稿皪(du矛)瑭炲尟閫�(j矛n)琛屽悓缇�銆佸弽缇�銆佽繎缇�銆佸悓褰€€佸悓闊崇瓑澶氱ó姣旇純锛岀窗(x矛)蹇冭瀵熶笉鍚屼笂涓嬫枃銆佷笉鍚屾惌閰嶇殑鍚勭ó鍚京銆佸悇绋敤娉曠壒榛�(di菐n)锛屾柟鍙皪(du矛)瀹冨€戞湁姣旇純娣卞埢鍏ㄩ潰鐨勭悊瑙ｏ紝鎵嶈兘鏈夋妸鎻″湴閬告搰姝ｇ⒑鐨勬剰缇╁拰鎼厤銆�

銆€銆€(鍥�)閭忚集閵滄帴椤屾瘮閲嶅姞澶�

銆€銆€寰炶繎10骞寸殑鑰冮渚�(l谩i)鐪�锛岄倧杓姕鎺ラ鐨勬瘮閲嶅姞澶э紝灏ゅ叾鏄繎3骞�锛岃〃鐝�(xi脿n)寰楁洿鍔犳槑椤�銆傞€欏氨灏�(du矛)鑰冪敓寰炴暣楂斾笂鎶婃彙鏂囩珷鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹癸紝娉ㄦ剰鍙ラ殯闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯绘彁鍑轰簡鏇撮珮鐨勮姹�銆�

銆€銆€骞翠唤1998199920002001200220032004200520062007

銆€銆€鏁�(sh霉)閲�1022445642

銆€銆€渚嬶細More families consist of one顎憄arent households or two working parents;, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.(2004顎�34)

銆€?銆傝窐锛� contrarily锛籅锛� consequently锛籆锛� similarly锛籇锛� simultaneously

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